Thermodynamics for the Practicing Engineer E-Book

Louis Theodore

• Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
• Kategorie: Fachliteratur
• Serie: Essential Engineering Calculations Series
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 453

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2011

Beschreibung

Enables you to easily advance from thermodynamics principles to applications Thermodynamics for the Practicing Engineer, as the title suggests, is written for all practicing engineers and anyone studying to become one. Its focus therefore is on applications of thermodynamics, addressing both technical and pragmatic problems in the field. Readers are provided a solid base in thermodynamics theory; however, the text is mostly dedicated to demonstrating how theory is applied to solve real-world problems. This text's four parts enable readers to easily gain a foundation in basic principles and then learn how to apply them in practice: * Part One: Introduction. Sets forth the basic principles of thermodynamics, reviewing such topics as units and dimensions, conservation laws, gas laws, and the second law of thermodynamics. * Part Two: Enthalpy Effects. Examines sensible, latent, chemical reaction, and mixing enthalpy effects. * Part Three: Equilibrium Thermodynamics. Addresses both principles and calculations for phase, vapor-liquid, and chemical reaction equilibrium. * Part Four: Other Topics. Reviews such important issues as economics, numerical methods, open-ended problems, environmental concerns, health and safety management, ethics, and exergy. Throughout the text, detailed illustrative examples demonstrate how all the principles, procedures, and equations are put into practice. Additional practice problems enable readers to solve real-world problems similar to the ones that they will encounter on the job. Readers will gain a solid working knowledge of thermodynamics principles and applications upon successful completion of this text. Moreover, they will be better prepared when approaching/addressing advanced material and more complex problems.

Leseprobe

Contents

Cover

Half Title page

Title page

Copyright page

Dedication

Preface

Part I: Introduction

Chapter 1: Basic Calculations

Introduction

Units and Dimensions

Conversion of Units

The Gravitational Constant, gc

Significant Figures and Scientific Notation

References

Chapter 2: Process Variables

Introduction

Temperature

Pressure

Moles and Molecular Weights

Mass and Volume

Viscosity

Heat Capacity

Thermal Conductivity

Reynolds Number

pH

Vapor Pressure

Property Estimation

References

Chapter 3: Gas Laws

Introduction

Boyle’s and Charles’ Laws

The Ideal Gas Law

Standard Conditions

Partial Pressure and Partial Volume

Critical and Reduced Properties

Non-Ideal Gas Behavior

Non-Ideal Mixtures

References

Chapter 4: Conservation Laws

Introduction

The Conservation Laws

The Conservation Law for Momentum

The Conservation Law for Mass

The Conservation Law for Energy

References

Chapter 5: Stoichiometry

Introduction

Combustion of Methane

Excess and Limiting Reactant(s)

Combustion of Ethane

Combustion of Chlorobenzene

References

Chapter 6: The Second Law of Thermodynamics

Introduction

Qualitative Review of the Second Law

Quantitative Review of the Second Law

Ideal Work and Lost Work

The Heat Exchanger Dilemma

Chemical Plant and Process Applications

The Third Law of Thermodynamics

References

Part II: Enthalpy Effects

Chapter 7: Sensible Enthalpy Effects

Introduction

The Gibbs Phase Rule (GPR)

