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- Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
- Kategorie: Wissenschaft und neue Technologien
- Serie: Wiley - IEEE
- Sprache: Englisch
A comprehensive resource containing the operating principles and key insights of LTE networks performance optimization LTE Optimization Engineering Handbook is a comprehensive reference that describes the most current technologies and optimization principles for LTE networks. The text offers an introduction to the basics of LTE architecture, services and technologies and includes details on the key principles and methods of LTE optimization and its parameters. In addition, the author clarifies different optimization aspects such as wireless channel optimization, data optimization, CSFB, VoLTE, and video optimization. With the ubiquitous usage and increased development of mobile networks and smart devices, LTE is the 4G network that will be the only mainstream technology in the current mobile communication system and in the near future. Designed for use by researchers, engineers and operators working in the field of mobile communications and written by a noted engineer and experienced researcher, the LTE Optimization Engineering Handbook provides an essential guide that: * Discusses the latest optimization engineering technologies of LTE networks and explores their implementation * Features the latest and most industrially relevant applications, such as VoLTE and HetNets * Includes a wealth of detailed scenarios and optimization real-world case studies Professionals in the field will find the LTE Optimization Engineering Handbook to be their go-to reference that includes a thorough and complete examination of LTE networks, their operating principles, and the most current information to performance optimization.
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Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2017
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Table of Contents
Cover
Title Page
About the Author
Preface
Part 1: LTE Basics and Optimization Overview
1 LTE Basement
1.1 LTE Principle
1.2 LTE Services
1.3 LTE Key Technology Overview
2 LTE Optimization Principle and Method
2.1 LTE Wireless Optimization Overview
2.2 LTE Optimization Procedure
2.3 LTE Optimization Key Point
Part 2: Main Principles of LTE Optimization
3 Coverage Optimization
3.1 Traffic Channel Coverage
3.2 Control Channel Coverage
4 Capacity Optimization
4.1 RS SINR
4.2 PDCCH Capacity
4.3 PUCCH Capacity
4.4 Number of Scheduled UEs
4.5 Spectral Efficiency
4.6 DL Data Rate Optimization
4.7 UL Data Rate Optimization
4.8 Parameters Impacting Throughput
5 Internal Interference Optimization
5.1 Interference Concept
5.2 DL Interference
5.3 UL Interference
5.4 Inter‐Cell Interference Coordination
5.5 UL IoT Control
6 Drop Call Optimization
6.1 Drop Call Mechanism
6.2 Reasons of Call Drop and Optimization
6.3 RRC Connection Reestablishment
6.4 RRC Connection Supervision
7 Latency Optimization
7.1 User Plane Latency
7.2 Control Plane Latency
7.3 Random Access Latency Optimization
7.4 Attach Latency Optimization
7.5 Paging Latency Optimization
7.6 Parameters Impacting Latency
8 Mobility Optimization
8.1 Mobility Management
8.2 Mobility Parameter
8.3 Intra‐LTE Cell Reselection
8.4 Intra‐LTE Handover Optimization
8.5 Neighbor Cell Optimization
8.6 Measurement Gap
8.7 Indoor and Outdoor Mobility
8.8 Inter‐RAT Mobility
8.9 Handover Interruption Time Optimization
8.10 Handover Failure and Improvement
8.11 Mobility Robustness Optimization
8.12 Carrier Aggregation Mobility Optimization
8.13 FDD‐TDD Inter‐mode Mobility Optimization
8.14 Load Balance
8.15 High‐Speed Mobile Optimization
9 Traffic Model of Smartphone and Optimization
9.1 Traffic Model of Smartphone
9.2 Smartphone‐Based Optimization
9.3 High‐Traffic Scenario Optimization
Part 3: Voice Optimization of LTE
10 Circuit Switched Fallback Optimization
10.1 Voice Evolution
10.2 CSFB Network Architecture and Configuration
10.3 CSFB Performance Optimization
10.4 Short Message Over CSFB
10.5 Case Study of CSFB Optimization
11 VoLTE Optimization
11.1 VoLTE Architecture and Protocol Stack
11.2 VoIP/Video QoS and Features
11.3 Semi‐Persistent Scheduling and Other Scheduling Methods
11.4 PRB and MCS Selection Mechanism
11.5 VoLTE Capacity
11.6 VoLTE Coverage
11.7 VoLTE Delay
11.8 Intra‐LTE Handover and eSRVCC
11.9 Network Quality and Subjective Speech Quality
11.10 Optimization
11.11 UE Battery Consumption Optimization for VoLTE
11.12 Comparation with VoLTE and OTT
Part 4: Advanced Optimization of LTE
12 PRACH Optimization
12.1 Overview
12.2 PRACH Configuration Index
12.3 RACH Root Sequence
12.4 PRACH Cyclic Shift
12.5 Prach Frequency Offset
12.6 Preamble Collision Probability
12.7 Preamble Power
12.8 Random Access Issues
12.9 RACH Message Optimization
12.10 Accessibility Optimization
13 Physical Cell ID Optimization
13.1 Overview
13.2 PCI Optimization Methodology
13.3 PCI Optimization
14 Tracking Areas Optimization
14.1 TA Optimization
14.2 TA List Optimization
14.3 TAU Reject Analysis and Optimization
15 Uplink Signal Optimization
15.1 Uplink Reference Signal Optimization
15.2 Uplink Sounding Signal Optimization
16 HetNet Optimization
16.1 UE Geolocation and Identification of Traffic Hot Spots
16.2 Wave Propagation Characteristics for HetNet
16.3 New Features in HetNet
16.4 Combined Cell Optimization
16.5 Cell Range Expansion Offset
16.6 HetNet Cell Reselection and Handover Optimization
17 QoE Evaluation and Optimization Strategy
17.1 QoE Modeling
17.2 Data Collecting and Processing
17.3 QoE‐Based Traffic Evaluation
17.4 QoE Based Optimization
18 Signaling‐Based Optimization
18.1 S1‐AP Signaling
18.2 Signaling radio bearers
18.3 Signaling Storm
18.4 Signaling Troubleshooting Method
Appendix
Glossary of Acronyms
References
Index
End User License Agreement
List of Tables
Chapter 01
Table 1.1 Classification of LTE identification.
Chapter 02
Table 2.1 LTE network element signaling load per application.
Table 2.2 Positioning methods.
Table 2.3 Some of the field KPIs.
Table 2.4 RSRP value.
Table 2.5 RSRQ values.
Table 2.6 Occurrence of intermodulation and harmonics.
Table 2.7 An example of IM.
Table 2.8 LTE CQI, MCS and throughput relationship.
Table 2.9 Downlink and uplink MCS Versus ITBS.
Table 2.10 The mapping between the possible P‐B values and the actual values of the ratio ρ
B
/ρ
A.
Table 2.11 Reference RS transmit power.
Table 2.12 An example of DL power setting.
Table 2.13 Utilization under different combination of P‐A and P‐B.
Table 2.14 ρA and ρB parameters setting.
Table 2.15 Downlink channel power setting.
Table 2.16 Downlink and uplink AMC characteristics.
Table 2.17 MCS, number of PRB and TBS selection (example).
Table 2.18 UL MSC and TBs.
Table 2.19 TD‐LTE radio frame.
Table 2.20 TD‐LTE special subframe pattern.
Table 2.21 TD‐LTE DL/UL user peak throughput (special subframe pattern 7, PUCCH resource 4PRB).
Table 2.22 The function of MIB and SIBs.
Table 2.23 System information parameters.
Table 2.24 The recommended SIB scheduling cycle scheme.
Table 2.25 Random access parameters.
Table 2.26 Parameters related to radio admission control.
Table 2.27 RRC paging message.
Table 2.28 DRX/DTX parameter.
Table 2.29 Example of paging offset and sub‐frame, TDD (all UL/DL configurations).
Table 2.30 The number of EPS paging attempts, received/discarded S1AP Paging messages.
Table 2.31 Paged UEs per second per cell.
