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- Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
- Kategorie: Wissenschaft und neue Technologien
- Sprache: Englisch
The only book to teach C++ programming with Microsoft Visual Studio! There's a reason why Ivor Horton's Beginning Visual C++ books dominate the marketplace. Ivor Horton has a loyal following who love his winning approach to teaching programming languages, and in this fully updated new edition, he repeats his successful formula. Offering a comprehensive introduction to both the standard C++ language and to Visual C++, he offers step-by-step programming exercises, examples, and solutions to deftly guide novice programmers through the ins and outs of C++ development. * Introduces novice programmers to the current standard, Microsoft Visual C++ 2012, as it is implemented in Microsoft Visual Studio 2012 * Focuses on teaching both the C++11 standard and Visual C++ 2012, unlike virtually any other book on the market * Covers the C++ language and library and the IDE * Delves into new features of both the C++11 standard and of the Visual C++ 2012 programming environment * Features C++ project templates, code snippets, and more Even if you have no previous programming experience, you'll soon learn how to build real-world applications using Visual C++ 2012 with this popular guide.
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CONTENTS
Cover
Contents
Title page
Copyright
Dedication
ABOUT THE AUTHOR
ABOUT THE TECHNICAL EDITOR
CREDITS
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
INTRODUCTION
WHO THIS BOOK IS FOR
WHAT THIS BOOK COVERS
HOW THIS BOOK IS STRUCTURED
WHAT YOU NEED TO USE THIS BOOK
CONVENTIONS
SOURCE CODE
EXERCISES
ERRATA
P2P.WROX.COM
Chapter 1: Programming with Visual C++
LEARNING WITH VISUAL C++
WRITING C++ APPLICATIONS
LEARNING DESKTOP APPLICATIONS PROGRAMMING
WHAT IS THE INTEGRATED DEVELOPMENT ENVIRONMENT?
USING THE IDE
SUMMARY
Chapter 2: Data, Variables, and Calculations
THE STRUCTURE OF A C++ PROGRAM
DEFINING VARIABLES
FUNDAMENTAL DATA TYPES
BASIC INPUT/OUTPUT OPERATIONS
CALCULATING IN C++
TYPE CONVERSION AND CASTING
THE AUTO KEYWORD
DISCOVERING TYPES
THE BITWISE OPERATORS
INTRODUCING LVALUES AND RVALUES
UNDERSTANDING STORAGE DURATION AND SCOPE
VARIABLES WITH SPECIFIC SETS OF VALUES
NAMESPACES
SUMMARY
Chapter 3: Decisions and Loops
COMPARING VALUES
REPEATING A BLOCK OF STATEMENTS
SUMMARY
Chapter 4: Arrays, Strings, and Pointers
HANDLING MULTIPLE DATA VALUES OF THE SAME TYPE
INDIRECT DATA ACCESS
DYNAMIC MEMORY ALLOCATION
USING REFERENCES
LIBRARY FUNCTIONS FOR STRINGS
SUMMARY
Chapter 5: Introducing Structure into Your Programs
UNDERSTANDING FUNCTIONS
PASSING ARGUMENTS TO A FUNCTION
RETURNING VALUES FROM A FUNCTION
RECURSIVE FUNCTION CALLS
SUMMARY
Chapter 6: More about Program Structure
POINTERS TO FUNCTIONS
INITIALIZING FUNCTION PARAMETERS
EXCEPTIONS
HANDLING MEMORY ALLOCATION ERRORS
FUNCTION OVERLOADING
FUNCTION TEMPLATES
USING THE DECLTYPE OPERATOR
AN EXAMPLE USING FUNCTIONS
SUMMARY
Chapter 7: Defining Your Own Data Types
THE STRUCT IN C++
TYPES, OBJECTS, CLASSES, AND INSTANCES
UNDERSTANDING CLASSES
CLASS CONSTRUCTORS
PRIVATE MEMBERS OF A CLASS
THE POINTER THIS
CONST OBJECTS
ARRAYS OF OBJECTS
STATIC MEMBERS OF A CLASS
POINTERS AND REFERENCES TO OBJECTS
SUMMARY
Chapter 8: More on Classes
CLASS DESTRUCTORS
IMPLEMENTING A COPY CONSTRUCTOR
SHARING MEMORY BETWEEN VARIABLES
OPERATOR OVERLOADING
THE OBJECT COPYING PROBLEM
DEFAULT CLASS MEMBERS
CLASS TEMPLATES
PERFECT FORWARDING
USING CLASSES
ORGANIZING YOUR PROGRAM CODE
LIBRARY CLASSES FOR STRINGS
SUMMARY
Chapter 9: Class Inheritance and Virtual Functions
OBJECT-ORIENTED PROGRAMMING BASICS
INHERITANCE IN CLASSES
ACCESS CONTROL UNDER INHERITANCE
THE COPY CONSTRUCTOR IN A DERIVED CLASS
PREVENTING CLASS DERIVATION
CLASS MEMBERS AS FRIENDS
VIRTUAL FUNCTIONS
CASTING BETWEEN CLASS TYPES
NESTED CLASSES
SUMMARY
Chapter 10: The Standard Template Library
WHAT IS THE STANDARD TEMPLATE LIBRARY?
