Modeling and Optimization of LCD Optical Performance E-Book

Dmitry A. Yakovlev

• Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
• Kategorie: Wissenschaft und neue Technologien
• Serie: Wiley Series in Display Technology
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 968

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2015

Beschreibung

Focusing on polarization matrix optics in many forms, this book includes coverage of a wide range of methods which have been applied to LCD modeling, ranging from the simple Jones matrix method to elaborate and high accuracy algorithms suitable for off-axis optics. Researchers and scientists are constantly striving for improved performance, faster response times, wide viewing angles, improved colour in liquid crystal display development, and with this comes the need to model LCD devices effectively. The authors have significant experience in dealing with the problems related to the practical application of liquid crystals, in particular their optical performance.

Key features:

• Explores analytical solutions and approximations to important cases in the matrix treatment of different LC layer configurations, and the application of these results to improve the computational method
• Provides the analysis of accuracies of the different approaches discussed in the book
• Explains the development of the Eigenwave Jones matrix method which offers a path to improved accuracy compared to Jones matrix and extended Jones matrix formalisms, while achieving significant improvement in computational speed and versatility compared to full 4x4 matrix methods
• Includes a companion website hosting the authors' program library LMOPTICS (FORTRAN 90), a collection of routines for calculating the optical characteristics of stratified media, the use of which allows for the easy implementation of the methods described in this book. The website also contains a set of sample programs (source codes) using LMOPTICS, which exemplify the application of these methods in different situations

Leseprobe

Wiley-SID Series in Display Technology

Series Editors: Anthony C. Lowe and Ian Sage

Display Systems: Design and Applications Lindsay W. MacDonald and Anthony C. Lowe (Eds.)

Electronic Display Measurement: Concepts, Techniques, and Instrumentation Peter A. Keller

Reflective Liquid Crystal Displays Shin-Tson Wu and Deng-Ke Yang

Colour Engineering: Achieving Device Independent Colour Phil Green and Lindsay MacDonald (Eds.)

Display Interfaces: Fundamentals and Standards Robert L. Myers

Digital Image Display: Algorithms and Implementation Gheorghe Berbecel

Flexible Flat Panel Displays Gregory Crawford (Ed.)

Polarization Engineering for LCD Projection Michael G. Robinson, Jianmin Chen, and Gary D. Sharp

Introduction to Microdisplays David Armitage, Ian Underwood, and Shin-Tson Wu

Mobile Displays: Technology and Applications Achintya K. Bhowmik, Zili Li, and Philip Bos (Eds.)

Photoalignment of Liquid Crystalline Materials: Physics and Applications Vladimir G. Chigrinov, Vladimir M. Kozenkov, and Hoi-Sing Kwok

Projection Displays, Second Edition Matthew S. Brennesholtz and Edward H. Stupp

Introduction to Flat Panel Displays Jiun-Haw Lee, David N. Liu, and Shin-Tson Wu

LCD Backlights Shunsuke Kobayashi, Shigeo Mikoshiba, and Sungkyoo Lim (Eds.)

Liquid Crystal Displays: Addressing Schemes and Electro-Optical Effects, Second Edition Ernst Lueder

Transflective Liquid Crystal Displays Zhibing Ge and Shin-Tson Wu

Liquid Crystal Displays: Fundamental Physics and Technology Robert H. Chen

3D Displays Ernst Lueder

OLED Display Fundamentals and Applications Takatoshi Tsujimura

Illumination, Color and Imaging: Evaluation and Optimization of Visual Displays Peter Bodrogi and Tran Quoc Khanh

Interactive Displays: Natural Human-Interface Technologies Achintya K. Bhowmik (Ed.)

Addressing Techniques of Liquid Crystal Displays Temkar N. Ruckmongathan

Fundamentals of Liquid Crystal Devices, Second Edition Deng-Ke Yang and Shin-Tson Wu

Modeling and Optimization of LCD Optical Performance Dmitry A. Yakovlev, Vladimir G. Chigrinov, and Hoi-Sing Kwok

MODELING AND OPTIMIZATION OF LCD OPTICAL PERFORMANCE

Dmitry A. YakovlevSaratov State University, Russia

Vladimir G. ChigrinovHong Kong University of Science & Technology, Hong Kong

Hoi-Sing KwokHong Kong University of Science & Technology, Hong Kong

This edition first published 2015 © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Yakovlev, Dmitry A.    Modeling and optimization of LCD optical performance / Dmitry A. Yakovlev, Vladimir G. Chigrinov, Hoi-Sing Kwok.          pages cm       Includes bibliographical references and index.    ISBN 978-0-470-68914-1 (hardback) 1. Liquid crystal displays.    I. Chigrinov, V. G. (Vladimir G.)    II. Kwok, Hoi-Sing.    III. Title.    TK7872.L56Y35 2014    621.3815′422–dc23

2014001761

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.

