Modeling Power Electronics and Interfacing Energy Conversion Systems E-Book

M. Godoy Simões

• Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
• Kategorie: Wissenschaft und neue Technologien
• Serie: Wiley - IEEE
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 364

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2016

Beschreibung

Discusses the application of mathematical and engineering tools for modeling, simulation and control oriented for energy systems, power electronics and renewable energy 

This book builds on the background knowledge of electrical circuits, control of dc/dc converters and inverters, energy conversion and power electronics. The book shows readers how to apply computational methods for multi-domain simulation of energy systems and power electronics engineering problems. Each chapter has a brief introduction on the theoretical background, a description of the problems to be solved, and objectives to be achieved. Block diagrams, electrical circuits, mathematical analysis or computer code are covered. Each chapter concludes with discussions on what should be learned, suggestions for further studies and even some experimental work.

• Discusses the mathematical formulation of system equations for energy systems and power electronics aiming state-space and circuit oriented simulations
• Studies the interactions between MATLAB and Simulink models and functions with real-world implementation using microprocessors and microcontrollers
• Presents numerical integration techniques, transfer-function modeling, harmonic analysis and power quality performance assessment
• Examines existing software such as, MATLAB/Simulink, Power Systems Toolbox and PSIM to simulate power electronic circuits including the use of renewable energy sources such as wind and solar sources

The simulation files are available for readers who register with the Google Group: [e-mail]. After your registration you will receive information in how to access the simulation files, the Google Group can also be used to communicate with other registered readers of this book.

Leseprobe

Table of Contents

COVER

TITLE PAGE

FOREWORD

PREFACE

1 INTRODUCTION TO ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING SIMULATION

1.1 FUNDAMENTALS OF STATE‐SPACE‐BASED MODELING

1.2 EXAMPLE OF MODELING AN ELECTRICAL NETWORK

1.3 TRANSFER FUNCTION

1.4 MODELING AND SIMULATION OF ENERGY SYSTEMS AND POWER ELECTRONICS

1.5 SUGGESTED PROBLEMS

FURTHER READING

2 ANALYSIS OF ELECTRICAL CIRCUITS WITH MESH AND NODAL ANALYSIS

2.1 INTRODUCTION

2.2 SOLUTION OF MATRIX EQUATIONS

2.3 LABORATORY PROJECT: MESH AND NODAL ANALYSIS OF ELECTRICAL CIRCUITS WITH SUPERPOSITION THEOREM

2.4 SUGGESTED PROBLEMS

REFERENCES

FURTHER READING

3 MODELING AND ANALYSIS OF ELECTRICAL CIRCUITS WITH BLOCK DIAGRAMS

3.1 INTRODUCTION

3.2 LABORATORY PROJECT: TRANSIENT RESPONSE STUDY AND LAPLACE TRANSFORM‐BASED ANALYSIS BLOCK DIAGRAM SIMULATION

3.3 COMPARISON WITH PHASOR‐BASED STEADY‐STATE ANALYSIS

3.4 FINDING THE EQUIVALENT THÈVENIN

3.5 SUGGESTED PROBLEMS

FURTHER READING

4 POWER ELECTRONICS: ELECTRICAL CIRCUIT‐ORIENTED SIMULATION

4.1 INTRODUCTION

4.2 CASE STUDY: HALF‐WAVE RECTIFIER

4.3 LABORATORY PROJECT: ELECTRICAL CIRCUIT SIMULATION USING PSIM AND SIMSCAPE POWER SYSTEMS MATLAB ANALYSIS

4.4 SUGGESTED PROBLEMS

FURTHER READING

5 DESIGNING POWER ELECTRONIC CONTROL SYSTEMS

5.1 INTRODUCTION

5.2 LABORATORY PROJECT: DESIGN OF A DC/DC BOOST CONVERTER CONTROL

5.3 DESIGN OF A TYPE III COMPENSATED ERROR AMPLIFIER

5.4 CONTROLLER DESIGN

5.5 PSIM SIMULATION STUDIES FOR THE DC/DC BOOST CONVERTER

5.6 BOOST CONVERTER: AVERAGE MODEL

5.7 FULL CIRCUIT FOR THE DC/DC BOOST CONVERTER

5.8 LABORATORY PROJECT: DESIGN OF A DISCRETE CONTROL IN MATLAB CORUNNING WITH A DC MOTOR MODEL IN SIMULINK

5.9 SUGGESTED PROBLEMS

REFERENCES

FURTHER READING

6 INSTRUMENTATION AND CONTROL INTERFACES FOR ENERGY SYSTEMS AND POWER ELECTRONICS

6.1 INTRODUCTION

6.2 PASSIVE ELECTRICAL SENSORS

6.3 ELECTRONIC INTERFACE FOR COMPUTATIONAL DATA IN POWER SYSTEMS AND INSTRUMENTATION

6.4 ANALOG AMPLIFIERS FOR DATA ACQUISITION AND POWER SYSTEM DRIVING

6.5 LABORATORY PROJECT: DESIGN A PWM CONTROLLER WITH ERROR AMPLIFIER

6.6 SUGGESTED PROBLEMS

REFERENCES

7 MODELING ELECTRICAL MACHINES

7.1 INTRODUCTION TO MODELING ELECTRICAL MACHINES

7.2 EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT OF A LINEAR INDUCTION MACHINE CONNECTED TO THE NETWORK

7.3 PSIM BLOCK OF A LINEAR IM CONNECTED TO THE DISTRIBUTION NETWORK

7.4 PSIM SATURATED IM MODEL CONNECTED TO THE DISTRIBUTION NETWORK

7.5 DOUBLY FED INDUCTION MACHINE CONNECTED TO THE DISTRIBUTION NETWORK

7.6 DC MOTOR POWERING THE SHAFT OF A SELF‐EXCITED INDUCTION GENERATOR

7.7 MODELING A PERMANENT MAGNET SYNCHRONOUS MACHINE (PMSM)

7.8 MODELING A SATURATED TRANSFORMER

7.9 LABORATORY PROJECT: TRANSIENT RESPONSE OF A SINGLE‐PHASE NONIDEAL TRANSFORMER FOR THREE TYPES OF POWER SUPPLY—SINUSOIDAL, SQUARE WAVE, AND SPWM