SMART POINTERS
ALGORITHMS
FUNCTION OBJECTS IN THE STL
FUNCTION ADAPTERS
THE RANGE OF STL CONTAINERS
SEQUENCE CONTAINERS
ASSOCIATIVE CONTAINERS
MORE ON ITERATORS
MORE ON FUNCTION OBJECTS
MORE ON ALGORITHMS
TYPE TRAITS AND STATIC ASSERTIONS
LAMBDA EXPRESSIONS
SUMMARY
Chapter 11: Windows Programming Concepts
WINDOWS PROGRAMMING BASICS
THE STRUCTURE OF A WINDOWS PROGRAM
THE MICROSOFT FOUNDATION CLASSES
SUMMARY
Chapter 12: Windows Programming with the Microsoft Foundation Classes (MFC)
THE MFC DOCUMENT/VIEW CONCEPT
CREATING MFC APPLICATIONS
SUMMARY
Chapter 13: Working with Menus and Toolbars
COMMUNICATING WITH WINDOWS
EXTENDING THE SKETCHER PROGRAM
ELEMENTS OF A MENU
ADDING MENU MESSAGE HANDLERS
ADDING TOOLBAR BUTTONS
SUMMARY
Chapter 14: Drawing in a Window
BASICS OF DRAWING IN A WINDOW
THE MFC DRAWING MECHANISM
DRAWING GRAPHICS IN PRACTICE
PROGRAMMING FOR THE MOUSE
DRAWING A SKETCH
SUMMARY
Chapter 15: Improving the View
SKETCHER LIMITATIONS
IMPROVING THE VIEW
DELETING AND MOVING ELEMENTS
IMPLEMENTING A CONTEXT MENU
IDENTIFYING AN ELEMENT UNDER THE CURSOR
DEALING WITH MASKED ELEMENTS
SUMMARY
Chapter 16: Working with Dialogs and Controls
UNDERSTANDING DIALOGS
UNDERSTANDING CONTROLS
CREATING A DIALOG RESOURCE
PROGRAMMING FOR A DIALOG
SUPPORTING THE DIALOG CONTROLS
COMPLETING DIALOG OPERATIONS
USING A SPIN BUTTON CONTROL
USING THE SCALE FACTOR
WORKING WITH STATUS BARS
THE CSTRING CLASS
USING AN EDIT BOX CONTROL
SUMMARY
Chapter 17: Storing and Printing Documents
UNDERSTANDING SERIALIZATION
SERIALIZING A DOCUMENT
APPLYING SERIALIZATION
EXERCISING SERIALIZATION
PRINTING A DOCUMENT
IMPLEMENTING MULTIPAGE PRINTING
SUMMARY
Chapter 18: Programming Windows 8 Apps
UNDERSTANDING WINDOWS 8 APPS
DEVELOPING WINDOWS 8 APPS
WINDOWS RUNTIME CONCEPTS
C++ COMPONENT EXTENSIONS (C++/CX)
THE EXTENSIBLE APPLICATION MARKUP LANGUAGE (XAML)
CREATING A WINDOWS 8 APP
SCALING UI ELEMENTS
TRANSITIONS
SUMMARY
Backcover
Related Wrox Books
End User License Agreement
List of Illustrations
Chapter 01
FIGURE 1-1
FIGURE 1-2
FIGURE 1-3
FIGURE 1-4
FIGURE 1-5
FIGURE 1-6
FIGURE 1-7
FIGURE 1-8
FIGURE 1-9
FIGURE 1-10
FIGURE 1-11
FIGURE 1-12
FIGURE 1-13
FIGURE 1-14
FIGURE 1-15
Chapter 02
FIGURE 2-1
FIGURE 2-2
FIGURE 2-3
FIGURE 2-4
FIGURE 2-5
FIGURE 2-6
FIGURE 2-7
FIGURE 2-8
FIGURE 2-9
FIGURE 2-10
FIGURE 2-11
Chapter 03
FIGURE 3-1
FIGURE 3-2
FIGURE 3-3
FIGURE 3-4
FIGURE 3-5
FIGURE 3-6
Chapter 04
FIGURE 4-1
FIGURE 4-2
FIGURE 4-3
FIGURE 4-4
FIGURE 4-5
FIGURE 4-6
FIGURE 4-7
FIGURE 4-8
Chapter 05
FIGURE 5-1
FIGURE 5-2
FIGURE 5-3
FIGURE 5-4
Chapter 06
FIGURE 6-1
FIGURE 6-2
FIGURE 6-3
FIGURE 6-4
FIGURE 6-5
FIGURE 6-6
FIGURE 6-7
FIGURE 6-8
Chapter 07
FIGURE 7-1
FIGURE 7-2
FIGURE 7-3
FIGURE 7-4
FIGURE 7-5
FIGURE 7-6
FIGURE 7-7
Chapter 08
FIGURE 8-1
FIGURE 8-2
FIGURE 8-3
FIGURE 8-4
FIGURE 8-5
FIGURE 8-6
FIGURE 8-7
FIGURE 8-8
FIGURE 8-9
FIGURE 8-10
FIGURE 8-11
FIGURE 8-12
Chapter 09
FIGURE 9-1
FIGURE 9-2
FIGURE 9-3
FIGURE 9-4
FIGURE 9-5
FIGURE 9-6
Chapter 10
FIGURE 10-1
FIGURE 10-2
FIGURE 10-3
FIGURE 10-4
Chapter 11
FIGURE 11-1
FIGURE 11-2
FIGURE 11-3
FIGURE 11-4
FIGURE 11-5
Chapter 12
FIGURE 12-1
FIGURE 12-2
FIGURE 12-3
FIGURE 12-4
FIGURE 12-5
FIGURE 12-6
FIGURE 12-7
FIGURE 12-8
FIGURE 12-9
FIGURE 12-10
FIGURE 12-11
FIGURE 12-12
FIGURE 12-13
Chapter 13
FIGURE 13-1
FIGURE 13-2
FIGURE 13-3
FIGURE 13-4
FIGURE 13-5
FIGURE 13-6
FIGURE 13-7
FIGURE 13-8
FIGURE 13-9
FIGURE 13-10
FIGURE 13-11
FIGURE 13-12
FIGURE 13-13
FIGURE 13-14
Chapter 14
FIGURE 14-1
FIGURE 14-2
FIGURE 14-3
FIGURE 14-4
FIGURE 14-5
FIGURE 14-6
FIGURE 14-7
FIGURE 14-8
FIGURE 14-9
FIGURE 14-10
FIGURE 14-11
FIGURE 14-12
FIGURE 14-13
FIGURE 14-14
FIGURE 14-15
FIGURE 14-16
FIGURE 14-17
Chapter 15
FIGURE 15-1
FIGURE 15-2
FIGURE 15-3
FIGURE 15-4
Chapter 16
FIGURE 16-1
FIGURE 16-2
FIGURE 16-3
FIGURE 16-4
FIGURE 16-5
FIGURE 16-6
FIGURE 16-7
FIGURE 16-8
FIGURE 16-9
FIGURE 16-10
FIGURE 16-11
FIGURE 16-12
FIGURE 16-13
FIGURE 16-14
FIGURE 16-15
FIGURE 16-16
Chapter 17
FIGURE 17-1
FIGURE 17-2
FIGURE 17-3
FIGURE 17-4
FIGURE 17-5
FIGURE 17-6
FIGURE 17-7
FIGURE 17-8
FIGURE 17-9
Chapter 18
FIGURE 18-1
FIGURE 18-2
FIGURE 18-3
FIGURE 18-4
FIGURE 18-5
FIGURE 18-6
FIGURE 18-7
FIGURE 18-8
FIGURE 18-9
FIGURE 18-10
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Guide
Cover
Table of Contents
IVOR HORTON’S BEGINNING
Visual C++® 2012
Ivor Horton
Ivor Horton’s Beginning Visual C++® 2012
Published byJohn Wiley & Sons, Inc.10475 Crosspoint BoulevardIndianapolis, IN 46256www.wiley.com