Enthalpy Values

Heat Capacity Values

Predictive Methods for Heat Capacity

References

Chapter 8: Latent Enthalpy Effects

Introduction

The Clausius–Clapeyron (C–C) Equation

Predictive Methods: Normal Boiling Point

Predictive Methods: Other Temperatures

Industrial Applications

References

Chapter 9: Enthalpy of Mixing Effects

Introduction

Enthalpy-Concentration Diagrams

H2SO4–H2O Diagram

NaOH–H2O Diagram

Enthalpy of Mixing at Infinite Dilution

Evaporator Design

References

Chapter 10: Chemical Reaction Enthalpy Effects

Introduction

Standard Enthalpy of Formation

Standard Enthalpy of Reaction

Effect of Temperature on Enthalpy of Reaction

Gross and Net Heating Values

References

Part III: Equilibrium Thermodynamics

Chapter 11: Phase Equilibrium Principles

Introduction

Psychometric Chart

Raoult’s Law

Henry’s Law

Raoult’s Law vs Henry’s Law

Vapor–Solid Equilibrium

Liquid–Solid Equilibrium

References

Chapter 12: Vapor–Liquid Equilibrium Calculations

Introduction

The DePriester Charts

Raoult’s Law Diagrams

Vapor–Liquid Equilibrium in Nonideal Solutions

NRTL Diagrams

Wilson Diagrams

Relative Volatility

References

Chapter 13: Chemical Reaction Equilibrium Principles

Introduction

Standard Free Energy of Formation, ΔGfo

Standard Free Energy of Reaction, ΔG0

The Chemical Reaction Equilibrium Constant, K

Effect of Temperature on ΔG0 and K: Simplified Approach

Effect of Temperature on ΔG0 and K: α, β, and γ Data

Effect of Temperature on ΔG0 and K: a, b, and c Data

Procedures to Determine K

References

Chapter 14: Chemical Reaction Equilibrium Applications

Introduction

Rate vs Equilibrium Considerations

Extent of Reaction

The Reaction Coordinate

Gas Phase Reactions

Equilibrium Conversion Calculations: Simplified Approach

Equilibrium Conversion Calculations: Rigorous Approach

Other Reactions

References

Part IV: Other Topics

Chapter 15: Economic Considerations

Introduction

Capital Costs

Operating Costs

Project Evaluation

Perturbation Studies in Optimization

References

Chapter 16: Open-Ended Problems

Introduction

Developing Students’ Power of Critical Thinking

Creativity

Brainstorming

Inquiring Minds

References

Chapter 17: Other ABET Topics

Introduction

Environmental Management

Health, Safety, and Accident Management

Numerical Methods

Ethics

References

Chapter 18: Fuel Options

Introduction

Fuel Properties

Natural Gas

Liquid Fuels

Coal

Fuel Selection

Stoichiometric Calculations

References

Chapter 19: Exergy: The Concept of “Quality Energy”

Introduction

The Quality of Heat vs Work

Exergy

Quantitative Exergy Analysis

Environmental Impact

Exergy Efficiency

References

Appendix

I. Steam Tables

II. SI Units

III. Conversion Constants

IV. Selected Common Abbreviations

References

Index

Thermodynamics for the Practicing Engineer

Copyright © 2009 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved

Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New JerseyPublished simultaneously in Canada

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data:

Theodore, Louis.Thermodynamics for the practicing engineer / Louis Theodore.p. cm.Includes bibliographical references and index.ISBN 978-0-470-44468-9 (cloth)1.  Thermodynamics.   2.  Energy conversion.   I.  Title.TJ265.T455 2009621.402′1—dc22

2009016146

Thermodynamics for the Practicing Engineer

A. Edward Newton [1863–1940]

I wish that some one would give a course in how to live. It can’t be taught in the colleges: that’s perfectly obvious, for college professors don’t know any better than the rest of us.

—This Book-Collecting Game

Louis TheodoreFrancesco RicciTimothy Van Vliet

Agnes Repplier [1858–1950]

That little band of authors who, unknown to the wide careless world, remain from generation to generation the friends of a few fortunate readers.

—Preface to James Howell

André Gide [1869–1951]

A unanimous chorus of praise is not an assurance of survival; authors who please everyone at once are quickly exhausted. I would prefer to think that a hundred years hence people will say we did not properly understand him.

—Pretexts

To my family and friends for their love and support, and to the Manhattan College Chemical Engineering Department for its commitment to greatness—without either of which, my dreams could never be realized (FR)

To George Scott, my high school technology teacher, for introducing me to this wonderful profession (TVV)

To Cecil K. Walkins, a friend who has contributed mightily to basketball and the youth of America (LT)

Plato [427–347 b.c.]

The beginning is the most important part of the work.