7.10 SUGGESTED PROBLEMS

REFERENCES

FURTHER READING

8 STAND‐ALONE AND GRID‐CONNECTED INVERTERS

8.1 INTRODUCTION

8.2 CONSTANT CURRENT CONTROL

8.3 CONSTANT P–Q CONTROL

8.4 CONSTANT P–V CONTROL

8.5 IEEE 1547 AND ASSOCIATED CONTROLS

8.6 P+RESONANT STATIONARY FRAME CONTROL

8.7 PHASE‐LOCKED LOOP (PLL) FOR GRID SYNCHRONIZATION

8.8 LABORATORY PROJECT: SIMULATION OF A GRID‐CONNECTED/STAND‐ALONE INVERTER

8.9 SUGGESTED PROBLEMS

REFERENCES

FURTHER READING

9 MODELING ALTERNATIVE SOURCES OF ENERGY

9.1 ELECTRICAL MODELING OF ALTERNATIVE POWER PLANTS

9.2 MODELING A PHOTOVOLTAIC POWER PLANT

9.3 MODELING AN INDUCTION GENERATOR (IG)

9.4 MODELING A SEIG WIND POWER PLANT

9.5 MODELING A DFIG WIND POWER PLANT

9.6 MODELING A PMSG WIND POWER PLANT

9.7 MODELING A FUEL CELL STACK

9.8 MODELING A LEAD ACID BATTERY BANK

9.9 MODELING AN INTEGRATED POWER PLANT

9.10 SUGGESTED PROBLEMS

REFERENCES

10 POWER QUALITY ANALYSIS

10.1 INTRODUCTION

10.2 FOURIER SERIES

10.3 DISCRETE FOURIER TRANSFORM FOR HARMONIC EVALUATION OF ELECTRICAL SIGNALS

10.4 ELECTRICAL POWER AND POWER FACTOR COMPUTATION FOR DISTORTED CONDITIONS

10.5 LABORATORY PROJECT: DESIGN OF A DFT‐BASED ELECTRICAL POWER EVALUATION FUNCTION IN MATLAB

10.6 SUGGESTED PROBLEMS

REFERENCES

FURTHER READING

11 FROM PSIM SIMULATION TO HARDWARE IMPLEMENTATION IN DSP

11.1 INTRODUCTION

11.2 PSIM OVERVIEW

11.3 FROM ANALOG CONTROL TO DIGITAL CONTROL

11.4 AUTOMATIC CODE GENERATION IN PSIM

11.5 PIL SIMULATION WITH PSIM

11.6 CONCLUSION

REFERENCES

FURTHER READING

12 DIGITAL PROCESSING TECHNIQUES APPLIED TO POWER ELECTRONICS

12.1 INTRODUCTION

12.2 BASIC DIGITAL PROCESSING TECHNIQUES

12.3 FUNDAMENTAL COMPONENT IDENTIFICATION

12.4 FORTESCUE’S SEQUENCE COMPONENTS IDENTIFICATION

12.5 NATURAL REFERENCE FRAME PLLS

12.6 MPPT TECHNIQUES

12.7 ISLANDING DETECTION

12.8 SUGGESTED PROBLEMS

REFERENCES

INDEX

END USER LICENSE AGREEMENT

List of Tables

Chapter 03

Table 3.1 Analog Behavior of Passive Components

Chapter 05

Table 5.1 Placement of Type III Error Amplifier Poles and Zeros

Table 5.2 Suggested Placement for Zeros and Poles of the Type III Compensator

Table 5.3 The Values of Different Parameters of the Compensator

Chapter 07

Table 7.1 The Induction Machine Parameters

Table 7.2 The Saturated Induction Machine Parameters

Table 7.3 The Saturated Magnetizing Characteristic of an IM

Table 7.4 Parameters of the DFIM

Table 7.5 Parameters of the DFIM

Table 7.6 Parameters of the SEIG

Table 7.7 Parameters of the DC Motor

Table 7.8 Parameters of the PMSG and AC Source

Table 7.9 Parameters of the Mechanical Load

Table 7.10 Parameters of Saturated Transformer, Line and Load

Table 7.11 Saturation Curve

Chapter 08

Table 8.1 Inverter Parameters

Chapter 09

Table 9.1 Parameters of the PV Cell

Table 9.2 SEIG Parameters

Table 9.3 Parameters of the DFIG

Table 9.4 Parameters of the PMSG

Table 9.5 Parameters of the Wind Turbine

Table 9.6 Typical Parameters of a Ballard Mark V Fuel Cell

Table 9.7 Parameters of the Lead Acid and Lithium‐Ion Batteries

Table 9.8 Parameters of the Integrated Power Plant

Table 9.9 Parameters of the Wind Turbine

Table 9.10 Parameters of the PMSG

Table 9.11 Parameters of the PV Panel

Table 9.12 Parameters of the Lead Acid Battery

Chapter 10

Table 10.1 Fourier Expansion for Some Typical Power Electronic Current or Voltage Waveforms

Table 10.2 Typical Mathematical Transformations for Electrical Engineering Applications

Chapter 12

Table 12.1 Integrator Methods: Discrete Equations and Transfer Functions

Table 12.2 Standard of Operation for System Islanding and Reconnecting to the Grid, GD ≤ 30 kW

List of Illustrations

Chapter 01

Figure 1.1 Electrical circuit with a voltage source and a current source.