Table 2.32 PDSCH resources occupation for paging.
Table 2.33 PDSCH paging load.
Table 2.34 S1AP paging message IE and semantics description.
Table 2.35 Beamforming and spatial multiplexing.
Table 2.36 3GPP transmission modes (downlink).
Table 2.37 TM8 Port7/8 beamforming gain imbalance.
Table 2.38 Legacy 2D MIMO parameters.
Table 2.39 The related parameters of power control.
Table 2.40 Δ
PREAMBLE
value.
Table 2.41 The relation of downtilt and Dmin, Dmax.
Table 2.42 TDD_LTE RAN KPIs.
Chapter 03
Table 3.1 Main parameters impacting DL and UL coverage.
Table 3.2 UL and DL throughput tests at 15.5 km from the site.
Table 3.3 Parameters impacting UL/DL coverage.
Chapter 04
Table 4.1 PDCCH symbols versus TBS.
Table 4.2 The example of allowed scheduled users.
Table 4.3 Info carried in the different PUSCH formats.
Table 4.4 Parameters deployed for PUCCH.
Table 4.5 Mixed region resource allocation for pucchNAnCs =6.
Table 4.6 DL bits per scheduling block.
Table 4.7 UE throughput with different
tPollRetransmit
settings.
Table 4.8 UL_SINR investigation from OMC counter.
Table 4.9 Throughput of simulteneous UL/DL TCP transmission.
Table 4.10 Parameters impacting DL throughput.
Table 4.11 Parameters impacting UL throughput.
Chapter 05
Table 5.1 Maximum “visible” eNB to eNB distance based on GP.
Table 5.2 Parameters used in PUSCH power control test.
Table 5.3 Parameters settings of PUSCH/PUCCH power control.
Table 5.4 PRACH typical parameter setting.
Table 5.5 FPC parameter settings.
Chapter 06
Table 6.1 DL sync situation.
Table 6.2 UL time alignment configuration.
Table 6.3 The recommended RLC robustness parameters (SRB and DRB).
Table 6.4 S1AP procedures.
Table 6.5 The reasons of S1 release.
Table 6.6 An example of drop call.
Chapter 07
Table 7.1 The latency‐related KPI.
Table 7.2 The maximum re‐transmit of the listed messages.
Table 7.3 Parameters impacting control plane latency.
Chapter 08
Table 8.1 Use of hysteresis for various mobility events – intra‐frequency mobility.
Table 8.2 Use of hysteresis for various mobility events – inter‐frequency mobility.
Table 8.3 RRC idle and RRC connected state.
Table 8.4 Cell selection parameter.
Table 8.5 Idle mode and Connected mode.
Table 8.6 CS fallback.
Table 8.7 ThreshXHigh and ThreshXLow.
Table 8.8 Re‐selection parameters.
Table 8.9 Idle mode parameter settings for high‐priority cell and low‐priority cell.
Table 8.10 Intra LTE ‐ A3,A5 parameters.
Table 8.11 Handover (HO) parameters optimization.
Table 8.12 Connected mode parameter settings for high‐frequency band cells.
Table 8.13 Connected mode parameter settings for low‐frequency band cells.
Table 8.14 Summary of inter‐frequency handover triggers.
Table 8.15 ANR parameters.
Table 8.16 Gap pattern configurations supported by the UE.
Table 8.17 Gap 1 and Gap 0.
Table 8.18 Maximum allowed time to identify a detectable cell with measurement gaps, per layer.
Table 8.19 Reselection parameters setting between indoor and outdoor (example).
Table 8.20 Handover parameters setting between indoor and outdoor (example).
Table 8.21 Mobility Between LTE and UTRAN PS domain.
Table 8.22 Example parameter values for IRAT reselection in idle mode.
Table 8.23 IRAT cell reselection parameter.
Table 8.24 LTE to UTRAN reselection parameters.
Table 8.25 Reselection parameters in SIB messages.
Table 8.26 Redirection parameters.
Table 8.27 3A and 3C.
Table 8.28 Example of the threshold for trigger of event 3A.
Table 8.29 Reselection latency.
Table 8.30 Parameters comparison of idle‐mode reselection and connected‐mode redirection.
Table 8.31 KPIs focused on the volume.
Table 8.32 Root cause analysis (X2).
Table 8.33 FDD‐TDD cell reselection parameters.
Table 8.34 Link budget comparison.
Table 8.35 Parameters settings for different load levels.
Table 8.36 Performance of different parameters settings.
Table 8.37 Supported cell ranges depending on restricted set of cyclic shift length (delay spread = 5.2us).
Chapter 09
Table 9.1 Standardized QCIs.
Table 9.2 Recommended QoS mapping.
Table 9.3 Resource parameters for high‐traffic sites.
Chapter 10
Table 10.1 MSC‐BSC (RNC) and SGSN‐MME functions.
Table 10.2 SGs procedures and messages.
Table 10.3 The main CSFB failures and solution.
Table 10.4 Call setup time latency of the four methods.
Table 10.5 Call setup time latency of different number of 3G cells and carriers.
Table 10.6 Typical CSFB to GSM call setup latency distribution (second).
Chapter 11
Table 11.1 Difference between CSFB and VoLTE UE call procedure.
Table 11.2 Interfaces of VoLTE and protocols.
Table 11.3 SIP messages code.
Table 11.4 VoLTE main wireless feature.
Table 11.5 Feature group indicator (bit number 3, 7, and 27).
Table 11.6 Video telephony bitrate.
Table 11.7 The recommended video properties.
Table 11.8 Effective bitrates.
Table 11.9 RB mapping of the logical channels to the UL logical channel groups.
Table 11.10 Voice delay budget.
Table 11.11 Three modes of RLC.
Table 11.12 QCI configuration.
Table 11.13 Robust header compression gains.
Table 11.14 The effective layer 1 bits of AMR 12.2 payload.
Table 11.15 Dynamic scheduler versus semi‐persistent scheduler.
Table 11.16 Transport block size.
Table 11.17 Source codec bit‐rates for the AMR codec (from 3GPP TS26.071) and AMR‐WB codec (from 3GPP TS26.171).
Table 11.18 SINR versus CCE.
Table 11.19 VoIP payload and L2/L1 throughput.
Table 11.20 SINR requirement of different voice code rate.
Table 11.21 VoLTE bitrate estimation – downlink.
Table 11.22 VoLTE bitrate estimation – uplink.
Table 11.23 VoIP packet size with RLC segmentation and overhead analysis.
Table 11.24 Coverage gain of AMR12.2 VoIP codec of regular transmission and segmentation.
Table 11.25 PDCCH resources occupation with regular transmission and segmentation.
Table 11.26 TTI bundling gain.
Table 11.27 TTI‐bundling comparing with packet fragmentation.
Table 11.28 TBS index table for VoIP.
Table 11.29 SINR requirement in VoIP packet transmission.
Table 11.30 SINR requirements for voice codec (TTI bundling is active/disable).
Table 11.31 HARQ gain.
Table 11.32 VoLTE link budget (TDD 20 MHz).
Table 11.33 Comparision of VoLTE PUSCH and UL control channel.
Table 11.34 The detail delay budget for each network entity.
Table 11.35 The optimal parameters related to RLF.
Table 11.36 SRVCC function in network entity.
Table 11.37 The trigger points by UE and eNB for SRVCC preparation phase and SRVCC execution phase.
Table 11.38 The voice interrupt time requirements of SRVCC.
Table 11.39 Requirement for SRVCC and eSRVCC.
Table 11.40 VoLTE traffic impact on PS domain.
Table 11.41 Target VoLTE experience KPIs.
Table 11.42 VoLTE KPIs calculation.
Table 11.43 VoLTE‐VoLTE voice bearer delay analysis.
Table 11.44 VoLTE stationary MoS test with RSRP/SINR (ok means MoS is higher than 3.5).
Table 11.45 MoS calculation.
Table 11.46 Collection of traces or logs.