Copyright © 2012 by Ivor Horton
Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Indianapolis, Indiana
Published simultaneously in Canada
ISBN: 978-1-118-36808-4ISBN: 978-1-118-43941-8 (ebk)ISBN: 978-1-118-41703-4 (ebk)ISBN: 978-1-118-43431-4 (ebk)
No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning or otherwise, except as permitted under Sections 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without either the prior written permission of the Publisher, or authorization through payment of the appropriate per-copy fee to the Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, (978) 750-8400, fax (978) 646-8600. Requests to the Publisher for permission should be addressed to the Permissions Department, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, (201) 748-6011, fax (201) 748-6008, or online at http://www.wiley.com/go/permissions.
Limit of Liability/Disclaimer of Warranty: The publisher and the author make no representations or warranties with respect to the accuracy or completeness of the contents of this work and specifically disclaim all warranties, including without limitation warranties of fitness for a particular purpose. No warranty may be created or extended by sales or promotional materials. The advice and strategies contained herein may not be suitable for every situation. This work is sold with the understanding that the publisher is not engaged in rendering legal, accounting, or other professional services. If professional assistance is required, the services of a competent professional person should be sought. Neither the publisher nor the author shall be liable for damages arising herefrom. The fact that an organization or Web site is referred to in this work as a citation and/or a potential source of further information does not mean that the author or the publisher endorses the information the organization or Web site may provide or recommendations it may make. Further, readers should be aware that Internet Web sites listed in this work may have changed or disappeared between when this work was written and when it is read.
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Wiley publishes in a variety of print and electronic formats and by print-on-demand. Some material included with standard print versions of this book may not be included in e-books or in print-on-demand. If this book refers to media such as a CD or DVD that is not included in the version you purchased, you may download this material at http://booksupport.wiley.com. For more information about Wiley products, visit www.wiley.com.
Library of Congress Control Number: 2012946046
Trademarks: Wiley, the Wiley logo, Wrox, the Wrox logo, Wrox Programmer to Programmer, and related trade dress are trademarks or registered trademarks of John Wiley & Sons, Inc. and/or its affiliates, in the United States and other countries, and may not be used without written permission. Visual C++ is a registered trademark of Microsoft Corporation. All other trademarks are the property of their respective owners. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., is not associated with any product or vendor mentioned in this book.
This book is for my dear wife, Eve, who for so many years has given me unconditional support and love in whatever I choose to do. I could not have written this without her.
ABOUT THE AUTHOR
IVOR HORTON graduated as a mathematician and was lured into information technology by promises of great rewards for very little work. In spite of the reality usually being a great deal of work for relatively modest rewards, he has continued to work with computers to the present day. He has been engaged at various times in programming, systems design, consultancy, and the management and implementation of projects of considerable complexity.
Horton has many years of experience in the design and implementation of computer systems applied to engineering design and manufacturing operations in a variety of industries. He has considerable experience in developing occasionally useful applications in a wide variety of programming languages, and in teaching primarily scientists and engineers to do likewise. He has been writing books on programming for many years, and his currently published works include tutorials on C, C++, and Java. At the present time, when he is not writing programming books or providing advice to others, he spends his time fishing, traveling, and enjoying life in general.