Figure 1.2 Each integrator is associated with each state variable.

Figure 1.3 MATLAB/Simulink block diagram representing the circuit of Figure 1.1.

Figure 1.4 Laplace transform transforms function derivation for a general system.

Figure 1.5 The feedback function gives the closed‐loop transfer function for the closed‐loop state‐space model.

Figure 1.6 Half‐wave rectifier: (a) complete diode circuit, (b) equivalent model when diode is off, instead of and (c) equivalent model when diode is on.

Figure 1.7 Circuit with two capacitors connected with a switch: (a) two capacitors with initial voltages before switching and (b) two capacitors with added impulsive sources after switching to make possible total charge balance.

Figure 1.8 Impulsive voltage and current behavior: (a) boost converter, (b) voltage impulse produced by inductor, and (c) current impulse produced by capacitor.

Figure 1.9 Equivalent model of a water heater system.

Figure 1.10 Six‐pulse bridge rectifier for computer simulation (1 : 1 wye/wye).

Figure 1.11 Six‐pulse bridge rectifier for computer simulation (1 : 1 delta/wye).

Figure 1.12 Basic flyback converter.

Figure 1.13 Virtual short circuit in three‐phase systems.

Figure 1.14 Switched circuit based on RC responses.

Chapter 02

Figure 2.1 Electrical circuit for mesh and nodal analysis.

Figure 2.2 The current source with a parallel impedance can be converted into a voltage source with series impedance.

Figure 2.3 Voltage source and its current through.

Figure 2.4 Current source and its voltage across.

Figure 2.5 Equivalent circuit of a field‐effect transistor.

Figure 2.6 Equivalent circuit of an inverting operational amplifier.

Figure 2.7 Induction machine per‐phase equivalent model.

Figure 2.8 Photovoltaic cell equivalent model.

Figure 2.9 FET equivalent model.

Figure 2.10 Thyristor cut‐in voltage.

Chapter 03

Figure 3.1 Laplace transform‐based circuit analysis.

Figure 3.2 Block diagram for electrical circuit of Figure 3.1.

Figure 3.3 Simulink workspace diagram for electrical circuit of Figure 3.1.

Figure 3.4 Voltage and current of current source.

Figure 3.5 Voltage and current of the voltage source.

Figure 3.6 Voltage and current of the voltage source with changing direction of the current source.

Figure 3.7 Voltage and current of the current source with changing direction of the current source.

Figure 3.8 Equivalent Thévenin across

R

3

was found via a simulation‐based study of the system block diagram in Simulink.

Figure 3.9 Series resonant (trap filter) circuit.

Figure 3.10 Model of a short transmission line with two synchronous generators.

Figure 3.11 Hybrid model of a bipolar junction transistor (BJT).

Chapter 04

Figure 4.1 Half‐wave rectifier connected to an AC power source.

Figure 4.2 PSIM circuit simulation for a half‐wave ideal rectifier.

Figure 4.3 Output results for circuit of Figure 4.2; (a) secondary‐side voltage, (b) load voltage across the resistor.

Figure 4.4 Half‐wave rectifier input and output.

Figure 4.5 DC value of the load voltage across the resistor.

Figure 4.6 RMS value of the load voltage across the resistor.

Figure 4.7 Electrical circuit for PSIM and SimPowerSystems simulation (current source with third and fifth harmonics).

Figure 4.8 Electrical circuit in PSIM.

Figure 4.9 Power factor calculation for voltage source by PSIM.

Figure 4.10 Power factor calculation for current source by PSIM.

Figure 4.11 Electrical circuit in SimPowerSystem.

Figure 4.12 Current and voltage of voltage source.

Figure 4.13 Current and voltage of current source.

Figure 4.14 Electrical circuit with current source and harmonic distortion (with added third and fifth harmonics) in PSIM.

Figure 4.15 Power factor calculation for current source by PSIM.

Figure 4.16 Power factor calculation for voltage source by PSIM.

Figure 4.17 Current source circuit with third and fifth harmonic distortion in Simscape Power Systems.

Figure 4.18 Current and voltage of voltage source.

Figure 4.19 Current and voltage of current source.

Figure 4.20 Class B push–pull amplifier.

Figure 4.21 A star–star saturable transformer connected to a diode rectifier.

Figure 4.22 Saturated transformer feeding a RL load.

Figure 4.23 Semicontrolled rectifier.

Chapter 05

Figure 5.1 Closed‐loop feedback control system.

Figure 5.2 Control system design methodology.

Figure 5.3 A regular boost converter considering the equivalent series resistance (ESR) of the capacitor.

Figure 5.4 Boost converter when the switch is ON.

Figure 5.5 Boost converter when the switch is OFF.

Figure 5.6 Controller frequency response. (a) Type III compensated error amplifier; (b) Bode magnitude plot.

