Mobile Clouds E-Book

Frank H. P. Fitzek

• Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
• Kategorie: Wissenschaft und neue Technologien
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 350

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2013

Beschreibung

Includes a preface written by Professor Leonard Kleinrock, Distinguished Professor of Computer Science, UCLA, USA

This book discusses and explores the concept of mobile cloud, creating an inspiring research space for exploiting opportunistic resource sharing, and covering from theoretical research approaches to the development of commercially profitable ideas.

A mobile cloud is a cooperative arrangement of dynamically connected communication nodes sharing opportunistic resources. In this book, authors provide a comprehensive and motivating overview of this rapidly emerging technology. The book explores how distributed resources can be shared by mobile users in very different ways and for various purposes. The book provides many stimulating examples of resource-sharing applications. Enabling technologies for mobile clouds are also discussed, highlighting the key role of network coding. Mobile clouds have the potential to enhance communications performance, improve utilization of resources and create flexible platforms to share resources in very novel ways.

Energy efficient aspects of mobile clouds are discussed in detail, showing how being cooperative can bring mobile users significant energy saving. The book presents and discusses multiple examples of mobile clouds applications, based on both existing commercial initiatives as well as proof-of-concept test-beds. Visions and prospects are also discussed, paving the way for further development. As mobile networks and social networks become more and more reliant on each other, the concept of resource sharing takes a wider and deeper meaning, creating the foundations for a global real-time multidimensional resource pool, the underlying infrastructure for shareconomy. Above all, this is an inspiring book for anyone who is concerned about the future of wireless and mobile communications networks and their relationship with Social networks.

Key Features:

• Provides fundamental ideas and promising concepts for exploiting opportunistic cooperation and cognition in wireless and mobile networks
• Gives clear definitions of mobile clouds from different perspectives
• Associates mobile and wireless networks with social networks, creating a vast fertile ground for novel developments in both research and practical applications
• Considers research directions, emerging trends and visions

This book is an excellent resource for wireless/networking researchers in industry and academia, students and mobile phone programmers. Managers interested in new technology developments, service providers, network operators, and those working in the gaming industry will also find the book insightful.