ABOUT THE TECHNICAL EDITOR
MARC GREGOIRE is a software engineer from Belgium. He graduated from the Catholic University of Leuven, Belgium, with a degree in “Burgerlijk ingenieur in de computer wetenschappen” (equivalent to master of science in engineering in computer science). The year after, he received the cum laude degree of master in artificial intelligence at the same university. After his studies, Marc started working for a big software consultancy company called Ordina Belgium. As a consultant, he worked for Siemens and Nokia Siemens Networks on critical 2G and 3G software running on Solaris for big telecom operators. This required working in international teams stretching from South America and USA to EMEA and Asia. Now, Marc is working for Nikon Metrology on 3D scanning software.
His main expertise is C/C++, and specifically Microsoft VC++ and the MFC framework. Next to C/C++, Marc also likes C# and uses PHP for creating web pages. In addition to his main interest for Windows development, he also has experience in developing C++ programs running 24/7 on Linux platforms; for example, EIB home automation-controlling and monitoring software.
Since April 2007, he received the yearly Microsoft MVP (Most Valuable Professional) award for his Visual C++ expertise.
Marc is the founder of the Belgian C++ Users Group (www.becpp.org) and an active member on the CodeGuru forum (as Marc G). He also creates freeware and shareware programs that are distributed through his website at www.nuonsoft.com, and maintains a blog on www.nuonsoft.com/blog/.
CREDITS
Executive Editor
Robert Elliott
Project Editor
Ed Connor
Technical Editor
Marc Gregoire
Production Editor
Daniel Scribner
Copy Editor
Kim Cofer
Editorial Manager
Mary Beth Wakefield
Freelancer Editorial Manager
Rosemarie Graham
Associate Director of Marketing
David Mayhew
Marketing Manager
Ashley Zurcher
Business Manager
Amy Knies
Production Manager
Tim Tate
Vice President and Executive Group Publisher
Richard Swadley
Vice President and Executive Publisher
Neil Edde
Associate Publisher
Jim Minatel
Project Coordinator, Cover
Katie Crocker
Proofreaders
James Saturnio, Word One
Sarah Kaikini, Word One
Indexer
Ron Strauss
Cover Designer
Ryan Sneed
Cover Image
© Kyu Oh / iStockPhoto
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
THE AUTHOR IS ONLY ONE MEMBER of the large team of people necessary to get a book into print. I’d like to thank the John Wiley & Sons and Wrox Press editorial and production teams for their help and support throughout.
I would particularly like to thank my technical editor, Marc Gregoire, for doing such a fantastic job of reviewing the text and checking out all the code fragments and examples. He has an uncanny knack for finding my errors, and his many constructive comments and suggestions have undoubtedly made the book a much better tutorial.
INTRODUCTION
WELCOME TOIvor Horton’s Beginning Visual C++ 2012. With this book, you can become an effective C++ programmer using Microsoft’s latest application-development system, Visual Studio 2012. I aim to teach you the C++ programming language, and then how to apply C++ in the development of your own Windows applications. Along the way, you will also learn about many of the exciting new capabilities introduced by this latest version of Visual C++.
Visual C++ 2012 comes as part of any of the editions of the Microsoft development environment Visual Studio 2012. When I refer to Visual C++ in the rest of the book, I mean the Visual C++ 2012 capability that comes as part of Visual Studio 2012.
WHO THIS BOOK IS FOR
This book is for anyone who wants to learn how to write C++ applications for the Microsoft Windows operating system using Visual C++. I make no assumptions about prior knowledge of any particular programming language, so there are no prerequisites other than some aptitude for programming and sufficient enthusiasm and commitment for learning to program in C++ to make it through this book. This tutorial is for you if:
You are a newcomer to programming and sufficiently keen to jump into the deep end with C++. To be successful, you need to have at least a rough idea of how your computer works, and it will be helpful if you understand the way in which the memory is organized and how data and instructions are stored.
You have a little experience of programming in some other language, such as BASIC, and you are keen to learn C++ and develop practical Microsoft Windows programming skills.
You have some experience in C or C++, but not in a Microsoft Windows context and want to extend your skills to program for the Windows environment using the latest tools and technologies.
WHAT THIS BOOK COVERS
The first part of the book teaches you the essentials of C++ programming using the C++ language supported by Visual Studio 2012 through a detailed, step-by-step tutorial. You’ll learn the syntax and use of the ISO/IEC C++ language and gain experience and confidence in applying it in a practical context through an extensive range of working examples. There are also exercises that you can use to test your knowledge, with solutions available for download if you get stuck.
Of course, the language tutorial also introduces and demonstrates the use of the C++ standard library facilities you are most likely to need. You’ll add to your knowledge of the standard libraries incrementally as you progress through the C++ language. Additionally, you will learn about the powerful tools provided by the Standard Template Library (STL).
Once you are confident in applying C++, you move on to Windows programming. You will learn how to develop Windows applications using the Microsoft Foundation Classes (MFC) by creating a substantial working application of more than 2000 lines of code. You develop the application over several chapters, utilizing a broad range of user interface capabilities provided by the MFC. You also learn the essentials of programming applications using the Windows 8 UI and develop a working example.
HOW THIS BOOK IS STRUCTURED
The book is structured as follows:
Chapter 1 introduces you to the basic concepts you need to understand for programming in C++ together with the main ideas embodied in the Visual C++ development environment. It describes how you use the capabilities of Visual C++ for creating the various kinds of C++ applications you’ll learn about in the rest of the book.
Chapters 2 through 9 teach you the C++ language. You start with simple procedural program examples and progress to learning about classes and object-oriented programming.