Figure 5.7 Bode plot of the converter without controller.

Figure 5.8 Bode diagrams of boost converter with and without controller. The Type III compensator bode diagram is also plotted.

Figure 5.9 Boost converter in open loop.

Figure 5.10 Output voltage without changing input and without controller.

Figure 5.11 Output voltage when the input increases at 0.6 s and without controller.

Figure 5.12 Circuit diagram for a boost converter with controller.

Figure 5.13 Output voltage without changing in input and load with controller.

Figure 5.14 Output voltage when input voltage increases from 80 to 96 at 0.6 s (boost converter with controller).

Figure 5.15 Output voltage when input voltage decreases from 96 to 80 V at 0.6 s (boost converter with controller).

Figure 5.16 Output voltage with decreasing

R

L

from 300 to 150 Ω at 0.8 s and with controller (

V

in

 = 80 V).

Figure 5.17 Output voltage with decreasing

R

L

from 150 to 300 Ω at 0.8 s.

Figure 5.18 Boost converter with full switching circuit.

Figure 5.19 Output voltage when input voltage increases from 80 to 96 V at 0.6 s (boost converter with controller).

Figure 5.20 Output voltage when input voltage decreases from 96 to 80 V at 0.6 s (boost converter with controller).

Figure 5.21 Output voltage with decreasing

R

L

from 300 to 150 Ω at 0.8 s and with controller (

V

in

is 80 V).

Figure 5.22 Output voltage with decreasing

R

L

from 150 to 300 Ω at 0.8 s.

Figure 5.23 Output voltage with decreasing

R

L

from 150 to 300 Ω at 0.7 s and increasing input voltage from 80 to 96 V at 0.6 s.

Figure 5.24 DC motor Simulink model.

Figure 5.25 Electrical torque, load torque, armature current, armature voltage, and shaft angular speed.

Figure 5.26 Typical low‐pass filter circuits used in closing the loop of systems.

Figure 5.27 Mechanical systems: (a) translational, (b) rotational, (c) spring‐mass system.

Figure 5.28 Mechanical systems and its equivalent electrical circuit model.

Figure 5.29 Three‐phase SPWM voltage source inverter for a three‐phase RL load.

Chapter 06

Figure 6.1 Basic elements of an instrumentation chain.

Figure 6.2 A potentiometer as sensor.

Figure 6.3 Capacitive displacement sensor.

Figure 6.4 Insertion capacitive sensor.

Figure 6.5 Rotational‐based capacitive sensor.

Figure 6.6 Cylindrical capacitive sensor.

Figure 6.7 Reluctance sensor.

Figure 6.8 Level detector circuits for voltages equal and different from zero. (a) Detector of voltage zero crossing, (b) clipped detector of voltage zero crossing, (c) original circuit, and (d) PSIM version.

Figure 6.9 Standard instrumentation amplifier.

Figure 6.10 Optically isolated amplifier.

Figure 6.11 Single‐input V–I converter with floating load.

Figure 6.12 Schmitt trigger comparator.

Figure 6.13 Example of VCO (or VFC).

Figure 6.14 Phase‐shift amplifier.

Figure 6.15 Precision diode (gain one).

Figure 6.16 Peak detector.

Figure 6.17 Half‐wave precision rectifier (with nonunitary gain).

Figure 6.18 Full‐wave precision rectifier with two op‐amps.

Figure 6.19 Full‐wave precision rectifier with only one op‐amp.

Figure 6.20 Star‐delta equivalent circuits.

Figure 6.21 Star‐delta equivalent circuits in operational amplifiers.

Figure 6.22 Class B feedback push–pull amplifier.

Figure 6.23 PSIM simulation of a triangular/square‐wave generator.

Figure 6.24 Simplified PSIM simulation of an analog sinusoidal pulse width modulation.

Figure 6.25 Triangular waveform of a simplified square‐wave generator.

Figure 6.26 Symmetrical square‐wave generator and their error integration.

Figure 6.27 Output of an analog sinusoidal pulse width modulation (SPWM).

Figure 6.28 Equivalent model of an op‐amp easy to implement in any circuit simulator: (a) the operational amplifier and (b) the use of a voltage‐controlled source with a very high gain of the two input terminals.

Figure 6.29 Proportional–integral amplifier.

Figure 6.30 Error and actuator voltages of a proportional–integral amplifier.

Figure 6.31 Two‐input adder.

Figure 6.32 Voltage divider with a boost amplifier.

Figure 6.33 Inverting two‐input adder with offset and drift error compensation.

Figure 6.34 High‐gain amplifier with low‐value resistors.

Figure 6.35 Amplifier with a first‐order filter.

Figure 6.36 PI loop with a PWM controller for commanding a current in an RL circuit. (a) Block diagram, (b) power output with push–pull transistors, and (c) PI analog controller with PWM.

Chapter 07

Figure 7.1 Per‐phase equivalent circuit of an induction machine working as motor/generator.

Figure 7.2 Simulation results of the IM with parameters listed in Table 7.2.

Figure 7.3 A linear induction machine directly fed from the public network.

Figure 7.4 Linear IM output voltage connected to the distribution network.

Figure 7.5 Characteristics

of a linear IM.

Figure 7.6 Saturated induction machine directly fed from the public network.

Figure 7.7 Output voltage of a saturated IM connected to the distribution network.

Figure 7.8 Characteristics

for a saturated IM.

Figure 7.9 DFIM connected to the distribution network.

Figure 7.10 Output voltage of a DFIM connected to distribution network.