ISBN: 9780470689141

To our beloved wives: Larisa, Larisa, and Ying-Hung

Contents

Series Editor's Foreword

Preface

Acknowledgments

List of Abbreviations

About the Companion Website

1 Polarization of Monochromatic Waves. Background of the Jones Matrix Methods. The Jones Calculus

1.1 Homogeneous Waves in Isotropic Media

1.2 Interface Optics for Isotropic Media

1.3 Wave Propagation in Anisotropic Media

1.4 Jones Calculus

Notes

References

2 The Jones Calculus: Solutions for Ideal Twisted Structures and Their Applications in LCD Optics

2.1 Jones Matrix and Eigenmodes of a Liquid Crystal Layer with an Ideal Twisted Structure

2.2 LCD Optics and the Gooch–Tarry Formulas

2.3 Interactive Simulation

2.4 Parameter Space

References

3 Optical Equivalence Theorem

3.1 General Optical Equivalence Theorem

3.2 Optical Equivalence for the Twisted Nematic Liquid Crystal Cell

3.3 Polarization Conserving Modes

3.4 Application to Nematic Bistable LCDs

3.5 Application to Reflective Displays

3.6 Measurement of Characteristic Parameters of an LC Cell

References

4 Electro-optical Modes: Practical Examples of LCD Modeling and Optimization

4.1 Optimization of LCD Performance in Various Electro-optical Modes

4.2 Transflective LCDs

4.3 Total Internal Reflection Mode

4.4 Ferroelectric LCDs

4.5 Birefringent Color Generation in Dichromatic Reflective FLCDs

Notes

References

5 Necessary Mathematics. Radiometric Terms. Conventions. Various Stokes and Jones Vectors

5.1 Some Definitions and Relations from Matrix Algebra

5.2 Some Radiometric Quantities. Conventions

5.3 Stokes Vectors of Plane Waves and Collimated Beams Propagating in Isotropic Nonabsorbing Media

5.4 Jones Vectors

References

6 Simple Models and Representations for Solving Optimization and Inverse Optical Problems. Real Optics of LC Cells and Useful Approximations

6.1 Polarization Transfer Factor of an Optical System

6.2 Optics of LC Cells in Terms of Polarization Transport Coefficients

6.3 Retroreflection Geometry

6.4 Applications of Polarization Transport Coefficients in Optimization of LC Devices

6.5 Evaluation of Ultimate Characteristics of an LCD that can be Attained by Fitting the Compensation System. Modulation Efficiency of LC Layers

Notes

References

7 Some Physical Models and Mathematical Algorithms Used in Modeling the Optical Performance of LCDs

7.1 Physical Models of the Light–Layered System Interaction Used in Modeling the Optical Behavior of LC Devices. Plane-Wave Approximations. Transfer Channel Approach

7.2 Transfer Matrix Technique and Adding Technique

7.3 Optical Models of Some Elements of LCDs

Notes

References

8 Modeling Methods Based on the Rigorous Theory of the Interaction of a Plane Monochromatic Wave with an Ideal Stratified Medium. Eigenwave (EW) Methods. EW Jones Matrix Method

8.1 General Properties of the Electromagnetic Field Induced by a Plane Monochromatic Wave in a Linear Stratified Medium

8.2 Transmission and Reflection Operators of Fragments (TR Units) of a Stratified Medium and Their Calculation

8.3 Berreman's Method

8.4 Simplifications, Useful Relations, and Advanced Techniques

8.5 Transmissivities and Reflectivities

8.6 Mathematical Properties of Transfer Matrices and Transmission and Reflection EW Jones Matrices of Lossless Media and Reciprocal Media

8.7 Calculation of EW 4 × 4 Transfer Matrices for LC Layers

8.8 Transformation of the Elements of EW Jones Vectors and EW Jones Matrices Under Changes of Eigenwave Bases

Notes

References

9 Choice of Eigenwave Bases for Isotropic, Uniaxial, and Biaxial Media

9.1 General Aspects of EWB Specification. EWB-generating routines

9.2 Isotropic Media

9.3 Uniaxial Media

9.4 Biaxial Media

References

10 Efficient Methods for Calculating Optical Characteristics of Layered Systems for Quasimonochromatic Incident Light. Main Routines of LMOPTICS Library