Leseprobe

Contents

Cover

Title Page

Copyright

Dedication

Foreword

Preface

Putting Mobile Clouds into Context

Mobile Clouds

Aims of the Book

Organization of the Book

References

Acknowledgements

Abbreviations

Part One: Mobile Clouds: Introduction and Background

Chapter 1: Motivation

1.1 Introduction

1.2 From Brick Phones to Smart Phones

1.3 Mobile Connectivity Evolution: From Single to Multiple Air Interface Devices

1.4 Network Evolution: The Need for Advanced Architectures

1.5 Conclusion

References

Chapter 2: Mobile Clouds: An Introduction

2.1 Introduction

2.2 Mobile Cloud Definitions

2.3 Cooperation and Cognition in Mobile Clouds

2.4 Mobile Cloud Classification and Associated Cooperation Approaches

2.5 Types of Cooperation and Incentives

2.6 Conclusion

References

Chapter 3: Sharing Device Resources in Mobile Clouds

3.1 Introduction

3.2 Examples of Resource Sharing

3.3 Sharing Loudspeakers

3.4 Sharing Microphones

3.5 Sharing Image Sensors

3.6 Sharing Displays

3.7 Sharing General–Purpose Sensors

3.8 Sharing Keyboards

3.9 Sharing Data Pipes

3.10 Sharing Mobile Apps

3.11 Sharing Mass Memory

3.12 Sharing Processing Units

3.13 Sharing Batteries

3.14 Conclusion

References

Part Two: Enabling Technologies for Mobile Clouds

Chapter 4: Wireless Communication Technologies

4.1 Introduction

4.2 Cellular Communications Systems

4.3 Short–Range Technologies

4.4 Combined Air Interface

4.5 Building Mobile Clouds

4.6 Conclusion

References

Chapter 5: Network Coding for Mobile Clouds

5.1 Introduction to Network Coding

5.2 Inter–Flow Network Coding

5.3 Inter–Flow Network Coding for User Cooperation in Mobile Clouds

5.4 Intra–Flow Network Coding

5.5 Intra–Flow Network Coding for User Cooperation in Mobile Clouds

5.6 Conclusion

References

Chapter 6: Mobile Cloud Formation and Maintenance

6.1 Introduction

6.2 Mobile Cloud Stages

6.3 Service Discovery for Mobile Clouds

6.4 Conclusion

References

Part Three: Social Aspects of Mobile Clouds

Chapter 7: Cooperative Principles by Nature

7.1 Introduction

7.2 Cheetahs and Hyenas

7.3 Orca – Killer Whales

7.4 Vampire Bats

7.5 Monkeys

7.6 Prisoner’s Dilemma

7.7 Conclusion

References

Chapter 8: Social Mobile Clouds

8.1 Introduction

8.2 Different Forms of Cooperation

8.3 Social Networks and Mobile Clouds

8.4 Cooperation in Relaying Networks: A Simple Example

8.5 Conclusion

References

Part Four: Green Aspects of Mobile Clouds

Chapter 9: Green Mobile Clouds: Making Mobile Devices More Energy Efficient

9.1 Introduction

9.2 Cooperative Download

9.3 Cooperative Streaming

9.4 Comparison of the Different Approaches

9.5 Conclusion and Outlook

9.6 Energy Gain for the Network Operator

9.7 Conclusion

References

Part Five: Application of Mobile Clouds

Chapter 10: Mobile Clouds Applications

10.1 Introduction

10.2 Forced Cooperation – Overlay Network

10.3 Technology–enabled Cooperation – Overlay Network

10.4 Socially–enabled Cooperation Overlay Network

10.5 Altruism – Overlay Network

10.6 Forced Cooperation – Direct Mobile Cloud

10.7 Technically–enabled Cooperation – Direct Mobile Cloud

10.8 Socially–enabled Cooperation – Direct Mobile Cloud

10.9 Altruism: Direct Mobile Cloud

10.10 Industrial Activities

10.11 Conclusion

References

Part Six: Mobile Clouds: Prospects and Conclusions

Chapter 11: Visions and Prospects

11.1 Some Insights on the Future Developments of Mobile Clouds

11.2 Mobile Clouds and Related Technology Developments

11.3 Promising Novel Applications of Mobile Clouds

11.4 Resource Sharing as one of the Pillars of Social Interaction: the Birth of Shareconomy

References

Index

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Fitzek, Frank H.P.   Mobile clouds: exploiting distributed resources in wireless, mobile and social networks / Frank H.P. Fitzek, Marcos D. Katz.     pages cm Includes bibliographical references and index.   ISBN 978-0-470-97389-9 (hardback) 1. Cloud computing. 2. Mobile computing. I. Katz, Marcos D. II. Title.   QA76.585.F58 2014   004.67′82–dc23

2013030750

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. ISBN: 978-0-470-97389-9

To Lilith and Samuel!

Foreword

The penetration of mobile technology into our society in recent years is remarkable. It has enabled enormous levels of always–available connectivity to the world's population with untold benefits and capabilities. This book on Mobile Clouds lays it all out. It is written at an easily accessible level for engineers, researchers and students without the burden of heavy mathematics, but rather with a superb descriptive approach that encourages full understanding of the key issues, the basic solutions, the advantages of those solutions, the direction in which the field is moving, and a presentation of its impact. This is a highly readable, intuitively pleasing and most enjoyable presentation of the emerging world of Mobile Clouds.

The trajectory of the development of Mobile Clouds has been one of wireless communications leading to mobile telephony, which has evolved into always–available voice and data access. The tremendous success of these technologies is placing severe strains on the underlying resources needed to continue the growth and deployment of new users, new applications, and new services. In response, as this book explains, there is a growing need for sharing of resources while at the same time improving the efficiency of spectrum use and energy consumption. The seeds for these improvements came from two parallel developments in the early history of mobile access, both beginning in the early 1970's. One development is that with which the public is so familiar, namely, the rise of mobile voice access which led to the centralized point–to–point architecture of the network operator directly communicating with the mobile device. This led to the recognition that improved spectrum and energy efficiency would result from the introduction of smaller and smaller cell sites. The other development, far less familiar to the public, is the study of the distributed architecture of multi–hop mesh network communications in which each node became a part of what we now recognize as the Mobile Cloud. There is great promise now in the growth of a hybrid distributed/centralized architecture, which exploits the best of both architectures. In this architecture, the technology of network coding plays a valuable role and, true to their form, the authors provide a lucid and intuitive description in a full Chapter devoted to this important topic.

Rounding out this work, the application of mobile clouds focuses on various forms of cooperation in social networks, such networks serving as an important driver of Mobile Cloud growth. As we move into the future, we are then introduced to the growth of traffic due to Machine–to–Machine communication as well as the huge move to the Internet of Things. We have moved into a new era in which the embedded devices of the Internet of Things, in addition to the intelligent software agents that populate the Internet, are generating more Internet traffic than are humans. As we race into this future, the need for an understanding and appreciation of the emergence and role of Mobile Clouds is critical. This book provides what you need to know.