Figure 7.11 Per‐phase model of a DFIM connected to the distribution network.

Figure 7.12 Output phase voltage of a DFIM connected to a distribution network.

Figure 7.13 DC motor driving a loaded SEIG.

Figure 7.14 SEIG output voltage driven by a DC motor.

Figure 7.15 PMSG wind turbine controller with maximum power optimization and a back‐to‐back double‐PWM grid‐connected inverter with storage/load management.

Figure 7.16 PMSM connected to a mechanical load.

Figure 7.17 Voltage and rpm of a PMSM connected to a mechanical load.

Figure 7.18 Model of a saturated

Y

–Δ transformer connected to the grid.

Figure 7.19 Output voltage and current of a

Y

–Δ transformer connected to the grid.

Figure 7.20 Equivalent circuit of a single‐phase transformer indicating the magnetic fluxes.

Figure 7.21 Model of a single‐phase transformer feeding a resistive load.

Figure 7.22 Simulink‐based modeling of a single‐phase transformer.

Figure 7.23 Input primary current, output secondary current, and magnetizing current.

Figure 7.24 Evaluating power factor.

Figure 7.25 Primary and secondary voltages (exactly in phase).

Figure 7.26 Primary, secondary, and magnetizing currents.

Figure 7.27 Simulink model for square‐wave excitation.

Figure 7.28 Primary and secondary voltages for square‐wave supply.

Figure 7.29 Primary, secondary, and magnetizing currents.

Figure 7.30 Single‐phase split DC‐link transistor converter for a transient modeling of a transformer.

Figure 7.31 SPWM three‐phase transformer dynamic modeling.

Figure 7.32 Primary and secondary voltages on a long time span (15 s).

Figure 7.33 Primary and secondary voltages (detailed for a few cycles).

Figure 7.34 Primary, secondary, and magnetizing currents on a long time span (15 s).

Figure 7.35 Primary, secondary, and magnetizing currents (detailed for a few cycles).

Chapter 08

Figure 8.1 Typical voltage source inverter (VSI) connected to the utility grid.

Figure 8.2 Power Systems Toolbox‐based Simulink model of a grid‐tied PV system.

Figure 8.3 Stationary and reference frame for grid variables.

Figure 8.4 Current‐controlled PWM inverter with

d–q

decoupled reference frame with PLL grid synchronization.

Figure 8.5 Constant P–Q control technique.

Figure 8.6 Constant P–V control technique.

Figure 8.7 Multifunctional inverter. (a) Current control Simulink block diagram and (b) voltage control Simulink block diagram.

Figure 8.8 Active power injection, showing voltage and current on the grid side in grid‐connected mode.

Figure 8.9 Stand‐alone operation, showing voltage and current on the inverter side in islanded conditions.

Figure 8.10 P+resonant approach. (a) Stationary reference frame control and (b) details of controller with resonating term.

Figure 8.11 α–β stationary frame controller with P+resonant control in

s

‐domain.

Figure 8.12 A PLL with

dq–αβ

transformation.

Figure 8.13 Control of the grid‐connected inverter.

Figure 8.14 Simplified current control loop.

Figure 8.15 Grid‐connected photovoltaic power system with control system.

Figure 8.16 Boost converter in PSIM.

Figure 8.17 Implemented type III controller for boost converter in PSIM.

Figure 8.18 Grid‐connected PV system in PSIM.

Figure 8.19 Implemented circuit for multiplex controller in PSIM for transition of grid‐connected to islanded modes.

Figure 8.20 Sinusoidal pulse width modulator in PSIM and modulating signals.

Figure 8.21 Reference and actual values for active power.

Figure 8.22 Reference and actual values for active power.

Figure 8.23 DC link voltage.

Figure 8.24 The voltage at the PCC.

Figure 8.25 Inverter current response for connection and disconnection from the grid. (a) Output current of inverter in a long time span, (b) output current of inverter when it goes from grid connected to islanding at

t

 = 0.7 s, and (c) output current of inverter when it goes from islanding to grid connected at

t

 = 1 s.

Chapter 09

Figure 9.1 One‐diode model for a photovoltaic (PV) cell.

Figure 9.2 PSIM one‐diode model for a photovoltaic cell.

Figure 9.3 Power and voltage characteristics for a single PV cell.

Figure 9.4 Per‐phase model of an induction generator connected to grid.

Figure 9.5 Simulation results of the SEIG described with parameters of Table 9.2.

Figure 9.6 A SEIG‐based wind power plant.

Figure 9.7 Self‐excitation output voltage of a SEIG connected to a wind turbine.

Figure 9.8 DFIG‐based wind power plant.

Figure 9.9 Rotor voltage and stator current for the DFIG system.

Figure 9.10 A PMSG wind power plant.

Figure 9.11 Start‐up output voltage and current of a PMSG connected to a wind turbine.

Figure 9.12 Electrochemical equivalent circuit of a PEMFC.

Figure 9.13 Model of a PEMFC in PSIM.

Figure 9.14 Subcircuit of the nonlinear resistance

R

a

.

Figure 9.15 Battery model for a time‐varying voltage.

Figure 9.16 The SOC curve and the threshold points used in the decision algorithm.

Figure 9.17 Third‐order model of lead acid batteries.

Figure 9.18 An integrated power plant.

Figure 9.19 Subcircuit of the wind power generator.

Figure 9.20 Wind power generator control.

Figure 9.21 Subcircuit of the PV power generator.

Figure 9.22 Control scheme of the PV power generator.

