Introduction to Digital Systems E-Book

Mohammed Ferdjallah

• Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
• Kategorie: Wissenschaft und neue Technologien
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 250

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2011

Beschreibung

A unique guide to using both modeling and simulation in digital systems design

Digital systems design requires rigorous modeling and simulation analysis that eliminates design risks and potential harm to users. Introduction to Digital Systems: Modeling, Synthesis, and Simulation Using VHDL introduces the application of modeling and synthesis in the effective design of digital systems and explains applicable analytical and computational methods. Through step-by-step explanations and numerous examples, the author equips readers with the tools needed to model, synthesize, and simulate digital principles using Very High Speed Integrated Circuit Hardware Description Language (VHDL) programming.

Extensively classroom-tested to ensure a fluid presentation, this book provides a comprehensive overview of the topic by integrating theoretical principles, discrete mathematical models, computer simulations, and basic methods of analysis. Topical coverage includes:

• Digital systems modeling and simulation

• Integrated logic

• Boolean algebra and logic

• Logic function optimization

• Number systems

• Combinational logic

• VHDL design concepts

• Sequential and synchronous sequential logic

Each chapter begins with learning objectives that outline key concepts that follow, and all discussions conclude with problem sets that allow readers to test their comprehension of the presented material. Throughout the book, VHDL sample codes are used to illustrate circuit design, providing guidance not only on how to learn and master VHDL programming, but also how to model and simulate digital circuits.

Introduction to Digital Systems is an excellent book for courses in modeling and simulation, operations research, engineering, and computer science at the upper-undergraduate and graduate levels. The book also serves as a valuable resource for researchers and practitioners in the fields of operations research, mathematical modeling, simulation, electrical engineering, and computer science.

Leseprobe

Contents

Cover

Title Page

Copyright

Preface

Chapter 1: Digital System Modeling and Simulation

1.1 Objectives

1.2 Modeling, Synthesis, and Simulation Design

1.3 History of Digital Systems

1.4 Standard Logic Devices

1.5 Custom-Designed Logic Devices

1.6 Programmable Logic Devices

1.7 Simple Programmable Logic Devices

1.8 Complex Programmable Logic Devices

1.9 Field-Programmable Gate Arrays

1.10 Future of Digital Systems

Chapter 2: Number Systems

2.1 Objectives

2.2 Bases and Number Systems

2.3 Number Conversions

2.4 Data Organization

2.5 Signed and Unsigned Numbers

2.6 Binary Arithmetic

2.7 Addition of Signed Numbers

2.8 Binary-Coded Decimal Representation

2.9 BCD Addition

Chapter 3: Boolean Algebra and Logic

3.1 Objectives

3.2 Boolean Theory

3.3 Logic Variables and Logic Functions

3.4 Boolean Axioms and Theorems

3.5 Basic Logic Gates and Truth Tables

3.6 Logic Representations and Circuit Design

3.7 Truth Table

3.8 Timing Diagram

3.9 Logic Design Concepts

3.10 Sum-of-Products Design

3.11 Product-of-Sums Design

3.12 Design Examples

3.13 NAND and NOR Equivalent Circuit Design

3.14 Standard Logic Integrated Circuits

Chapter 4: VHDL Design Concepts

4.1 Objectives

4.2 CAD Tool–Based Logic Design

4.3 Hardware Description Languages

4.4 VHDL Language

4.5 VHDL Programming Structure

4.6 Assignment Statements

4.7 VHDL Data Types

4.8 VHDL Operators

4.9 VHDL Signal and Generate Statements

4.10 Sequential Statements

4.11 Loops and Decision-Making Statements

4.12 SubCircuit Design

4.13 Packages and Components

Chapter 5: Integrated Logic

5.1 Objectives

5.2 Logic Signals

5.3 Logic Switches

5.4 NMOS and PMOS Logic Gates

5.5 CMOS Logic Gates

5.6 CMOS Logic Networks

5.7 Practical Aspects of Logic Gates

5.8 Transmission Gates

Chapter 6: Logic Function Optimization

6.1 Objectives

6.2 Logic Function Optimization Process

6.3 Karnaugh Maps

6.4 Two-Variable Karnaugh Map

6.5 Three-Variable Karnaugh Map

6.6 Four-Variable Karnaugh Map

6.7 Five-Variable Karnaugh Map

6.8 XOR and NXOR Karnaugh Maps

6.9 Incomplete Logic Functions

6.10 Quine–McCluskey Minimization

Chapter 7: Combinational Logic

7.1 Objectives

7.2 Combinational Logic Circuits

7.3 Multiplexers

7.4 Logic Design with Multiplexers

7.5 Demultiplexers

7.6 Decoders

7.7 Encoders

7.8 Code Converters

7.9 Arithmetic Circuits

Chapter 8: Sequential Logic

8.1 Objectives

8.2 Sequential Logic Circuits

8.3 Latches

8.4 Flip-Flops

8.5 Registers

8.6 Counters

Chapter 9: Synchronous Sequential Logic

9.1 Objectives

9.2 Synchronous Sequential Circuits

9.3 Finite-State Machine Design Concepts

9.4 Finite-State Machine Synthesis

9.5 State Assignment

9.6 One-Hot Encoding Method

9.7 Finite-State Machine Analysis

9.8 Sequential Serial Adder

9.9 Sequential Circuit Counters

9.10 State Optimization

9.11 Asynchronous Sequential Circuits

Index

Copyright © 2011 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey.