Leonard Kleinrock Distinguished Professor, UCLA, Computer Science Department3732G Boelter Hall, Los Angeles, California 90095

Preface

Putting Mobile Clouds into Context

Wireless and mobile communications have rapidly evolved, offering today high–speed connectivity and advanced services to a continuously rising number of subscribers on the move. Currently, there are well above seven billion mobile subscribers worldwide and ITU predicts that penetration figures will exceed 100% in 2014. Since the turn of this century the developments in wireless and mobile communication systems became faster, particularly in access networks, mobile devices and service technologies. The principal design goals of mobile networks have been to increase data throughput and energy efficiency. These goals have well been achieved by cellular networks through several technology generations.

Current cellular networks can establish data connections at rates that were unthinkable a decade ago, and in many cases the speeds are comparable to what is today offered by wired networks. Two present trends in communications are creating new demands and challenges to current mobile and wireless communications technology. These are the current rapid development of social networking as well as the emergence of Machine–to–Machine (M2M) and Internet of Things (IoT) technologies.

The patterns of how people communicate and socialize have changed and continue evolving, mostly inspired and supported by the Internet. Ubiquitous connectivity is now a reality, people can be connected to each other, access information and distribute their own content regardless of their location. The emergence of technology–based social networks has further changed the way people live and interact. The Internet is the enabling platform for social networking at any scale, local or global. Today social networking increasingly takes place from mobile devices and consequently the role of wireless and mobile communication networks becomes even stronger. In the future the interplay of social and mobile networks will boost the ideas of shareconomy.

Social interaction involves not only the creation of individual (person–to–person) links but also establishing one–to–many and many–to–many connections. In addition to user–controlled mobile devices, machines and ultimately things will become nodes of communication networks, promptly increasing the number of nodes to be potentially interconnected by several orders of magnitudes. It has been predicted that in the third decade of this century there could be as many as several trillion communication–enabled nodes on this planet. Current communications networks cannot scale efficiently to support the large networks of the future. Spectral– and energy–efficiency of current network solutions have long been identified as significant roadblocks in the development path. It is a well–known fact that spectrum bands allocated to mobile communications are very much limited and expensive. Provision of high data rates to support wireless delivery of rich content swiftly increases bandwidth requirements. Moreover, when these requirements are mapped into the projected growth of the node base, the results speak by themselves: spectral efficiency of future networks need to be greatly boosted at both link and network level.

Energy efficiency is another extremely important challenge of future communication often referred to as green communication [1]. On the infrastructure side the amount of energy needed to provide access services to mobile users is significantly high. A single network operator easily spends several million Euros per year in electricity costs to provide its network access services to a middle–size city. When these figures are scaled up to country or global basis, the economical and environmental impacts are certainly notable. In the other end of the communications value chain, energy efficiency of mobile devices is also an important factor daily experienced by users and highly significant to mobile device manufacturers. Long operating times of portable devices is a highly desired capability for discerning users, and a key competitive feature offered by manufacturers. Nowadays access to wireless communication systems is not limited by coverage any longer, but by the operational time of the mobile device. A trend that we had already predicted in [2].

In summary, one of the key challenges resulting from the increasingly richer social interaction between people and the advent of machine communications is the explosive increase in the use of resources of the communications networks. Another challenge faced by communications networks is the provision of low–latency end–to–end services. Real–time services such a video calls set stringent requirements on the involved communications delay. Applications based on machine communications will further set the requirements bar higher, calling for even shorter delays [3]. Current delay figures, in the range of hundred milliseconds, are expected to be reduced by one or two orders of magnitude. Solutions to cope with the aforementioned challenges can be developed at different levels. A straightforward approach would involve developing sophisticated air interfaces, the somewhat trivial but highly challenging approach that has been exploited along the development of the mobile technology generations. Structural changes at network level can have a deeper impact on the way information flows in the network, and hence determining how network resources are used and having an effect on the involved latency.