Figure 9.23 Subcircuit of a simple battery energy storage.

Figure 9.24 Control scheme of the battery energy storage.

Figure 9.25 Control scheme of the load voltage.

Figure 9.26 Currents through the primary and secondary loads.

Chapter 10

Figure 10.1 Voltage quality issues.

Figure 10.2 Voltage variations duration and corresponding effects on power systems.

Figure 10.3 Current quality issues.

Figure 10.4 Quality of the square‐wave representation by Fourier components.

Figure 10.5 Waveform analysis: (a) square‐wave signal and (b) their power spectrum.

Figure 10.6 Algorithm for folding the FFT toward the harmonic analysis spectrum.

Figure 10.7 Time‐domain samples of (a) an input waveform with (b) their calculated frequency spectrum.

Figure 10.8

P

 × 

S

 × THD, true apparent power increases with harmonics.

Figure 10.9 A three‐phase rectifier implemented in PSIM.

Figure 10.10 Current and voltage waveforms for a three‐phase rectifier in PSIM.

Figure 10.11 PSIM calculations: (a) power factor for a three‐phase rectifier and waveform plot for phase, (b) harmonic measurements, and (c) THD of current.

Figure 10.12 Plot of current harmonic phase shift (in degrees) (

y

‐axis) versus frequency (

x

‐axis) for the

fft

analysis.

Figure 10.13 Plot of current harmonic amplitude (

y

‐axis) versus frequency (

x

‐axis) for the

fft

analysis.

Figure 10.14 Plot of phase shift of voltage harmonic in degrees (

y

‐axis) versus frequency (

x

‐axis).

Figure 10.15 Plot of voltage harmonic amplitude (

y

‐axis) versus frequency (

x

‐axis) of the voltage amplitude vector, depicting the fundamental where all the other calculated harmonics are nearly zero in the

fft

analysis.

Figure 10.16 Single‐phase rectifier with a battery connected.

Figure 10.17 Three‐phase rectifier with grid inductance: (a) phase voltage, (b) line current.

Figure 10.18 Power system circuit topology for power quality improvement with passive filters.

Figure 10.19 THD estimator using a feedforward filter.

Chapter 11

Figure 11.1 Circuit representation in PSIM.

Figure 11.2 Grid‐link inverter system in analog control.

Figure 11.3 System controllers: (a) operational amplifier Type‐3 for the boost controller and (b) analog‐based three‐phase inverter controller.

Figure 11.4 PSIM simulation waveforms of (a) DC bus voltage,(b) three‐phase currents flowing into the grid, (c) active power and reference, and (d) reactive power and reference.

Figure 11.5 Grid‐link inverter system with the inverter controller in digital control: (a) main system and (b) inverter digital controller.

Figure 11.6 The s2z Converter to convert analog controllers to digital controllers.

Figure 11.7 F2833x Target library in PSIM.

Figure 11.8 Test circuit for the A/D converter.

Figure 11.9 Test circuit for the PWM generator.

Figure 11.10 Test circuit for the PWM generator.

Figure 11.11 Setting in Simulation Control for automatic code generation.

Figure 11.12 Definition of the A/D converter.

Figure 11.13 Definition of the PWM generator.

Figure 11.14 DSP Oscilloscope for real‐time monitoring and debugging.

Figure 11.15 Grid‐link inverter system with automatic code generation for F28335 DSP.

Figure 11.16 Inverter controller for automatic code generation.

Figure 11.17 Grid‐link inverter system with PIL simulation.

Figure 11.18 DSP code: (a) the original DSP code and (b) the code after the change for PIL simulation.

Figure 11.19 Definition of the PIL block.

Chapter 12

Figure 12.1 Trapezoidal integrator method implemented in PSIM.

Figure 12.2 Sinusoidal input signal and integrated output signals (overlapped).

Figure 12.3 Linear buffer (a) and circular buffer (b) for moving average filters.

Figure 12.4 Discrete‐time realization of a MAF.

Figure 12.5 Unbiased time integral implemented in PSIM.

Figure 12.6 Sinusoidal input signal and its unbiased time integral (multiplied by

w

).

Figure 12.7 Comparison among the RMS implementation methods in PSIM.

Figure 12.8 RMS signals.

Figure 12.9 Electrical circuit for active current calculation.

Figure 12.10 Concept of signal decomposition into fundamental and residual components (dual approaches). (a) Identification of fundamental component, (b) elimination of fundamental component.

Figure 12.11 Frequency response of a 60 Hz notch filter.

Figure 12.12 Frequency response of a FIR filter tuned at 60, 180, and 300 Hz.

Figure 12.13 THD algorithm by means of IIR filter implemented in PSIM.

Figure 12.14 Implemented THD signal response.

Figure 12.15 Balanced system of positive sequence and corresponding phasors.

Figure 12.16 Balanced system of negative sequence and corresponding phasors.

Figure 12.17 Balanced system of negative sequence, considering the direction of the positive sequence.

Figure 12.18 Balanced system of zero‐sequence components.

Figure 12.19 The three subsystems of zero, positive, and negative sequence.

Figure 12.20 SCI algorithm by means of IIR filter implemented in PSIM.

Figure 12.21 Unbalanced signals and corresponding unbalance factors.

Figure 12.22 Block diagram of the single‐phase PLL structure.

Figure 12.23 Block diagram of the simplified PLL control loop.

Figure 12.24 Block diagram of the three‐phase PLL structure.

Figure 12.25 Single‐phase PLL implemented by standard analogue PSIM blocks and using C code.