Table 11.47 VoLTE wireless issues signature.
Table 11.48 VoLTE test indicators.
Table 11.49 An example of VoLTE mobility coverage RF metrics versus path loss.
Table 11.50 SIP message size (examples).
Table 11.51 BLER versus other indicators.
Table 11.52 The number of SR Tx distribution in a live network.
Table 11.53 Call setup issues summary.
Table 11.54 The optimal parameters of paging.
Table 11.55 Typical SIP errors.
Table 11.56 Handover parameters for VoLTE.
Table 11.57 RLC and HARQ parameters for VoLTE.
Table 11.58 IMS‐related Timer.
Table 11.59 DRX parameters.
Table 11.60 Key differences between VoLTE and alternative VoIP services.
Table 11.61 WeChat versus VoLTE (test indicators comparison 1).
Table 11.62 WeChat versus VoLTE (test indicators comparison 2).
Table 11.63 WeChat versus VoLTE (test indicators comparison 3).
Chapter 12
Table 12.1 TD‐LTE PRACH resources configuration.
Table 12.2 Root Zadoff‐Chu sequence logical index‐to‐physical index mapping for preamble format 0–3.
Table 12.3 Root Zadoff‐Chu sequence logical index‐to‐physical index mapping for preamble format 4.
Table 12.4 Ncs versus cell range.
Table 12.5 Unrestricted and restricted set of root sequence (preamble formats 0 to 3).
Table 12.6 Cell range with restricted set.
Table 12.7 Allowed rootSeqIndex values for each value of prachCS when prachHsFlag = “true.”
Table 12.8 Number of RACH root sequences as a function of cell range for the restricted set.
Table 12.9 Back‐off parameters.
Table 12.10 RA scenarios for CBRA and CFRA.
Table 12.11 Message 3’s link budget.
Table 12.12 Message 5 parameter test.
Table 12.13 Message 4 parameters test.
Table 12.14 The parameters of attach (detach).
Table 12.15 Mapping of NAS procedure to RRC establishment cause.
Table 12.16 PRACH missed detection requirements for normal mode.
Table 12.17 Link budget of different PRACH format.
Chapter 13
Table 13.1 An example of PCI planning of same SSS per site.
Chapter 14
Table 14.1 Location‐ and periodic‐based TAU failure categories (EMM Cause Value).
Chapter 15
Table 15.1 Interference only occurs at any cellidgroup that ends with the same number.
Table 15.2 Parameters for SRS.
Table 15.3 SRS transmission schemes.
Table 15.4 Eight sets of four SRS bandwidths with FDD, bandwidth10MHz cell.
Table 15.5 FDD sounding reference signal subframe configuration.
Table 15.6 UE‐specific SRS periodicity T
SRS
and subframe offset configuration T
offset
for FDD.
Table 15.7 Wideband SRS coverage at 700 MHz (example).
Chapter 16
Table 16.1 Handover parameters used in HetNet (example).
Chapter 17
Table 17.1 The profiles of KQI and customer experience.
Table 17.2 Sources and data that is collected.
Table 17.3 Video resolution versus bit rate.
Table 17.4 Spatial and temporal artifacts.
Table 17.5 Indicators of video service.
Table 17.6 Voice KPI and KQI.
Table 17.7 The main data service KQI and KPI.
Table 17.8 Low download data rate issue delimitation.
Chapter 18
Table 18.1 S1‐AP procedures.
Table 18.2 S1‐AP messages.
Table 18.3 NAS procedure.
Table 18.4 SRB.
Table 18.5 Highlight KPIs/KQIs.
Table 18.6 SRVCC signaling and parallel transaction.
Table 18.7 CSFB call abnormal event.
Table 18.8 CSFB procedure and associated signalings.
List of Illustrations
Chapter 01
Figure 1.1 The internet traffic, MBB subscriber, and relative mobile data growth.
Figure 1.2 3GPP standard evolution.
Figure 1.3 Downlink data rate evolution.
Figure 1.4 Throughput of a user, 10 users evenly distributed in cell.
Figure 1.5 Spectrum of LTE.
Figure 1.6 Nodes and functions in LTE.
Figure 1.7 LTE network interfaces.
Figure 1.8 LTE‐EPC control and data plane protocol stack.
Figure 1.9 Standard architecture for CSFB.
Figure 1.10 Dual radio handsets.
Figure 1.11 Standard architecture for VoLTE.
Figure 1.12 SRVCC and evolution.
Figure 1.13 MoS‐LQO (SWB, super wideband AMR mode).
Figure 1.14 SMSoSGs and SMSoIP.
Figure 1.15 SMS using legacy framework.
Figure 1.16 SMS using IMS.
Figure 1.17 RCS is continuously innovating and service model are always changing.
Figure 1.18 OFDMA.
Figure 1.19 Time scale for different RRM mechanism.
Chapter 02
Figure 2.1 Optimization life cycle.
Figure 2.2 Optimization procedure.
Figure 2.3 LTE radio network optimization tasks.
Figure 2.4 Daily optimization.
Figure 2.5 Signaling collection.
Figure 2.6 Used angles for AoA calculation.
Figure 2.7 LTE signaling load of different interfaces and nodes.
Figure 2.8 Optimization method by advanced geolocation algorithms.
Figure 2.9 Timing advance.
Figure 2.10 Choose signals from three sites and estimate the distance from UE to sites.
Figure 2.11 Scatter plot of the coordinate offset in meters from all the tests.
Figure 2.12 RSRP plot with geolocation.
Figure 2.13 3D geolocation procedure.
Figure 2.14 GIS database is created from terrain, clutters, and buildings.
Figure 2.15 Creating a 3D “fingerprint” database.
Figure 2.16 Predicted RSRP from up to 40 sectors.
Figure 2.17 Calculate matching factor to 3D prediction grid.
Figure 2.18 Network performances at different floors of the buildings. (See insert for color representation of the figure.)
Figure 2.19 Technology evolution of optimization.
Figure 2.20 Online automatic optimization.
Figure 2.21 RSRP versus RSSI for full loaded cell (10MHz).
Figure 2.22 Calculation RSRP and RSRQ.
Figure 2.23 RSRQ distribution in a live network.
Figure 2.24 RSRQ versus SINR.
Figure 2.25 Inter‐modulation.
Figure 2.26 PIM measurement setup.
Figure 2.27 Spectrum analysis.
Figure 2.28 LTE RSRP, RSRQ, CQI, MCS, CINR, and SINR ranges.
Figure 2.29 Modulation scheme distribution versus CQI.
Figure 2.30 CQI adjustment.
Figure 2.31 Reported CQI versus RRM‐adjusted CQI.
Figure 2.32 SNR varied with load.
Figure 2.33 CQI reporting per subband obtained from field test.
Figure 2.34 SINR Versus MCS in the range of ([–10,–8], [–8,–6],…,[6,8] and [8,10]).
Figure 2.35 SINR Versus MCS in the range of ([10,12], [12,14],…, [26,28] and [28,50]).
Figure 2.36 SINR versus bitrate per RB.
Figure 2.37 P‐A and P‐B.
Figure 2.38 ρ
A
and ρ
B.
Figure 2.39 DL Throughput/PRB with TC1 and TC2.
Figure 2.40 Power boosting for two and four Tx Ant.
Figure 2.41 Power allocation method.
Figure 2.42 DL link adaptation.
Figure 2.43 UL link adaptation.
Figure 2.44 LA algorithm comparison.
Figure 2.45 Downlink scheduler.
Figure 2.46 Frequency selective scheduling.
Figure 2.47 Uplink frequency selective scheduling.
Figure 2.48 The example of SIBs scheduling period.
Figure 2.49 T300.
Figure 2.50 T301.
Figure 2.51 T310.
Figure 2.52 T311.
Figure 2.53 T304.
Figure 2.54 Random access.
Figure 2.55 Contention‐based (top) and contention‐free random access (bottom).
Figure 2.56 Radio admission control.
Figure 2.57 Paging strategy.