Chapter 10 teaches you how you use the Standard Template Library (STL). The STL is a powerful and extensive set of tools for organizing and manipulating data in your C++ programs. The STL is application-neutral, so you will be able to apply it in a wide range of contexts.
Chapter 11 discusses how Microsoft Windows desktop applications are structured and describes and demonstrates the essential elements that are present in every desktop application written for the Windows operating system. The chapter explains elementary examples of how Windows applications work, with programs that use C++ with the Windows API and with the MFC.
Chapters 12 through 17 teach you Windows desktop application programming. You learn to write C++ Windows applications using the MFC for building a GUI. You learn how you create and use common controls to build the graphical user interface for your application, and how you handle the events that result from user interaction with your program. In addition to the techniques you learn for building a GUI, the application that you develop also shows you how you handle printing and how you can save your application data on disk.
Chapter 18 introduces the fundamental ideas involved in writing applications for Windows 8.
All chapters in the book include working examples that demonstrate the programming techniques discussed. Every chapter concludes with a summary of the key points that were covered, and most chapters include a set of exercises at the end that you can attempt, to apply what you have learned. Solutions to the exercises, together with all the code from the book, are available for download from the publisher’s website.
WHAT YOU NEED TO USE THIS BOOK
There are several versions of Visual Studio 2012 and they each have a different range of capabilities. You can only develop applications using the Windows 8 UI if you have Visual Studio 2012 installed with Windows 8. Here’s what you can use to work with various parts of the book:
If you have a free version of Visual Studio 11 installed with Windows 8, you can work with all the examples and exercises in the book. The lowest-cost fee version of Visual Studio 2012 is the Professional Edition. This edition or better installed with Windows 8 is fine for the whole book.
If you have Visual Studio 2012 Professional Edition or better installed with Windows 7, you can work with all the examples and exercises in Chapters 1 to 17, but not Chapter 18. Chapter 18 is about applications that make use of the Windows 8 UI and this requires Visual Studio 2012 to be installed with Windows 8.
There is a free Visual Studio 2012 Express Edition for Windows 8, which is not sufficient to run many of the examples in the book. None of the examples in Chapters 12 to 17 can be compiled with the Visual Studio 2012 Express Edition.
CONVENTIONS
To help you get the most from the text and keep track of what’s happening, we’ve used a number of conventions throughout the book.
TRY IT OUT
The Try It Out is an exercise you should work through, following the text in the book.
1
. They usually consist of a set of steps.
2
. Each step has a number.
3
. Follow the steps through with your copy of the program.
How It Works
After each Try It Out, the code you’ve typed will be explained in detail.
WARNINGBoxes like this one hold important, not-to-be forgotten information that is directly relevant to the surrounding text.
NOTENotes, tips, hints, tricks, and asides to the current discussion are offset and placed in italics like this.
As for styles in the text:
We
highlight
new terms and important words when we introduce them.
We show keyboard strokes like this: Ctrl+A.
We show filenames, URLs, and code within the text like so:
persistence.properties
.
We present code in two different ways:
We use a monofont type with no highlighting for most code examples.
We use bold highlighting to emphasize code that is of particular importance in the present context.
SOURCE CODE
As you work through the examples in this book, you may choose either to type in all the code manually, or to use the source code files that accompany the book. The code downloads for the complete examples in the book are located at www.wrox.com/remtitle.cgi?isbn=9781118368084 on the Download Code tab.
NOTEBecause many books have similar titles, you may find it easiest to search by ISBN; this book’s ISBN is 978-0-111-36808-4.
Once you download the code, just decompress it with your favorite compression tool. Alternately, you can go to the main Wrox code download page at www.wrox.com/dynamic/books/download.aspx to see the code available for this book and all other Wrox books.
EXERCISES
Many of the chapters have a set of exercises for you to test your knowledge. I encourage you to try all of these. If you get stuck you can download solutions to all of these exercises from www.wrox.com/remtitle.cgi?isbn=9781118368084.
ERRATA
We make every effort to ensure that there are no errors in the text or in the code. However, no one is perfect, and mistakes do occur. If you find an error in one of our books, like a spelling mistake or faulty piece of code, we would be very grateful for your feedback. By sending in errata, you may save another reader hours of frustration, and at the same time, you will be helping us provide even higher quality information.
To find the errata page for this book, go to http://www.wrox.com and locate the title using the Search box or one of the title lists. Then, on the book’s detail page, click the Book Errata link. On this page, you can view all errata that has been submitted for this book and posted by Wrox editors. A complete book list, including links to each book’s errata, is also available at www.wrox.com/misc-pages/booklist.shtml.
If you don’t spot “your” error on the Book Errata page, go to www.wrox.com/contact/techsupport.shtml and complete the form there to send us the error you have found. We’ll check the information and, if appropriate, post a message to the book’s errata page and fix the problem in subsequent editions of the book.
P2P.WROX.COM
For author and peer discussion, join the P2P forums at p2p.wrox.com. The forums are a web-based system for you to post messages relating to Wrox books and related technologies and interact with other readers and technology users. The forums offer a subscription feature to e-mail you topics of interest of your choosing when new posts are made to the forums. Wrox authors, editors, other industry experts, and your fellow readers are present on these forums.
At http://p2p.wrox.com, you will find a number of different forums that will help you, not only as you read this book, but also as you develop your own applications. To join the forums, just follow these steps:
1
. Go to
p2p.wrox.com
and click the Register link.
2
. Read the terms of use and click Agree.
3
. Complete the required information to join, as well as any optional information you wish to provide, and click Submit.