Figure 12.26 Performance of two different PLLs for tracking a distorted input signal and considering a phase jump at

t

 = 0.3 s. Top: input signal and PLLs in phase output signals; bottom: estimated fundamental frequencies.

Figure 12.27 Block diagram of the FWD based on PLL.

Figure 12.28 Single‐phase PLL and FWD implemented in PSIM.

Figure 12.29 Input signal and in phase PLL’s output (unitary signal multiplied by base value).

Figure 12.30 Voltage–current curves for solar cells: (a) I–V characteristic curve and (b) P–V characteristic curve of a typical PV solar cell.

Figure 12.31 Occurrence of multiple peaks caused by shading on a PV solar system.

Figure 12.32 Typical association of MPPT algorithm with DC–DC converter in a PV power system.

Figure 12.33 Flowchart of perturb and observe (P&O) algorithm applied to PV current.

Figure 12.34 Flowchart of incremental conductance (IC) algorithm applied to PV current.

Figure 12.35 Beta technique with DC–DC converter in a PV power system.

Figure 12.36 CI technique algorithm implemented in PSIM.

Figure 12.37 From top to bottom: solar radiation, PV current reference, and PV output power.

Figure 12.38 Islanding and reconnecting subsystem based on the IEEE Std. 1547. (a) DG measurement with trigger signal for commanding and islanding switch, (b) PLL measurements of grid voltage, frequency and phase for commanding islanding and reconnection.

Figure 12.39 Islanding detection algorithm implemented in PSIM.

Figure 12.40 Instantaneous and RMS voltages of grid and DG sides during voltage reduction.

Figure 12.41 Results using the passive islanding detection: adjustable time delays and output trigger signals.

Figure 12.42 Block diagram of a PI controller with anti‐windup limitation.

Figure 12.43 Fundamental positive‐sequence detector.

Guide

Cover

Table of Contents

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MODELING POWER ELECTRONICS AND INTERFACING ENERGY CONVERSION SYSTEMS

M. GODOY SIMÕESFELIX A. FARRET

Copyright © 2016 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved

Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New JerseyPublished simultaneously in Canada

No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning, or otherwise, except as permitted under Section 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without either the prior written permission of the Publisher, or authorization through payment of the appropriate per‐copy fee to the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc., 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, (978) 750‐8400, fax (978) 750‐4470, or on the web at www.copyright.com. Requests to the Publisher for permission should be addressed to the Permissions Department, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, (201) 748‐6011, fax (201) 748‐6008, or online at http://www.wiley.com/go/permissions.

Limit of Liability/Disclaimer of Warranty: While the publisher and author have used their best efforts in preparing this book, they make no representations or warranties with respect to the accuracy or completeness of the contents of this book and specifically disclaim any implied warranties of merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose. No warranty may be created or extended by sales representatives or written sales materials. The advice and strategies contained herein may not be suitable for your situation. You should consult with a professional where appropriate. Neither the publisher nor author shall be liable for any loss of profit or any other commercial damages, including but not limited to special, incidental, consequential, or other damages.

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Library of Congress Cataloging‐in‐Publication Data:

Names: Simões, M. Godoy, editor. | Farret, Felix A., editor.Title: Modeling power electronics and interfacing energy conversion systems / edited by Marcelo G. Simões, Felix A. Farret.Description: Hoboken, New Jersey : John Wiley & Sons, 2016. | Includes bibliographical references and index.Identifiers: LCCN 2016026094 | ISBN 9781119058267 (cloth) | ISBN 9781119058472 (epub)Subjects: LCSH: Power electronics–Mathematical models. | Energy conversion–Mathematical models.Classification: LCC TK7881.15 .M58 2016 | DDC 621.31/7–dc23LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2016026094

FOREWORD

This book is an excellent support to a computer‐based course for power electronics, power systems, and alternative energy. All of which are extremely important topics nowadays in electrical engineering. Students and practicing engineers with basic knowledge of transient analysis of electric circuits, energy conversion (electric machinery and transformers), and fundamentals of power electronics or power systems can also benefit by studying this book. The chapters follow a progressive complexity. Every chapter has a brief introduction on the background for the particular content in that chapter; some simple problems are solved; a comprehensive laboratory project is discussed with materials and simulation files available for the reader through a Google Group; and suggested problems can be further developed by instructors, which will enhance the understanding of the chapter topics.

The authors seem to have extensive experience in modeling, simulation, and integration of power electronics in very diverse applications, from circuits to power systems; from machines to generators and turbines; and from renewable energy based on wind, photovoltaics (PVs), hydropower, fuel cells, and geothermal to smart‐grid applications. Their expertise made possible the innovative presentation of the advanced topics in the book, from the background knowledge of electric circuits, control of DC/DC converters and inverters, energy conversion, and power electronics. The book prepares readers in applying numerical, analytical, and computational methods for multi‐domain simulation of energy systems and power electronics engineering problems.

The sequence in the book starts from an introduction to electrical engineering simulation with analysis of electrical circuits, developing modeling of electrical circuits with linear algebra, block diagrams and circuit analysis, and giving hands‐on computational experience for the transient response by Laplace transform‐based methodologies. Power electronics circuits are modeled based on electrical circuits and on block diagrams, with examples using PSIM, Matlab®, Matlab/Simulink® and Matlab/Power Systems Toolbox, which has been recently renamed to Simscape Power Systems (and it was before called as SimPowerSystems). Practical implementation of control systems will show students and engineers how to use a computer‐oriented approach to design a feedback control for DC/DC converters, DC motors, and stand‐alone/grid‐connected inverters for wind turbines and PV applications.