Mobile networks architecture has largely remained unchanged since its introduction. Even though this centralized access approach has proved to work properly and is the basis of today's mobile networks, it is clear that it is does not use efficiently the available radio resources. In recent years extension of the cellular architecture have been put into use, including the emergence of cooperative approaches such as relaying (multi–hop) techniques. Furthermore, recently the concept of Device–to–Device (D2D) has taken off, and it is currently a widely studied approach in the LTE–A (Long Term Evolution–Advanced) standardization process. On the other hand, wireless networks have made use of less rigid access topologies, supporting by design the establishment of direct peer–to–peer links as well as centralized connections to access points. Mobile clouds, introduced and studied in this book, build a bridge between mobile and wireless communication networks, by creating a composite centralized–distributed access architecture. One of the purposes of the mobile clouds’ hybrid topology is to exploit the best of both worlds, the wide access and simple centralized manageability on one hand, and the flexible, rapid access of local networks on the other hand. One of the major trends is latest years is the emergence of cloud–based services.

Cloud solutions are implemented either on geographically distributed cloud nodes or they can be based on lumped approaches, concentrated for instance on a single powerful node. In any case users, fixed or mobile, can access the cloud regardless of their physical location. This model works well but, when considering mobile users, the practical solutions, e.g., access networks, use considerable amounts of radio resources. The problem of inefficient usage of resources becomes more pronounced the more mobile nodes are involved, like in cases of social networking. Platforms providing cloud services are deep inside the backbone network and far away from access networks. In addition to excessive consumption of energy and spectrum, accessing remote clouds inevitably means high associated delays. The closer the cloud is to the mobile user, the more efficiently the services can be wirelessly accessed. In addition to the mentioned conventional clouds there is a need to have cloud–based operations closer to the user. Such trends are already visible as in the developments supporting Device–to–Device interaction, a key building capability of 5G networks. This book is devoted to introducing and discussing the concept of mobile clouds.

Mobile Clouds

As we will define later, a mobile cloud is a cooperative arrangement of dynamically connected nodes sharing opportunistically resources. Both mobile and wireless network technologies are opportunistically combined to achieve a number of possible goals. Mobile clouds can be considered as an evolutive step towards bringing cloud–based services closer to the user themselves. In fact, users can become central players as their devices become nodes of a mobile cloud. Mobile clouds offer unique and attractive gains in three main domains: namely performance, resource efficiency and resource exploitation. Mobile clouds have the potential to enhance key link and network performance measures, including supported data throughput, latency, reliability, security as well as capacity and coverage. Mobile clouds can also provide practical solutions with high spectral and energy efficiency. In particular, the impact of mobile clouds on energy consumption of mobile devices, base stations or access points is highly significant and mobile clouds can be seen as one of the enabling technologies for future green networks. One of the most exciting applications of mobile clouds is as a platform for sharing the distributed resources residing in the cloud. A large number of resources (physical or intangible) can be shared in many manners using a mobile cloud as a flexible and efficient exchanging platform.

This book advocates for mobile clouds as the upcoming mobile communication platform of the future, extending the commonly known point–to–point connection between network operator and mobile device. Parts of this development have been introduced already in [2, 4] by our world–class colleagues but here we present the state–of–the–art with recent developments and future developments on the horizon.

Aims of the Book

The main aim of this book is motivating readers on the potential of mobile clouds for implementing a large number of possible solutions needed or emerging in our present and future mobile and wireless world. Given that mobile clouds as such is a relatively new concept, a complete account of mobile cloud technology is not yet available. The goal of this book is to serve as an inspiring source for researchers, developing engineers and students interested in solutions for future wireless and mobile networking. The book describes mobile clouds and their uses from the above–mentioned goals. Many inspiring examples are presented and discussed. In some cases precise analytical models are presented and explained, accompanied with numerical results showing concrete figures of the achievable gains. The authors also include some practical information on mobile clouds test–beds, showing the practical applicability of this concept.

Organization of the Book

This book is organized in six main parts with eleven chapters. For newcomers to the field of mobile clouds we propose they read books chapters in sequential order. The experienced reader can directly go to the chapters that are of greater importance to the reader. Each chapter is self contained, which results in some planned overlap.

Part I includes three chapters. The motivation chapter is describing the wireless and mobile context, while the second chapter is introducing the mobile cloud concept giving several definitions. The third chapter is identifying sharable resources on a mobile device listing several examples.Part II deals with enabling technologies for mobile clouds. Chapter 4 lists current wireless technologies and their capability to build mobile clouds. The fifth chapter is introducing network coding, which is a key technology for mobile clouds allowing flexible design with low resource usage. The sixth chapter describes mobile cloud formation and maintenance.Part III contains two chapters explaining cooperative principles in nature and the social mobile cloud concept. In this book we envision mobile clouds to be built up by individuals who need to be convinced that cooperation in a mobile cloud is beneficial for all participants.Part IV focuses on green aspects of mobile clouds showing potential energy saving gains from the theoretical point of view for different application scenarios.Applications of mobile clouds are presented and discussed in Part V. Here the ongoing activities are described mainly from the mobile app perspective.Finally Part VI discusses prospects of mobile clouds and draws conclusions.