Figure 2.58 Paging procedure.
Figure 2.59 pagingNb.
Figure 2.60 Paging frame and occasion.
Figure 2.61 MME initiated paging flow
Figure 2.62 Paging frame and paging occasion.
Figure 2.63 Four type of paging DRX cycle and pagingNb.
Figure 2.64 Paging strategy.
Figure 2.65 Priority paging.
Figure 2.66 Four types of smart antennas based on element arrangement.
Figure 2.67 Classical antenna.
Figure 2.68 Flexible active antennas.
Figure 2.69 Cell shaping and sectorization.
Figure 2.70 SU‐MIMO (left) and transmit diversity (right).
Figure 2.71 Correlated (left) and decorrelated antennas (right).
Figure 2.72 Single‐stream (left) and dual‐stream (right) beamforming.
Figure 2.73 Averaging of R.
Figure 2.74 Spatial multiplexing procedure.
Figure 2.75 MIMO ratio versus RI and CQI.
Figure 2.76 Massive‐MIMO principle.
Figure 2.77 Two set of p0
NorminalPusch
(–106
dBm
versus –96
dBm
) comparation.
Figure 2.78 Power control algorithm.
Figure 2.79 Examples of poor and good roof‐top antenna locations.
Figure 2.80 Principle of avoiding shadowing from a roof‐top.
Figure 2.81 Principle of avoiding shadowing from walls.
Figure 2.82 Remote electrical tilt.
Figure 2.83 Mechanical downtilt, electrical tilt, and total downtilt.
Figure 2.84 Downtilt calculation.
Figure 2.85 Antenna height versus tilt.
Figure 2.86 Average SINR versus tilt.
Figure 2.87 VSWR concept.
Figure 2.88 KPI analysis and LTE network tuning process.
Chapter 03
Figure 3.1 DL interference estimator based on RSRQ.
Figure 3.2 LTE coverage optimization process.
Figure 3.3 PDCCH boost.
Figure 3.4 Bad UL coverage and interference area.
Figure 3.5 Pilot pollution.
Figure 3.6 Unwanted island areas in cell “A” and optimizes cell “B” to remove them.
Figure 3.7 TA distribution.
Figure 3.8 Handover relations.
Figure 3.9 Downtilt and related propagation delay.
Figure 3.10 Tx1/Tx2 RSRP imbalance.
Figure 3.11 Cell range according to PRACH format.
Figure 3.12 Example of extended coverage.
Figure 3.13 Repeater in LTE.
Figure 3.14 Cell size in idle and RRC connected mode.
Figure 3.15 Vertical sectorization.
Chapter 04
Figure 4.1 High‐capacity optimization strategy.
Figure 4.2 Capacity optimization trigger.
Figure 4.3 Number of PDCCH symbols versus DL SINR (10 MHz bandwidth).
Figure 4.4 PDCCH capacity analysis procedure.
Figure 4.5 PUCCH multi‐user.
Figure 4.6 PUCCH channel estimation procedure.
Figure 4.7 Max number of resources per PRB.
Figure 4.8 RB Calculation for format 1/1a/1b.
Figure 4.9 RB allocation for PUCCH (example).
Figure 4.10 Connected users not more than 15% of attached subscribers.
Figure 4.11 Connected users vs. RRC
inactivity timer
.
Figure 4.12 DL throught versus RS SINR (2.6GHz).
Figure 4.13 PDSCH throughput versus RSRP and SNR.
Figure 4.14 Modulation probability versus CQI in a live network.
Figure 4.15 UDP versus TCP, same drive route for both.
Figure 4.16 FTP throughput with different MTU size.
Figure 4.17 DL throughput versus SINR and switching SINRs based on simulations.
Figure 4.18 DL throughput versus SINR.
Figure 4.19 MIMO mode versus measured SNR in unloaded network.
Figure 4.20 Antenna options for 4TX4RX.
Figure 4.21 DL and UL throughput versus pathloss.
Figure 4.22 DL throughput versus transmission mode.
Figure 4.23 PRB start position offset.
Figure 4.24 Throughput gain after PRB start position offset changed.
Figure 4.25 Average PRB utilization.
Figure 4.26 DL iBLER versus CQI and DL UE throughput versus DL iBLER.
Figure 4.27 BLER target issue example.
Figure 4.28 Impact of UE velocity (relative to eNB).
Figure 4.29 DL throughput calculation flow.
Figure 4.30 Antenna diversity not balanced.
Figure 4.31 Low DL grant allocation.
Figure 4.32 PUSCH throughput versus RSRP and SINR.
Figure 4.33 UL_SINR versus pathloss (left) and combinded RSRP and UL_SINR analysis (right).
Figure 4.34 PUSCH data rate versus UL_SINR.
Figure 4.35 UL SINR CDF.
Figure 4.36 PRB stretching and channel capacity.
Figure 4.37 Number of UL RBs in a live network.
Figure 4.38 PDCCH assignment.
Figure 4.39 Cell average SE and cell‐edge SE.
Figure 4.40 Antenna issue.
Figure 4.41 Concurrent upload and download issue.
Figure 4.42 TCP transmission mechanism.
Chapter 05
Figure 5.1 DL (RS) and UL (PUSCH) interference map. (
See insert for color representation of the figure
.)
Figure 5.2 Interefence issued cell versus nominal cell.
Figure 5.3 UL N + I will reduce cell range in UL limited scenario.
Figure 5.4 No dominant cell.
Figure 5.5 DL interference ratio.
Figure 5.6 Balance between SINR and RSRP.
Figure 5.7 DL reference signal SINR during handover.
Figure 5.8 pmRadioRecInterferencePwr reflect UL interference.
Figure 5.9 UL_SINR reflect UL interference.
Figure 5.10 Cell loading versus inter‐cell interference.
Figure 5.11 Light loading (20 calls) and heavy loading (200 calls).
Figure 5.12 Neighbor’s UL interference caused by UE.
Figure 5.13 Cross slot interference.
Figure 5.14 Time (left) and frequency (right) domain power of all symbols.
Figure 5.15 p0
NominalPucch
and p0
NominalPusch
settings (example).
Figure 5.16 PUSCH power consumption per byte of different P0 settings.
Figure 5.17 Impact of p0 component (α = 1) and compensation factor (P0 = −100).
Figure 5.18 UL effect of P0 and α.
Figure 5.19 PUSCH RSSI versus PUSCH SINR.
Figure 5.20 p0
NominalPusch/Pucch
affected the throughput.
Figure 5.21 A live example of UE Tx_power.
Figure 5.22 F(0) and PRACH Tx_power.
Figure 5.23
pSRSOffset
from
RRC connection set up
message.
Figure 5.24 IRC gain.
Figure 5.25 IoT control mechanism.
Figure 5.26 PUSCH SINR target versus UL path loss.
Figure 5.27 PUSCH SINR target versus UL pathloss (example).
Figure 5.28 Power control behavior under different pathloss conditions.
Figure 5.29 Different p0
NominalPusch
versus UE behavior.
Figure 5.30 Expected GINR and SINR average behavior.
Chapter 06
Figure 6.1 Main possible radio link failure and call drop reasons.
Figure 6.2 DL synchronization.
Figure 6.3 RLF due to T310 expiry at UE.
Figure 6.4 UE out‐of‐sync and re‐starts cell reselection.
Figure 6.5 The example of DL out of sync.
Figure 6.6 Non‐handover–related random access issue result RLF.
Figure 6.7 Handover failure.
Figure 6.8 Maximum UL RLC retransmissions reached.
Figure 6.9 UL synchronization based on the SRS SINR.
Figure 6.10 RLF triggered by eNB procedure.
Figure 6.11 Active to idle state.
Figure 6.12 Example of multiple TA_expire and MAC_RA_problem.
Figure 6.13 TA timer expires at eNB.
Figure 6.14 Example of RLC reset.
Figure 6.15 eNB‐triggered release due to maximum number of RLC retransmissions.