4
. You will receive an e-mail with information describing how to verify your account and complete the joining process.
NOTEYou can read messages in the forums without joining P2P, but in order to post your own messages, you must join.
Once you join, you can post new messages and respond to messages other users post. You can read messages at any time on the web. If you would like to have new messages from a particular forum e-mailed to you, click the Subscribe to this Forum icon by the forum name in the forum listing.
For more information about how to use the Wrox P2P, be sure to read the P2P FAQs for answers to questions about how the forum software works, as well as many common questions specific to P2P and Wrox books. To read the FAQs, click the FAQ link on any P2P page.
Chapter 1Programming with Visual C++
WHAT YOU WILL LEARN IN THIS CHAPTER:
What the principal components of Visual C++ are
What solutions and projects are and how you create them
About console programs
How to create and edit a program
How to compile, link, and execute C++ console programs
How to create and execute basic Windows programs
WROX.COM CODE DOWNLOADS FOR THIS CHAPTER
You can find the wrox.com code downloads for this chapter on the Download Code tab at www.wrox.com/remtitle.cgi?isbn=9781118368084. The code is in the Chapter 1 download and individually named according to the names throughout the chapter.
LEARNING WITH VISUAL C++
Windows programming isn’t difficult. Microsoft Visual C++ makes it remarkably easy, as you’ll see throughout the course of this book. There’s just one obstacle in your path: Before you get to the specifics of Windows programming, you have to be thoroughly familiar with the capabilities of the C++ programming language, particularly the object-oriented capabilities. Object-oriented techniques are central to the effectiveness of all the tools provided by Visual C++ for Windows programming, so it’s essential that you gain a good understanding of them. That’s exactly what this book provides.
This chapter gives you an overview of the essential concepts involved in programming applications in C++. You’ll take a rapid tour of the integrated development environment (IDE) that comes with Visual C++. The IDE is straightforward and generally intuitive in its operation, so you’ll be able to pick up most of it as you go along. The best way to get familiar with it is to work through the process of creating, compiling, and executing a simple program. So power up your PC, start Windows, load the mighty Visual C++, and begin your journey.
WRITING C++ APPLICATIONS
You have tremendous flexibility in the types of applications and program components that you can develop with Visual C++. Applications that you can develop fall into two broad categories: desktop applications and Windows 8 apps. Desktop applications are the applications that you know and love; they have an application window that typically has a menu bar and a toolbar and frequently a status bar at the bottom of the application window. This book focuses primarily on desktop applications.
Windows 8 apps are different from desktop applications. They have a user interface that is completely different from desktop applications. The focus is on the content where the user interacts directly with the data, rather than interacting with controls such as menu items and toolbar buttons.
Once you have learned C++, this book concentrates on using the Microsoft Foundation Classes (MFC) with C++ for building desktop applications. The application programming interface (API) for Windows desktop applications is referred to as Win32. Win32 has a long history and was developed long before the object-oriented programming paradigm emerged, so it has none of the object-oriented characteristics that would be expected if it were written today. The MFC consists of a set of C++ classes that encapsulate the Win32 API for user interface creation and control and greatly eases the process of program development. You are not obliged to use the MFC, though. If you want the ultimate in performance you can write your C++ code to access the Windows API directly, but it certainly won’t be as easy.
Figure 1-1 shows the basic options you have for developing C++ applications.
FIGURE 1-1
Figure 1-1 is a simplified representation of what is involved. Desktop applications can target Windows 7, Windows 8, or Windows Vista. Windows 8 apps execute only with Windows 8 and you must have Visual Studio 2012 installed under Windows 8 to develop them. Windows 8 apps communicate with the operating system through the Windows Runtime, WinRT. I’ll introduce you to programming Windows 8 applications in Chapter 18.
LEARNING DESKTOP APPLICATIONS PROGRAMMING
There are always two basic aspects to interactive desktop applications executing under Windows: You need code to create the graphical user interface (GUI) with which the user interacts, and you need code to process these interactions to provide the functionality of the application. Visual C++ provides you with a great deal of assistance in both aspects. As you’ll see later in this chapter, you can create a working Windows program with a GUI without writing any code at all. All the basic code to create the GUI can be generated automatically by Visual C++. Of course, it’s essential to understand how this automatically generated code works because you need to extend and modify it to make the application do what you want. To do that you need a comprehensive understanding of C++.
For this reason you’ll first learn C++ without getting involved in Windows programming considerations. After you’re comfortable with C++ you’ll learn how to develop fully fledged Windows applications. This means that while you are learning C++, you’ll be working with programs that involve only command line input and output. By sticking to this rather limited input and output capability, you’ll be able to concentrate on the specifics of how the C++ language works and avoid the inevitable complications involved in GUI building and control. Once you are comfortable with C++ you’ll find that it’s an easy and natural progression to applying C++ to the development of Windows application programs.
NOTEAs I’ll explain in Chapter 18, Windows 8 apps are different. You specify the GUI in XAML, and the XAML is used to generate the C++ program code for GUI elements.
Learning C++
Visual C++ supports the C++ language defined by the most recent ISO/IEC C++ standard that was published in 2011. The standard is defined in the document ISO/IEC 14882:2011 and commonly referred to as C++ 11. The Visual C++ compiler does not support all the new language features introduced by this latest standard, just some of the most commonly used features, but it will surely be extended over time. Programs that you write in standard C++ can be ported from one system environment to another reasonably easily, although the library functions that a program uses — particularly those related to building a graphical user interface — are a major determinant of how easy or difficult it will be. ISO/IEC standard C++ is the first choice of a great many professional program developers because it is so widely supported, and because it is one of the most powerful programming languages available today.