—The Republic, Book II

Preface

Sir Walter Scott [1771–1832]

Good wine needs neither bush nor preface to make it welcome.

—Peveril of the Peak

This project was a rather unique undertaking. Rather than prepare a textbook on thermodynamics in the usual and traditional format, the authors considered writing a book that highlighted applications rather then theory. The book would hopefully serve as a training tool for those individuals in academia and industry involved directly, or indirectly, with this topic. Despite the significant reduction in theoretical matter, it addresses both technical and pragmatic problems in this field. While this book can be viewed as a text in thermodynamics, it also stands alone as a self-teaching aid.

The book is divided into four parts:

I. Introduction

II. Enthalpy Effects

III. Equilibrium Thermodynamics

IV. Other Topics

The first part of the book serves as an introduction to the subject of thermodynamics and reviews such topics as units and dimensions, the conservation laws, gas laws, and the second law of thermodynamics. The second part of the book is concerned with enthalpy effects and reviews such topics as sensible, latent, mixing, and chemical enthalpy effects. The third part of the book examines equilibrium thermodynamics. Topics here include both phase and chemical reaction equilibrium. The fourth section of the book addresses the general all purpose title of other topics. Subjects reviewed here include economics, open-ended problems, environmental concerns, health and safety management, numerical methods, ethics, and exergy analysis.

The authors cannot claim sole authorship to all the problems and material in this book. The present text has evolved from a host of sources, including: notes, homework problems and exam problems prepared by L. Theodore for a required one-semester, three-credit “Chemical Engineering Thermodynamics” undergraduate course offered at Manhattan College; Introduction to Hazardous Waste Incineration, 2nd Edition, J. Santoleri, J. Reynolds, and L. Theodore, John Wiley & Sons; Chemical Reaction Kinetics, L. Theodore, a Theodore Tutorial; and, Introduction to Chemical Engineering Thermodynamics, 3rd Edition, J.M. Smith and H.C. Van Ness, McGraw-Hill. Although the bulk of the problems are original and/or taken from the sources that the authors have been directly involved with, every effort has been made to acknowledge material drawn from other sources.

The policy of most technical societies and publications is to use SI (metric) units or to list both the common British engineering unit and its SI equivalent. However, British units are primarily used in this book for the convenience of the majority of the reading audience. Readers who are more familiar and at ease with SI units are advised to refer to the Appendix of this book.

It is hoped that this writing will place in the hands of academic and industrial individuals a book covering the principles and applications of thermodynamics in a thorough and clear manner. Upon completion of the text, the reader should have acquired not only a working knowledge of the principles of thermodynamics but also experience in their application; and, the reader should find himself/herself approaching advanced texts, engineering literature, and industrial applications (even unique ones) with more confidence.

Sincere thanks are extended to Shannon O’Brien at Manhattan College for her invaluable help in solving some of the problems in the text, preparing part of the initial draft of the solutions manual, and proofing the manuscript. Special thanks are due Eric Huang and Pat Abulencia for their technical assistance in preparing parts of the manuscript.

L. THEODOREF. RICCIT. VAN VLIET

February 2009

Part I

Introduction

Nicolò Machiavelli [1469–1527]

There is nothing more difficult to take in hand, more perilous to conduct, or more uncertain in its success, than to take the lead in the introduction of a new order of things.

—The Prince. Chap. 6

Part I serves as the introductory section to this book. It reviews engineering and science fundamentals that are an integral part of the field of thermodynamics. It consists of six chapters, as noted below:

1 Basic Calculations

2 Process Variables

3 Gas Laws

4 Conservation Laws

5 Stoichiometry

6 The Second Law of Thermodynamics

Those individuals with a strong background in the above area(s) may choose to bypass this Part.

Chapter 3

Gas Laws

Epictetus (Circa A.D. 60)

The appearance of things to the mind is the standard of every action to man.

—That We Ought Not to Be Angry with Mankind. 27

INTRODUCTION

Observations based on physical experimentation often can be synthesized into simple mathematical equations called laws