Figure 6.16 Analyzing poor retainability.
Figure 6.17 E‐RAB release procedure and reasons.
Figure 6.18 E‐RAB drop due to transmission fault (example).
Figure 6.19 S1 handover success rate (change tS1relocoverall from 5 s to 8 s).
Figure 6.20 Radio_conection_with_UE_lost.
Figure 6.21 An example of expiry of TS1
RELOCOverall.
Figure 6.22 An example of expiry of TX2
RELOCOverall.
Figure 6.23 eNB release due to max number of RLC retransmissions exceeded.
Figure 6.24 RRC connection reestablishment at the same and at a different cell.
Figure 6.25 RRC connection reestablishment timers.
Figure 6.26 Example of reestablishment time.
Figure 6.27 RRC connection reestablishment.
Figure 6.28 RRC reestablishment in case of prepared/un‐prepared cell.
Figure 6.29 Failed reestablishmentafter RLF due to eNB misconfiguration during handover.
Figure 6.30 Reestablishment failure after RLF expires due to T301.
Figure 6.31 UE EMM states transition.
Figure 6.32 Radio connection supervision principles.
Chapter 07
Figure 7.1 LTE latency.
Figure 7.2 3GPP recommend and field test user plan latency budget.
Figure 7.3 User plane latency – RTT (no prescheduling).
Figure 7.4 User plane latency distribution.
Figure 7.5 Procedure for control plane latency.
Figure 7.6 Contention‐free (left) and contention‐based (right) RACH procedure.
Figure 7.7 Contention‐free (left) and contention‐based (right) RACH access latency.
Figure 7.8 Attach procedure.
Figure 7.9 Paging procedure and latency analysis.
Figure 7.10 Paging latency for different SNR locations.
Figure 7.11 DL UE scheduling with DRX.
Chapter 08
Figure 8.1 Event thresholds configuration for different handover types.
Figure 8.2 Mobility management.
Figure 8.3 SIB for handover.
Figure 8.4 LTE Inter RAT mobility procedures.
Figure 8.5 Measurement configuration.
Figure 8.6 Handover events.
Figure 8.7 Search zone.
Figure 8.8 Measurement configuration.
Figure 8.9 Intra‐eNB handover.
Figure 8.10 X2 handover procedure.
Figure 8.11 X2AP handover preparation.
Figure 8.12 X2 handover procedure from test tool.
Figure 8.13 X2 handover request message and handover request acknowledge message.
Figure 8.14 Inter eNB S1 handover with MME relocation.
Figure 8.15 Handover preparation.
Figure 8.16 User plane S1 handover interruption time.
Figure 8.17 Example of S1 handover failure.
Figure 8.18 The bearers changed as RRC_connected to RRC_idle.
Figure 8.19 Attach procedure with initial EPS bearer establishment (3GPP TS23.401).
Figure 8.20 UE‐initiated, MME‐initiated and HSS‐initiated detach from ECM‐connected state.
Figure 8.21 Qrxlevmin configuration.
Figure 8.22 4G measurements.
Figure 8.23 4G measurements example.
Figure 8.24 Cell priority.
Figure 8.25 Intra‐frequency cell reselection.
Figure 8.26 Different cell reselection parameters settings.
Figure 8.27 Low‐priority to high‐priority transition.
Figure 8.28 High‐priority to low‐priority transition.
Figure 8.29 Equal priority transition.
Figure 8.30 Cell reselection parameters.
Figure 8.31 Idle mode inter‐frequency reselection strategy.
Figure 8.32 SIB 3 and 5 messages.
Figure 8.33 Better cell handover concept for A3 and A5.
Figure 8.34 Two types of
RRC connection reconfiguration
message.
Figure 8.35 Data forwarding.
Figure 8.36 S1 data forwarding procedure.
Figure 8.37
filterCoefficientRSRP
simulation analysis.
Figure 8.38 Inter‐frequency handover.
Figure 8.39 Inter‐frequency handover trigger.
Figure 8.40 A2 parameter setting.
Figure 8.41 SIB4 Content from 3GPP TS36.331.
Figure 8.42 ANR parameters and example.
Figure 8.43 Load‐balancing strategy.
Figure 8.44 Gap parameters from RRC connection reconfiguration message.
Figure 8.45 Scheduling strategy during measurement gap.
Figure 8.46 CQI report alligned with DRX cycle and measurement gap.
Figure 8.47 Different handover parameters impact DL throughput.
Figure 8.48 Transition cell.
Figure 8.49 Release with redirect and handover.
Figure 8.50 IRAT interworking topology.
Figure 8.51 IRAT strategy.
Figure 8.52 IRAT classification and mobility actions.
Figure 8.53 Inter‐RAT frequencies priority.
Figure 8.54 LTE<>3G interworking.
Figure 8.55 LTE‐ > UMTS and UMTS‐ > LTE cell reselection.
Figure 8.56 Example of thresholds to start IRAT measurements.
Figure 8.57 IRAT measurement and reselection.
Figure 8.58 IRAT cell reselection strategy.
Figure 8.59 IRAT reselection signaling analysis.
Figure 8.60 IRAT cell reselection.
Figure 8.61 SIB6 and SIB19.
Figure 8.62 LTE to 3G reselection (example).
Figure 8.63 IRAT reselection strategy.
Figure 8.64 RRC connection release with redirect procedure.
Figure 8.65 Field test of redirection procedure and related parameters.
Figure 8.66 UTRAN to LTE redirection.
Figure 8.67 Ping‐pong reselection optimization before and after.
Figure 8.68 UE redirection to LTE failure.
Figure 8.69 UE redirection to LTE success after PLMN configured.
Figure 8.70 Handover interruption time estimation.
Figure 8.71 Control plane (left) and user plane (right) latency.
Figure 8.72 An example of X2 handover UP latency test.
Figure 8.73 UP handover latency based on the signaling and RLC PDU.
Figure 8.74 Reduction on the S1 and X2 handover Interruption time.
Figure 8.75 Inter‐RAT mobility latency.
Figure 8.76 Example of handover preparation failure due to Trelocprep expiry.
Figure 8.77 Example of handover preparation failure due to no resource granted.
Figure 8.78 Possible causes of handover failures.
Figure 8.79 Mobility optimization steps.
Figure 8.80 Handovers happen in the range of RSRP/RSRQ values.
Figure 8.81 Abnormal handovers.
Figure 8.82 Handover failures of the six cases.
Figure 8.83 Handover parameters optimization based on irritative calculation.
Figure 8.84 PCC and SCC.
Figure 8.85 Dynamic Scell selection.
Figure 8.86 SCell’s configuration and activation and average DL throughput (example).
Figure 8.87 PCell and SCell handover.
Figure 8.88 Example of FDD‐TDD carrier aggregation.
Figure 8.89 X2‐based handover procedure between TDD and FDD.
Figure 8.90 Load balance procedure.
Figure 8.91 Load balance strategy (example).
Figure 8.92 IRAT load balance strategy (example).
Figure 8.93 Load‐based idle mode mobility.
Figure 8.94 Load‐based adaptation of cell reselection thresholds.
Figure 8.95 Doppler shift.
Figure 8.96 Frequency offset compensation for PUSCH/PUCCH.
Figure 8.97 UE movement and eNB site planning.
Figure 8.98 Combined cell.
Figure 8.99 Mobility states determination of a UE.
Figure 8.100 Impact on PRACH.
Figure 8.101 Unrestricted set and restricted set.
Figure 8.102 Example for SIB2.
Figure 8.103 The cell range of air to ground coverage.
Chapter 09
Figure 9.1 Model reflects variability of mobile application usage.
Figure 9.2 When inactivity timer decreased, users reduced, RRC attempts increased.
Figure 9.3 LTE QoS mechanism, Rx and Gx interface.
Figure 9.4 SDF.
Figure 9.5 TFT.
Figure 9.6 QoS profile.
Figure 9.7 Uplink QOS mapping.
Figure 9.8 Rate shaping.