10.1 EW Stokes Vectors and EW Mueller Matrices

10.2 Calculation of the EW Mueller Matrices of the Overall Transmission and Reflection of a System Consisting of “Thin” and “Thick” Layers

10.3 Main Routines of LMOPTICS

Notes

References

11 Calculation of Transmission Characteristics of Inhomogeneous Liquid Crystal Layers with Negligible Bulk Reflection

11.1 Application of Jones Matrix Methods to Inhomogeneous LC Layers

11.2 NBRA. Basic Differential Equations

11.3 NBRA. Numerical Methods

11.4 NBRA. Analytical Solutions

11.5 Effect of Errors in Values of the Transmission Matrix of the LC Layer on the Accuracy of Modeling the Transmittance of the LCD Panel

References

12 Some Approximate Representations in EW Jones Matrix Method and Their Application in Solving Optimization and Inverse Problems for LCDs

12.1 Theory of STUM Approximation

12.2 Exact and Approximate Expressions for Transmission Operators of Interfaces at Normal Incidence

12.3 Polarization Jones Matrix of an Inhomogeneous Nonabsorbing Anisotropic Layer with Negligible Bulk Reflection at Normal Incidence. Simple Representations of Polarization Matrices of LC Layers at Normal Incidence

12.4 Immersion Model of the Polarization-Converting System of an LCD

12.5 Determining Configurational and Optical Parameters of LC Layers With a Twisted Structure: Spectral Fitting Method

12.6 Optimization of Compensation Systems for Enhancement of Viewing Angle Performance of LCDs

Note

References

13 A Few Words About Modeling of Fine-Structure LCDs and the Direct Ray Approximation

13.1 Virtual Microscope

13.2 Directional Illumination and Diffuse Illumination

References

Appendix A LCD Modeling Software MOUSE-LCD Used for the HKUST Students Final Year Projects (FYP) from 2003 to 2011

A.1 Introductory Remarks

A.2 Fast LCD

A.3 Color LCD [2]

A.4 Transflective LCD

A.5 Switchable Viewing Angle LCD

A.6 Optimal e-paper Configurations

A.7 Color Filter Optimization

References

Appendix B Some Derivations and Examples

B.1 Conservation Law for Energy Flux

B.2 Lorentz's Lemma

B.3 Nonexponential Waves

B.4 To the Power Series Method (Section 11.3.3)

B.5 One of the Ways to Obtain the Explicit Expressions for Transmission Jones Matrices of an Ideal Twisted LC Layer

Reference

Index

End User License Agreement

List of Tables

Chapter 1

Table 1.1

Chapter 3

Table 3.1

Table 3.2

Table 3.3

Chapter 4

Table 4.1

Table 4.2

Table 4.3

Table 4.4

Table 4.5

Table 4.6

Table 4.7

Table 4.8

Table 4.9

Table 4.10

Chapter 6

Table 6.1

Chapter 8

Table 8.1

Chapter 9

Table 9.1

Table 9.2

Table 9.3

Table 9.4

Table 9.5

Chapter 10

Table 10.1

Chapter 12

Table 12.1

Table 12.2

Table 12.3

Table 12.4

Table 12.5

Table 12.6

Table 12.7

Table 12.8

Table 12.9

Table 12.10

Table 12.11

Table 12.12

Table 12.13

Table 12.14

Appendix A

Table A.1

Table A.2

Table A.3

Table A.4

Table A.5

Table A.6

Table A.7

Table A.8

Table A.9

Table A.10

Table A.11

Table A.12

List of Illustrations

Chapter 1

Figure 1.1

A polarization ellipse

Figure 1.2

Representation of polarization states by points on the Poincaré sphere

Figure 1.3

Reference frames (

x

,

y

,

z

) and (

x

′,

y

′,

z

)

Figure 1.4

Polarization ellipses of mutually orthogonal polarizations

Figure 1.5

Transmission and reflection at a plane interface between isotropic media. Geometry of the problem

Figure 1.6

Transmissivities

T

pp

and

T

ss

and reflectivities

R

pp

and

R

ss

versus the angle of incidence

β

inc

at

n

1

n

2

Figure 1.7

A prism reflector using the TIR phenomenon

Figure 1.8

Homogeneous natural waves in a nonabsorbing uniaxial medium.

l

is the wave normal

Figure 1.9

Geometry of the problem. The dotted arrows in sketch (b) show the directions of wave normals of the incident and induced waves

Figure 1.10

Double refraction at oblique incidence

Figure 1.11

A transmissive system of birefringent layers.

J

{

} stands for the Jones vector of a wave

. Parts (a) and (b) show the two cases compared in Jones's reversibility theorem