Chapters 2 through 9 of this book teach you the C++ language and introduce some of the most commonly used C++ standard library facilities along the way. Chapter 10 explains how you can use the Standard Template Library (STL) for C++ for managing collections of data.
Console Applications
Visual C++ console applications enable you to write, compile, and test C++ programs that have none of the baggage required for Windows programs. These programs are called console applications because you communicate with them through the keyboard and the screen in character mode, so they are essentially character-based, command-line programs.
When you write console applications, it might seem as if you are being sidetracked from the main objective of programming applications for Windows, but when it comes to learning C++ it’s by far the best way to proceed in my view. There’s a lot of code in even a simple Windows program, and it’s very important not to be distracted by the complexities of Windows when learning the ins and outs of the C++ language. In the early chapters of the book that are concerned with how C++ works, you’ll spend time walking with a few lightweight console applications before you get to run with the heavyweight sacks of code in the world of Windows.
Windows Programming Concepts
The project creation facilities provided with Visual C++ can generate skeleton code for a wide variety of C++ application programs automatically. A Windows program has a different structure from that of the typical console program that you execute from the command line and it’s more complicated. In a console program you can get user input from the keyboard and write output back to the command line directly, and that is essentially it. A Windows application can access the input and output facilities of the computer only by way of functions supplied by the host environment; no direct access to the hardware resources is permitted. Several programs can be active at one time under Windows, so the operating system has to determine which application a given raw input such as a mouse click or the pressing of a key on the keyboard is destined for, and signal the program concerned accordingly. Thus, the Windows operating system always has primary control of all communications with the user.
The nature of the interface between a user and a Windows desktop application is such that a wide range of different inputs is usually possible at any given time. A user may select any of a number of menu options, click on one of several toolbar buttons, or click the mouse somewhere in the application window. A well-designed Windows application has to be prepared to deal with any of the possible types of input at any time because there is no way of knowing in advance which type of input is going to occur. These user actions are received by the operating system in the first instance, and are all regarded by Windows as events. An event that originates with the user interface for your application will typically result in a particular piece of your program code being executed. How program execution proceeds is therefore determined by the sequence of user actions. Programs that operate in this way are referred to as event-driven programs, and are different from traditional procedural programs that have a single order of execution. Input to a procedural program is controlled by the program code and can occur only when the program permits it; therefore, a Windows program consists primarily of pieces of code that respond to events caused by the action of the user, or by Windows itself. This sort of program structure is illustrated in Figure 1-2.
FIGURE 1-2
Each block within the Desktop Application block in Figure 1-2 represents a piece of code written specifically to deal with a particular event. The program may appear to be somewhat fragmented because of the disjointed blocks of code, but the primary factor welding the program into a whole is the Windows operating system itself. You can think of your program as customizing Windows to provide a particular set of capabilities.
Of course, the modules servicing external events such as the selection of a menu or a mouse click, all typically have access to a common set of application-specific data in a particular program. This data contains information that relates to what the program is about — for example, blocks of text recording scoring records for a player in a program aimed at tracking how your baseball team is doing — as well as information about some of the events that have occurred during execution of the program. This shared collection of data allows various parts of the program that look independent to communicate and operate in a coordinated and integrated fashion. I will go into this in much more detail later in the book.
Even an elementary Windows program involves several lines of code, and with Windows programs generated by the application wizards that come with Visual C++, “several” turns out to be “very many.” To simplify the process of understanding how C++ works, you need a context that is as uncomplicated as possible and at the same time has the tools to make it easy to navigate around sacks of code. Fortunately, Visual C++ comes with an environment that is designed specifically for the purpose.
WHAT IS THE INTEGRATED DEVELOPMENT ENVIRONMENT?
The integrated development environment (IDE) that comes with Visual C++ is a completely self-contained environment for creating, compiling, linking, and testing your C++ programs. It also happens to be a great environment in which to learn C++ (particularly when combined with a great book).
Visual C++ incorporates a range of fully integrated tools designed to make the whole process of writing C++ programs easy. You will see something of these in this chapter, but rather than grind through a boring litany of features and options in the abstract, you can first take a look at the basics to get a view of how the IDE works and then pick up the rest in context as you go along.
The fundamental parts of Visual C++, provided as part of the IDE, are the editor, the compiler, the linker, and the libraries. These are the basic tools that are essential to writing and executing a C++ program.
The Editor
The editor provides an interactive environment in which to create and edit C++ source code. As well as the usual facilities, such as cut and paste, which you are certainly already familiar with, the editor also provides color cues to differentiate between various language elements. The editor automatically recognizes fundamental words in the C++ language and assigns a color to them according to what they are. This not only helps to make your code more readable, but also provides a clear indicator of when you make errors in keying such words. Another very helpful feature is IntelliSense. IntelliSense analyzes the code as you enter it, and underlines anything that is incorrect with a red squiggle. It can also provide prompts where the options for what you need to enter next in the code can be determined.
NOTEIntelliSense doesn’t just work with C++. It works with XAML too.
The Compiler
You execute the compiler when you have entered the C++ code for your program. The compiler converts your source code into object code, and detects and reports errors in the compilation process. The compiler can detect a wide range of errors caused by invalid or unrecognized program code, as well as structural errors, such as parts of a program that can never be executed. The object code output from the compiler is stored in files called object files that have names with the extension .obj.