Figure 9.9 QoS profile.
Figure 9.10 PCRF controls End‐2‐End QoS including radio and transport.
Figure 9.11 QCI mapping at DSCP and P/bit level.
Figure 9.12 DSCP mapped with QCI.
Figure 9.13 Schematic overview of downlink and uplink scheduling.
Figure 9.14 Traffic model estimated.
Figure 9.15 The performance of high traffic.
Figure 9.16 Loading versus performance.
Figure 9.17 CPU loading, PUCCH resources, and SRS resources with increased users.
Figure 9.18 Capacity monitoring method.
Figure 9.19 Features for high traffic.
Figure 9.20 Two timers setting of high load cell.
Figure 9.21 p0 optimization in a high‐load cell.
Chapter 10
Figure 10.1 Voice evolution and network evolution.
Figure 10.2 CSFB architecture and functions.
Figure 10.3 RIM procedure and association.
Figure 10.4 CSFB region (left) and non‐CSFB region (right).
Figure 10.5 UE ID in 2/3G and LTE.
Figure 10.6 Combined register.
Figure 10.7 “Combined EPS/IMSI attach” in
Attach request
message.
Figure 10.8 Attach request and attach accept message.
Figure 10.9 RIM.
Figure 10.10 Rel 8 redirection procedure.
Figure 10.11 RAN information management (RIM).
Figure 10.12 Deferred measurement control.
Figure 10.13 Fallback frequency selection.
Figure 10.14 MO CSFB call procedure.
Figure 10.15 MO and MT CSFB call procedure.
Figure 10.16 TA and LA mapping.
Figure 10.17 Matched LA/TA.
Figure 10.18 Unmatched LA/TA.
Figure 10.19 Unmatched LA/TA areas served by same/different MSC pools.
Figure 10.20 How the UE knows if it belongs to different LAC.
Figure 10.21 Main issues of CSFB.
Figure 10.22 CSFB optimization method.
Figure 10.23 The analysis procedure of abnormal call setup.
Figure 10.24 Abnormal combined attach.
Figure 10.25 Abnormal combined attach optimization.
Figure 10.26 Paging failure troubleshooting procedure.
Figure 10.27 RRC connection release issues troubleshooting procedure.
Figure 10.28 Camp on 2/3G cell issues troubleshooting procedure.
Figure 10.29 Signaling in 2/3G cell.
Figure 10.30 CSFB main KPIs from signaling message.
Figure 10.31 MO and MT KPIs related signaling.
Figure 10.32 Wrong GERAN relation frequency configured.
Figure 10.33 GSM neighbor across the pool.
Figure 10.34 CSFB call setup time latency.
Figure 10.35 CSFB typical delay.
Figure 10.36 Comparison of classic CS call setup in 2/3G (left) and CSFB call setup (right).
Figure 10.37 CSFB call setup latency–related parameters.
Figure 10.38 CSFB call setup latency under TAC and LAC matches (left) and not matches (right).
Figure 10.39 ESR to RRC redirection from connected mode and idle mode.
Figure 10.40 LTE twice paging strategy and an example from field test.
Figure 10.41 Data interruption time.
Figure 10.42 Return to LTE procedure.
Figure 10.43 Release with redirect to LTE.
Figure 10.44 Fast return.
Figure 10.45 CSFB to 2/3G, cell reselection back to LTE, and typical latency.
Figure 10.46 SMS over SGs Interface.
Figure 10.47 Overview of mobile originating and terminating SMS.
Figure 10.48 Combined TA/LA updating issue.
Figure 10.49 UE signaling after power on.
Figure 10.50 Attach request and result.
Figure 10.51 Signaling procedure.
Figure 10.52 Track area update reject.
Figure 10.53 Two‐track area update request message.
Figure 10.54 Implicitly detach.
Figure 10.55 TAU reject caused by implicitly detached.
Figure 10.56 MS identity issue.
Figure 10.57 Pseudo base station.
Chapter 11
Figure 11.1 Nodes for VoLTE.
Figure 11.2 VoLTE‐related protocol stack.
Figure 11.3 SIP messages.
Figure 11.4 FGI bits – extract of VoLTE
‐related bits.
Figure 11.5 QoS negotiation principles at session setup.
Figure 11.6 Radio performance is linked to codec, FER, and mouth‐to‐ear delay.
Figure 11.7 IR.94 profile.
Figure 11.8 Video bitrates variations related to MoS and different type of motion.
Figure 11.9 Video bitrate demands for high quality video H.264 VC.
Figure 11.10 Video telephony user plane.
Figure 11.11 Default and dedicated bearers and mapping among EPS bearer IDs.
Figure 11.12 Data rate of RB in field test.
Figure 11.13 RLC UM insequence order delivery.
Figure 11.14 Signaling flow (data forwarding at X2 handover for RLC_UM).
Figure 11.15 High level e2e VoLTE call flow.
Figure 11.16 Attach procedure for VoLTE user.
Figure 11.17 LTE attach and IMS register.
Figure 11.18 IMS registration latency.
Figure 11.19 MO and MT call service request.
Figure 11.20 Originating call flow.
Figure 11.21 Terminating call flow.
Figure 11.22 Call procedure with “precondition.”
Figure 11.23 With QoS preconditions and without QoS preconditions.
Figure 11.24 Call procedure when UE A and UE B are belong to different home network.
Figure 11.25 Session description protocol.
Figure 11.26 Adding video to ongoing voice call.
Figure 11.27 Multiple bearers setup.
Figure 11.28 VoLTE call end and bearer release.
Figure 11.29 Call flow for the bearer modification due to “call waiting.”
Figure 11.30 VoIP frame size with RoHC.
Figure 11.31 Possible RoHC profiles.
Figure 11.32 RoHC compression architecture.
Figure 11.33 RoHC modes.
Figure 11.34 RoHC header size distribution.
Figure 11.35 Inter‐eNB uplink CoMP.
Figure 11.36 DL SPS activation.
Figure 11.37 UL SPS activation.
Figure 11.38 SPS implicit released (example).
Figure 11.39 Packet delay budget and its configurable attributes.
Figure 11.40 Total round trip delay(23 ms) versus total round trip delay with pre‐scheduling (13 ms).
Figure 11.41 The example of pre‐scheduling.
Figure 11.42 SPS PRB and MCS selection.
Figure 11.43 10 MHz TDD cell UL mean # of schedeled UEs per TTI.
Figure 11.44 Performance of mixed VoIP and data.
Figure 11.45 Benefits of SPS for VoIP on uplink (10 MHz carrier, TDD, multicell).
Figure 11.46 IoT versus number of UEs.
Figure 11.47 RoHC versus VoIP throughput.
Figure 11.48 Inter‐arrival time of originator VoIP calls from field test.
Figure 11.49 Inter‐arrival time of terminator VoIP calls from field test.
Figure 11.50 VoIP throughput distribution.
Figure 11.51 RLC segmentation.
Figure 11.52 Example: AMR‐NB 12.2 (uplink).
Figure 11.53 RLC PDU distribution.
Figure 11.54 Segmentation and TTI bundling.
Figure 11.55 With TTI Bundling the RSRP level goes down to −117 dm, 2.5 dB gain achieved.
Figure 11.56 UL_SINR is more than 3 dB better when UE is TTI‐B on.
Figure 11.57 FDD UL transmission with TTI bundling.
Figure 11.58 TDD UL/DL configuration 1 with TTI bundling.
Figure 11.59 TTI bundling gain.
Figure 11.60 TTI bundling triggered.
Figure 11.61 Dynamic switching to/from TTI bundling.
Figure 11.62 E2E packet latency versus TTI bundling.
Figure 11.63 Downlink RS SINR and uplink SINR values for VoIP failure.
Figure 11.64 Cell regions for segmentation and TTI bundling transition point.
Figure 11.65 TTI‐bundling comparing with packet fragmentation in a live network.
Figure 11.66 Different values of MCS override with the minimum number of PRBs allocation.