Published simultaneously in Canada.

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data:

Ferdjallah, Mohammed.

Introduction to digital systems : modeling, synthesis, and simulation using VHDL / Mohammed Ferdjallah.

p. cm.

Includes bibliographical references and index.

ISBN 978-0-470-90055-0 (cloth)

1. Digital electronics. 2. Digital electronics–Computer simulation. 3. VHDL (Computer hardware description language) I. Title.

TK7868.D5F47 2011

621.39′2–dc22

2010041036

Printed in the United States of America

oBooK ISBN: 9781118007716

ePDF ISBN: 9781118007693

ePub ISBN: 9781118007709

Preface

Digital system design requires rigorous modeling and simulation analysis that eliminates design risks and potential harm to users. Thus, the educational objective of this book is to provide an introduction to digital system design through modeling, synthesis, and simulation computer-aided design (CAD) tools. This book provides an introduction to analytical and computational methods that allow students and users to model, synthesize, and simulate digital principles using very high-speed integrated-circuit hardware description language (VHDL) programming. We present the practical application of modeling and synthesis to digital system design to establish a basis for effective design and provide a systematic tutorial of how basic digital systems function. In doing so, we integrate theoretical principles, discrete mathematical models, computer simulations, and basics methods of analysis. Students and users will learn how to use modeling, synthesis, and simulation concepts and CAD tools to design models for digital systems that will allow them to gain insights into their functions and the mechanisms of their control. Students will learn how to integrate basic models into more complex digital systems. Although the approach designed in this book focuses on undergraduate students, it can also be used for modeling and simulation students who have a limited engineering background with an inclination to digital systems for visualization purposes.

The book includes nine chapters. Each chapter begins with learning objectives that provide a brief overview of the concepts that the reader is about to learn. In addition, the learning objectives can be used as points for classroom discussion. Each chapter ends with problems that will enable students to practice and review the concepts covered in the chapter. Chapter 1 introduces modeling and simulation and its role in digital system evolution. The chapter provides a brief history of modeling and simulation in digital systems, VHDL programming, programmable and reconfigurable systems, and advantages of using modeling and simulation in digital system design. Chapter 2 introduces the mathematical foundations of digital systems and logical reasoning. Described are Boolean theory, its axioms and theorems, and basic logic gates as well as early modeling in digital system design using algebraic manipulations.

Chapter 3 provides an overview of number representations, number conversions, and number codes. The relationships between decimal representation and the less obvious digital number representations are described. Chapter 4 provides a brief history of VHDL programming, the reasons for its creation, and its impact on the evolution of digital systems and modern computer systems. Described are CAD tools, programming structure, and instructions and syntax of VHDL. Chapter 5 provides a simplified view of the progression of integrated systems and their application in digital logic circuits and computer systems. The role of modeling and simulation in the optimization and verification of digital system design at the transistor level is described. Chapter 6 provides graphical means and Karnaugh maps to streamline and simplify digital system design using visualization schemes. Although these methods are used only when designing circuits with a small number of gates, they provide rudimentary means for the design of automatic CAD tools.

Chapter 7 introduces combinational logic and its applications in multiplexers, decoders, and arithmetic and logic circuits and systems. Chapter 8 introduces sequential logic, with a focus on sequential logic elementary circuits and their applications in complex circuits such as counters and registers. Chapter 9 provides an overview of finite-state machines, especially the synchronous sequential circuit models used to design simple finite-state machines. Also described is asynchronous sequential logic and its advantages and disadvantages for digital systems. All chapters illustrate circuit design using VHDL sample codes that allow students not only to learn and master VHDL programming but also to model and simulate digital circuits.

Mohammed Ferdjallah

Chapter 1

Digital System Modeling and Simulation

1.1 Objectives

The objectives of the chapter are to:

Describe digital systemsProvide a brief history of digital systemsDescribe standard chipsDescribe custom-designed chipsDescribe programmable logic devicesDescribe field-programmable gated arrays

1.2 Modeling, Synthesis, and Simulation Design

Modeling and simulation have their roots in digital systems. Long before they became the basis of an interdisciplinary field, modeling and simulation were used extensively in digital system design. As electronic and computer technology advanced, so did modeling and simulation concepts. Today, the many computer-aided design (CAD) tools are pushing the limit of modeling, synthesis, and simulation technology. We focus on the implementation of modeling, synthesis, and simulation in digital systems.

A digital system is a system that takes digital signals as inputs, processes them, and produces digital output signals. A digital signal is a signal in which discrete steps are used to represent information and change values only at discrete (fixed) time intervals. In contrast, analog signals have “continuous” variations in signal amplitude over time. At a given instant of time, an analog signal has infinite possible values. A digital signal has discrete amplitude and time. Digital systems are very useful in the areas of signal processing (i.e., audio, images, speech, etc.), computing, communication, and data storage, among others. Digital systems are so commonplace in today's world that we tend to miss seeing them. Almost all electronic systems are partially or totally digitally based. Of course, real-world signals are all analog, and interfacing to the outside world requires conversion of a signal (information) from digital to analog. However, simplicity, versatility, repeatability, and the ability to produce large and complex (as far as functionality is concerned) systems economically make them excellent for processing and storing information (data).