The Linker
The linker combines the various modules generated by the compiler from source code files, adds required code modules from program libraries that are supplied as part of C++, and welds everything into an executable whole, usually in the form of an .exe file. The linker can also detect and report errors — for example, if part of your program is missing, or a nonexistent library component is referenced.
The Libraries
A library is simply a collection of prewritten routines that supports and extends the C++ language by providing standard professionally produced code units that you can incorporate into your programs to carry out common operations. The operations implemented by the various libraries provided by Visual C++ greatly enhance productivity by saving you the effort of writing and testing the code for such operations yourself.
The Standard C++ Library defines a basic set of facilities that are common to all ISO/IEC standard-conforming C++ compilers. It contains a wide range of commonly used routines, including numerical functions, such as the calculation of square roots and the evaluation of trigonometrical functions; character- and string-processing functions, such as the classification of characters and the comparison of character strings; and many others. It also defines data types and standard templates for generating customized data types and functions. You’ll get to know quite a number of these as you develop your knowledge of C++.
Window-based desktop applications are supported by a library called the Microsoft Foundation Classes (MFC). The MFC greatly reduces the effort needed to build the GUI for an application. (You’ll see a lot more of the MFC when you finish exploring the nuances of the C++ language.)
USING THE IDE
All program development and execution in this book is performed from within the IDE. When you start Visual C++ you’ll see an application window similar to that shown in Figure 1-3.
FIGURE 1-3
The pane to the left in Figure 1-3 is the Solution Explorer window, the top right pane presently showing the Start page is the Editor window, and the tab visible in the pane at the bottom is the Output window. The Solution Explorer window enables you to navigate through your program files and display their contents in the Editor window, and to add new files to your program. The Solution Explorer window can display other tabs (only three are shown in Figure 1-3), and you can select which tabs are to be displayed from the View menu. The Editor window is where you enter and modify source code and other components of your application. The Output window displays the output from build operations in which a project is compiled and linked. You can choose to display other windows by selecting from the View menu.
Note that a window can generally be undocked from its position in the Visual C++ application window. Just right-click the title bar of the window you want to undock and select Float from the pop-up menu. In general, I will show windows in their undocked state in the book. You can restore a window to its docked state by right-clicking its title bar and selecting Dock from the pop-up or by dragging it with the left mouse button down to the position that you want in the application window.
Toolbar Options
You can choose which toolbars are displayed in your Visual C++ window by right-clicking in the toolbar area. The range of toolbars in the list depends on which edition of Visual Studio 2012 you have installed. A pop-up menu with a list of toolbars (Figure 1-4) appears, and the toolbars currently displayed have checkmarks alongside them.
FIGURE 1-4
This is where you decide which toolbars are visible at any one time. You can make your set of toolbars the same as those shown in Figure 1-3 by making sure the Build, Debug, Formatting, Layout, Standard, and Text Editor menu items are selected. Clicking a toolbar in the list checks it if it is deselected, and results in its being displayed; clicking a toolbar that is selected/deselects it and hides the toolbar.
NOTEA toolbar won’t necessarily display all the buttons that are available for it. You can add or remove buttons for a toolbar by clicking the down arrow that appears at the right of the button set. The buttons in the TextEditor toolbar that indent and unindent a set of highlighted statements are particularly useful, as are the buttons that comment out or uncomment a highlighted set of statements.
You don’t need to clutter up the application window with all the toolbars you think you might need at some time. Some toolbars appear automatically when required, so you’ll probably find that the default toolbar selections are perfectly adequate most of the time. As you develop your applications, from time to time you might think it would be more convenient to have access to toolbars that aren’t displayed. You can change the set of visible toolbars whenever it suits you by right-clicking in the toolbar area and choosing from the context menu.
NOTEAs in many other Windows applications, the toolbars that make up Visual C++ come complete with tooltips. Just let the mouse pointer linger over a toolbar button for a second or two, and a white label will display the function of that button.
Dockable Toolbars
A dockable toolbar is one that you can move around to position it at a convenient place in the window. You can arrange for any of the toolbars to be docked at any of the four sides of the application window. If you right-click in the toolbar area and select Customize from the pop-up, the Customize dialog will be displayed. You can choose where a particular toolbar is docked by selecting it and clicking the Modify Selection button. You can then choose from the drop-down list to dock the toolbar where you want. Figure 1-5 shows how the dialog looks after the user selects the Build toolbar on the left and clicks the Modify Selection drop-down list.
FIGURE 1-5
You’ll recognize many of the toolbar icons that Visual C++ uses from other Windows applications, but you may not appreciate exactly what these icons do in the context of Visual C++, so I’ll describe them as we use them.
Because you’ll use a new project for every program you develop, looking at what exactly a project is and understanding how the mechanism for defining a project works is a good place to start finding out about Visual C++.
Documentation
There will be plenty of occasions when you’ll want to find out more information about Visual C++ and its features and options. Press Ctrl+F1 to access the product documentation. With the cursor on elements in your code that are part of the C++ language or a standard library item, pressing F1 will usually open browser window showing documentation for the element. The Help menu also provides various routes into the documentation, as well as access to program samples and technical support.
Projects and Solutions
A project is a container for all the things that make up a program of some kind — it might be a console program, a window-based program, or some other kind of program — and it usually consists of one or more source files containing your code, plus possibly other files containing auxiliary data. All the files for a project are stored in the project folder; detailed information about the project is stored in an XML file with the extension .vcxproj, also in the project folder. The project folder also contains other folders that are used to store the output from compiling and linking your project.
The idea of a solution