Figure 11.67 PDB versus No. of UEs.
Figure 11.68 Packet aggregation causes longer delay.
Figure 11.69 Typical VoLTE delay.
Figure 11.70 Typical call setup time and analyzed.
Figure 11.71 Media negotiation.
Figure 11.72 Typical call release time.
Figure 11.73 VoLTE session setup time results.
Figure 11.74 Conversation start delay.
Figure 11.75 RTP delay measurement.
Figure 11.76 Delay in the network impacting the mouth‐to‐ear budget.
Figure 11.77 Packet delay (20 UE’s VoIp only).
Figure 11.78 Packet delay (10FTP +10 VoIP).
Figure 11.79 Data forwarding at intra‐LTE handover.
Figure 11.80 Handover interrupt time of control and user plane (CP and UP).
Figure 11.81 Long handover interrupt time due to SIB read failure during handover.
Figure 11.82 Long handover interrupt time due to RLF happened during handover.
Figure 11.83 Call flow for “VoLTE call – intra‐frequency handover.”
Figure 11.84 Inter‐frequency handover threshold for VoLTE.
Figure 11.85 Separate configurable handover thresholds of VoLTE.
Figure 11.86 SRVCC diagram and related interface.
Figure 11.87 SRVCC‐related interface procotol.
Figure 11.88 SRVCC architecture for LTE to 2/3G network.
Figure 11.89 SRVCC capability of UE and MME.
Figure 11.90 ATCF receives invite from the MSC with STN‐SR in the request URI and the C‐MSISDN.
Figure 11.91 SRVCC to UTRAN triggering conditions.
Figure 11.92 SRVCC handover procedure.
Figure 11.93 SRVCC call procedure (refer to 3GPP, 23.216, section 6.2.2).
Figure 11.94 SRVCC handover trigger event.
Figure 11.95 SRVCC handover RRC connection reconfiguration.
Figure 11.96 TS1
RELOCprep
and TS1
RELOCoverall.
Figure 11.97 aSRVCC and bSRVCC.
Figure 11.98 Relation between RSRQ and UL BLER for VoLTE.
Figure 11.99 Voice gap and signaling and media’s route.
Figure 11.100 HOIT measurement.
Figure 11.101 Handover UL/DL interruption.
Figure 11.102 SRVCC voice break in visited network.
Figure 11.103 Call legs during SRVCC.
Figure 11.104 SRVCC and eSRVCC comparison.
Figure 11.105 SRVCC data flow.
Figure 11.106 eSRVCC data flow.
Figure 11.107 eSRVCC structure.
Figure 11.108 eSRVCC handover procedure.
Figure 11.109 ATCF function.
Figure 11.110 Fast return to LTE.
Figure 11.111 Roaming behavior.
Figure 11.112 The factors affecting the performance of VoLTE.
Figure 11.113 Speech quality estimation.
Figure 11.114 VoIP capacity evaluation.
Figure 11.115 Bearer latency versus MoS.
Figure 11.116 VoIP latency.
Figure 11.117 An example of E2E latency from field test in a live network.
Figure 11.118 Packet latency and Jitter versus path loss.
Figure 11.119 An example of air interface delay from field test in a live network.
Figure 11.120 Evolution of ITU‐T recommendations for voice quality testing.
Figure 11.121 E‐model rating.
Figure 11.122 MoS versus frame error rate.
Figure 11.123 The factors affecting MoS.
Figure 11.124 VoLTE stationary MoS test in real radio environment.
Figure 11.125 MoS at cell edge.
Figure 11.126 Delta‐MoS versus FER.
Figure 11.127 MoS model.
Figure 11.128 Video call quality KPI overview.
Figure 11.129 Jitter example.
Figure 11.130 Delay spread due to radio.
Figure 11.131 RTP packet loss ratio.
Figure 11.132 RTP packet header.
Figure 11.133 Normal RTP packet transmission.
Figure 11.134 PDCP discard timer operation.
Figure 11.135 PDCP UL PDU size.
Figure 11.136 PDCP SDU discarded.
Figure 11.137 Data capturing of VoLTE to troubleshoot call issues.
Figure 11.138 IP and UDP port for UE and MSC/MGW (example).
Figure 11.139 VoLTE service KPI.
Figure 11.140 RSRP and SINR distribution.
Figure 11.141 The distribution of RSRP and SINR under no loading and 50% loading conditions.
Figure 11.142 VoLTE call performance significantly degrades at cell edge.
Figure 11.143 SINR statistics by non‐GBR UEs and VoLTE UEs.
Figure 11.144 MIMO statistics by VoLTE UEs.
Figure 11.145 VoLTE performance indicators at cell edge.
Figure 11.146 VoIP application throughput (kbps).
Figure 11.147 RB occupied and the MCS allocation.
Figure 11.148 RSRP/SINR versus DL/UL number of RBs.
Figure 11.149 DL RB utilization in a live network.
Figure 11.150 VoIP and FTP UL/DL BLER.
Figure 11.151 DL reference signal SINR during handover: SeNB versus TeNB.
Figure 11.152 Quality degredation due to handover.
Figure 11.153 Handover execution time.
Figure 11.154 Traffic interruption time.
Figure 11.155 The usual cases of SRVCC failures.
Figure 11.156 RTP packet loss observation.
Figure 11.157 Packet loss rate versus path loss.
Figure 11.158 98th and average packet drop rate versus path loss.
Figure 11.159 Packet loss rate versus No. of users (TDD 10 MHz bandwidth).
Figure 11.160 UL grants estimation of normal mode (left) and service aware (right).
Figure 11.161 UL gant inter‐arrival distribution.
Figure 11.162 UL scheduling grants inter‐arrival.
Figure 11.163 UL scheduling grants observation.
Figure 11.164 No response to SR.
Figure 11.165 BSR timer expired.
Figure 11.166 DL No. of packet loss during handover versus handover latency.
Figure 11.167 Example of packet loss due to inter‐MME pool handover.
Figure 11.168 Packet loss due to network issue.
Figure 11.169 Missed pages.
Figure 11.170 VoLTE call setup failure due to server_Internal_Error (500).
Figure 11.171 VoLTE call setup failure due to poor RF.
Figure 11.172 Longer QCI5 PDCP discard timer is needed.
Figure 11.173 No response to
SIP 183 session progress
message.
Figure 11.174 No dedicated bearer activated.
Figure 11.175 Network release dedicated bearer in handover process.
Figure 11.176 Long call setup time due to CSFB call.
Figure 11.177 Two cases of CSFB call.
Figure 11.178 aSRVCCfailure.
Figure 11.179 VoLTE call setup failure due to RACH problem.
Figure 11.180 The CRC results of PDSCH are failed in DL frame 744 to 978.
Figure 11.181 VoLTE call setup failure due to poor RF.
Figure 11.182 Call failure due to high BLER.
Figure 11.183 Frequent TFT updates/modifications.
Figure 11.184 Encryption issue.
Figure 11.185 RTP inactivity leads to
SIP BYE
was sent to UE.
Figure 11.186 Call drop versus No. of UEs.
Figure 11.187 Call drop distribution.
Figure 11.188 Call drop due to QCI‐1 profile not defined.
Figure 11.189 Call drop due to S1 path switch issue.
Figure 11.190 Call drop due to handover failure.
Figure 11.191 Call drop due to uplink issue.
Figure 11.192 Radio link failure.
Figure 11.193 RLF due to high BLER.
Figure 11.194 RLF due to maximum retransmissions exceeded.
Figure 11.195 RLF due to RACH problem.
Figure 11.196 Call drop due to handover failure.
Figure 11.197 Retainability related parameters change.
Figure 11.198 RTP‐RTCP timeout declared by telephony application server.
Figure 11.199 RLC/PDCP SN length mismatch.
Figure 11.200 IMS session drop category and distribution in a live network.
Figure 11.201 VoLTE drop reasons.
Figure 11.202 Implicitly detached.
Figure 11.203 Packet aggregation level.