Frank H.P. Fitzek Aalborg, Denmark

Marcos D. Katz Oulu, Finland

References

[1] H. Zhang, A. Gladisch, M. Pickavet, Z. Tao, and W. Mohr. Energy efficiency in communications. IEEE Communications Magazine, 48(11):48–49, 2010.

[2] F.H.P. Fitzek and M. Katz, editors. Cooperation in Wireless Networks: Principles and Applications–Real Egoistic Behavior is to Cooperate! ISBN 1-4020-4710-X. Springer, April 2006.

[3] G. Fettweis. A 5G Wireless Communications Vision. Microwave Journal, December 2012.

[4] F.H.P. Fitzek and M. Katz, editors. Cognitive Wireless Networks: Concepts, Methodologies and Visions Inspiring the Age of Enlightenment of Wireless Communications. ISBN 978-1-4020-5978-0. Springer, July 2007.

Acknowledgements

We, Frank and Marcos, would like to thank everybody that has inspired us throughout the process in making this book.

The idea of writing a book on mobile clouds was conceived in a cloudless day on a Honolulu beach, during Globecom 2009. We discussed with Wiley's Mark Hammond about our idea and promised him to start immediately working on the project. Several Globecom conferences and countless clouds passed by, and now our mobile cloud book is being introduced at Globecom 2013. We would like to thank Mark for his immense patience and professional support through the writing period. We would equally like to thank Wiley's Liz Wingett and Anna Smart for very similar reasons.

Frank would like to thank his team and colleagues at Aalborg University and colleagues around the globe for the support over the last decade. Aalborg University has provided a fertile ground for my research and I always found motivated colleagues to collaboratively research on mobile clouds. Special thanks to Muriel Médard for the fruitful discussion on network coding and support over the last years. I would like to thank Hassan Charaf for his long lasting cooperation and for the successful exchange of students over the last years. Thank you to Daniel Lucani for his help in proof reading and valuable comments. Thanks to Peter Vingelmann for his work on multimedia sharing on Apple products. Thanks to Kirsten Nielsen for organizing our work and life. Special thanks to Morten V. Pedersen for his long lasting cooperation and friendship over the last years. He is the mastermind of our code examples and I would like to thank him for his unbreakable will to change the code base for a better future. Also, our financial support over the years shall not be forgotten. Parts of this book were partially financed by the CONE project (Grant No. 09-066549/FTP) granted by Danish Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation. Further funding was received by the Green Mobile Cloud project granted by the Danish Council for Independent Research (Grant No. 10-081621). Also, thanks to our supporters from the ENOC project in collaboration with Renesas and Nokia, Oulu.

Marcos would like to thank Centre for Wireless Communications and University of Oulu, Finland for providing me invaluable support as well as an inspiring working atmosphere. Marcos would also like to thank his colleagues and students for their support and enthusiasm. A particular warm thanks to my closest research team Timo Bräysy, Zaheer Khan, Hamidreza Bagheri, Bidushi Barua, Muhammad Ikram Ashraf, Helal Chowdhury and Syed Tamoor-ul-Hassan. Professor Babak Hossein Khalaj and Mohammad Javad Salehi from Sharif University of Technology, Iran, are kindly acknowledged for their cooperation in this subject. Professor Miguel A Cabrera and Fernando Miranda Bonomi from National University of Tucumán, Argentina are also acknowledged for their efforts during our ongoing cooperation. The inspiring discussions with Kari Horneman (Nokia Solutions and Networks), Pavel Loskot (Swansea University) and Pekka Sangi (University of Oulu) are greatly appreciated. A well–deserved thanks also to Hanna Saarela, Kirsi Ojutkangas and Eija Pajunen, our always–smiling administrative staff at Centre for Wireless Communications, for their charming support and help. Tekes, the Finnish Funding Agency for Technology and Innovation is acknowledged for its generous financial support through the SANTA CLOUDS, COIN and INDICO research projects. The European Celtic–Plus initiative, together with Tekes are acknowledged for their support on the Green–T project. Marcos is also grateful to numerous colleagues across the world with whom he has had the honor to work with in many areas of wireless and mobile communications.