Figure 11.204 UL MAC padding statistics.
Figure 11.205 UL grant inter‐arrival versus percentage of MAC padding.
Figure 11.206 Frame error rate.
Figure 11.207 Video MoS versus A/V sync.
Figure 11.208 Timers in the SIP state machine.
Figure 11.209 VoLTE UE power consumption.
Figure 11.210 DRX mode state transition.
Figure 11.211 DRX operation.
Figure 11.212 DRX configuration in RRC connection reconfiguration message.
Figure 11.213 No short DRX cycle configured with two/ten successful decodings.
Figure 11.214 Short DRX cycle configured with two/three successful decodings.
Figure 11.215 Speech inactive to active state estimation and transition.
Figure 11.216 VoLTE packets arrive.
Figure 11.217 DRX call state based on PDCCH grant receptions.
Figure 11.218 The suggested DRX disabled and enabled in fading channel.
Figure 11.219 SPS versus DRX.
Figure 11.220 SRVCC parameters.
Figure 11.221 DRX operation during each phase of VoLTE call procedure.
Figure 11.222 Mos versus DRX.
Figure 11.223 Mouth to ear delay versus DRX.
Figure 11.224 VoLTE current consumption versus DRX.
Figure 11.225 drx‐InactivityTimer is long enough to handle the TCP RTT.
Figure 11.226 drx‐InactivityTimer is not long enough to handle the TCP RTT.
Figure 11.227 SR periodicity config and relation between SR configuration index and SR periodicity.
Figure 11.228 OTT VoIP user experience.
Figure 11.229 VoLTE and OTT MoS comparison.
Figure 11.230 FaceTime call establishment.
Figure 11.231 Silk vodec versus other audio codec.
Figure 11.232 WeChat and VoLTE MoS versus RSRP/SINR.
Figure 11.233 Comparison of VoLTE, Viber, and Skype behavior in iPhone 5.
Chapter 12
Figure 12.1 PRACH procedure and related parameters.
Figure 12.2 PRACH sequence in different scenarios.
Figure 12.3 Illustration of cyclic shift separation N
CS
between preamble sequences.
Figure 12.4 PRACH planning/optimization the principle.
Figure 12.5 PRACH formats and cell range.
Figure 12.6 TDD preamble configuration example.
Figure 12.7 Simulation results for SNR PUSCH versus required PRACH SINR.
Figure 12.8 PRACH settings in SIB.
Figure 12.9 Group A and B preambles.
Figure 12.10 Root sequence planned for high speed UE (example).
Figure 12.11 The location of PRACH PRBs (refer to 3GPP TS36.211).
Figure 12.12 Collision probability.
Figure 12.13 Single subframe and multi‐subframe RACH timing (FDD).
Figure 12.14 Preamble transmission.
Figure 12.15 The main issues during random access procedure.
Figure 12.16 CBRA and CFRA procedure.
Figure 12.17 Example of preamble retransmission.
Figure 12.18 RRC connection request failures analysis.
Figure 12.19 Accessibility procedure.
Figure 12.20 S1AP initial UE message.
Figure 12.21 T3412 timer.
Figure 12.22 Accessibility tree.
Figure 12.23 Random access setup success rate versus RRC connection setup success rate.
Figure 12.24 T300 expiry.
Figure 12.25 RRC connection setup, RB/E‐RAB setup success rate statistics.
Figure 12.26 Data session setup steps and latency.
Figure 12.27 RACH success versus average user size.
Chapter 13
Figure 13.1 Physical layer cell identity.
Figure 13.2 PCI acquired.
Figure 13.3 PCI plan method 1 and 2.
Figure 13.4 PCI plot.
Figure 13.5 PCI optimization process.
Figure 13.6 Pictorial depiction of concept of group‐based PCI planning.
Figure 13.7 Example of same PCI allocation and the re‐use distance.
Figure 13.8 Ideal PCI planning and practical planning.
Figure 13.9 PCI optimization.
Figure 13.10 PCI collision and confusion.
Figure 13.11 PCI optimized plan.
Chapter 14
Figure 14.1 Tracking area ID list.
Figure 14.2 Small TAs and big TAs.
Figure 14.3 Overlapping of TAL.
Figure 14.4 TAU procedure w/o serving GW change.
Figure 14.5 TAU success and failure.
Figure 14.6 The factor impact the number of cells in the TA List.
Figure 14.7 Constructing transition probability matrix.
Figure 14.8 TA List dynamic generation algorithm.
Chapter 15
Figure 15.1 Sequence groups (
u
= 0…29) each one containing different reference signal sequences.
Figure 15.2 UL DMRS allocation per slot for normal CP.
Figure 15.3 UL RS design example.
Figure 15.4 UL throughput and UL MCS performance with the above DMRS planning.
Figure 15.5 Measurements from SRS together with uplink DMRS.
Figure 15.6 Physical resource layout (FDD/TDD‐UpPTS).
Figure 15.7 SRS transmission combs.
Figure 15.8 The tree structure of the SRS bandwidths and wideband and narrowband SRS.
Figure 15.9 SRS transmission position.
Figure 15.10 Dynamic SRS adjustment scheme.
Figure 15.11 Variations in MSE due to one interfering user in a neighboring cell with different sounding bandwidth.
Chapter 16
Figure 16.1 Improve user experience by adding small cells.
Figure 16.2 Deployment scenarios used in small cells.
Figure 16.3 Accumulated traffic load with bin size of 10 meters.
Figure 16.4 Finding the small cell sweet spots.
Figure 16.5 Small cell design procedure.
Figure 16.6 Different penetration loss.
Figure 16.7 Combined cell’s benefit.
Figure 16.8 Using an offset to increase the serving area of the small cell.
Figure 16.9 IoT levels in macro and small cells.
Chapter 17
Figure 17.1 Customer perception modeling.
Figure 17.2 The relationship between KQIs and KPIs.
Figure 17.3 The mapping between KPI and KQI.
Figure 17.4 The procedure for obtaining the QoE index.
Figure 17.5 App coverage map.
Figure 17.6 High growth in streaming/interactive video apps.
Figure 17.7 Conventional RTP/UDP streaming and procedure.
Figure 17.8 Client requests the manifest file from the server procedure.
Figure 17.9 Video stream bit rate for different devices.
Figure 17.10 System layout for translating.
Figure 17.11 How adaptive bitrate streaming works.
Figure 17.12 Strict delay requirements for real time services.
Figure 17.13 One example of video play out.
Figure 17.14 Voice KQI and QoE.
Figure 17.15 The factors of data service dissatisfaction.
Figure 17.16 Web browsing traffic model.
Figure 17.17 HTTP browsing service signaling traffic flow.
Figure 17.18 The automatic delimitation fault tree.
Figure 17.19 Typical gaming response time.
Figure 17.20 Factors influencing QoE.
Figure 17.21 App experience optimization.
Figure 17.22 Mapping of user‐centric QoE requirements.
Chapter 18
Figure 18.1 Signaling categories.
Figure 18.2 Signaling estimation of LTE procedures (example).
Figure 18.3 S1AP protocol and Cell/S1 throughput for 20MHz bandwidth LTE.
Figure 18.4 EMM, ECM, and ESM states.
Figure 18.5 RRC connection release due to user inactivity.
Figure 18.6 Idle timer versus service request/handover.
Figure 18.7 Signaling load.
Figure 18.8 Attach procedure.
Figure 18.9 S1 and S6A cause value.
Figure 18.10 MME to HSS diameter update location (S6A).
Figure 18.11 MME to SGW, default bearer establishment (S11).
Figure 18.12 Default bearer setup example.
Figure 18.13 S1AP initial context setup analysis.
Figure 18.14 Service requests per simultaneous attached user in busy hour.
Figure 18.15 Service request failure measurement.
Figure 18.16 Handover procedure for troubleshooting.
Figure 18.17 eSRVCC failure procedure.
Figure 18.18 SGs interface signaling analysis procedure.
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