The book presents an interesting approach on instrumentation and sensor circuits and systems, with examples using PSIM‐based simulations. I enjoyed reading the chapter on modeling electrical machines using equivalent circuits with examples of doubly fed induction machines (DFIMs), self‐excited induction generators (SEIGs), permanent magnet synchronous machines and a Simulink‐based study on transient modeling of single‐phase nonideal transformers with distorted sources. I also appreciated their coverage of modeling alternative sources of energy with several examples of typical plants, such as PV, IG, SEIG, doubly fed induction generator (DFIG), permanent magnet synchronous generator (PMSG), fuel cells, lead acid battery storage, and a case study on modeling an integrated power plant with detailed suggested problems alternative sources of energy. The authors have three complex topics, very well organized in stand‐alone and grid‐connected inverters with their typical control schemes, discussion of IEEE 1547, PI‐resonant control, phase‐locked‐loop (PLL) for synchronization, with a detailed laboratory project with a comprehensive simulation of a grid‐connected/stand‐alone inverter.

There is a very authoritative discussion in how to convert PSIM‐based simulations in TI‐DSP‐based hardware co‐simulation. The authors gave an in‐depth presentation of power quality, Fourier Series, and design of power quality‐based scripts for evaluation and designing filters for power systems using discrete Fourier transform (DFT) and Matlab with a very interesting chapter on digital processing techniques applied to power electronics, with several DSP techniques, filters, total harmonic distortion (THD) calculation, single‐ and three‐phase PLLs, and maximum power point tracking (MPPT) techniques with a laboratory project in islanding detection based on IEEE 1547.

The book can be used after an introductory course on power electronics, but it might also be used in a one‐semester course with intensive lectures plus laboratory. All the problems, projects, and topics can also be implemented in other computational environments. The theory and methodology presented in the chapters can be easily adapted for other simulation software packages, such as Modelica, PLECS, CASPOC, Simplorer, Saber, Mathematica, or Maple.

I believe that the approach in the book is very innovative. There is no other book available in the market that covers such multi‐universe of multi‐domain analysis for understanding the computational modeling and analysis of the multidisciplinary topics relevant to power electronics. The book is very modern, and it should be adopted by instructors looking to a new way to teach those advanced concepts.

Dr. Bimal K. BoseEmeritus Chair ProfessorDepartment of EECSUniversity of Tennessee, Knoxville

PREFACE

The book started a few years ago when one of us (M. Godoy Simões) was discussing with Prof. B.K. Bose about the need for an integrated companion textbook for analysis and simulation studies in power electronics, power systems, power quality and renewable energy systems, which is typically a very diverse universe. Our approach could contemplate in just one book the most useful techniques in teaching computational and modeling techniques for those topics. Nowadays, students must be trained and have a multidisciplinary understanding to work in advanced power electronics, and learn to integrate power systems with power electronics, electromechanical systems with energy conversion, thermal systems, signal processing, control systems, advanced real‐time hardware, DSP, signal processing, mechatronics, renewable energy, and smart‐grid applications. Prof. Bose was a great inspiration to us. He strongly motivated us to work in this project.

Both of us decided to cover in this first edition the foundation of topics that are relevant for a computer‐based course for students who have some basic knowledge of power systems and/or power electronics, on modeling power electronics, and interfacing energy conversion systems. Both of us have a solid experience in simulation on practical and theoretical power electronics and energy systems. We have intensive laboratory projects, using Matlab®, Simulink®, Power Systems Toolbox, and PSIM, but the problems can be solved in other simulation environments as well. Chapters 11 and 12 were written by our colleagues who are experts on specific subjects, such as hardware‐in‐the‐loop simulation using PSIM, and applications of digital processing techniques.

The book can support a computer‐based laboratory for power electronics, power systems, and alternative energy, as well as serve as a self‐study material for readers with background in electrical power who wants to understand how to apply mathematical and engineering tools for modeling, simulation, and control design for energy systems and power electronics. The sequence of chapters follows a progressive complexity, serving as a point of departure for other more complex and detailed power electronics and electrical systems projects. Nevertheless, it is possible to change the order or skip material in order to customize a sequence that fits a combination of the fundamental topics (power electronics, power systems, and renewable energy).

The book was written based on problem‐based learning strategies, with a few more complex chapters with project‐based learning methodologies. Each chapter has a brief introduction on the theoretical background, a description of the problems to be solved, and objectives to be achieved. Block diagrams, electrical circuits, mathematical analysis, or computer code are discussed with very didactical background lines. Computer solutions for the laboratory projects are discussed, and the simulation files are available for readers who register with the Google Group: Power Electronics Interfacing Energy Conversion Systems, the email address is power‐electronics‐interfacing‐energy‐conversion‐[email protected]. After your registration, you will receive information on how to access the simulation files; the Google Group can also be used to communicate among registered readers of the book.

We build the concepts in the book on the background knowledge of electric circuits, control of DC/DC converters and inverters, energy conversion, and power electronics preparing readers in applying the computational methods for multi‐domain simulation of energy systems and power electronics engineering problems. The book can be used for a laboratory with lectures on mathematical analysis and theoretical understanding of several relevant electrical energy conversion systems modeling issues plus laboratory experience in simulation implementation through specific software platforms typically used by industries and research institutions, such as Matlab/Simulink, Power Systems Toolbox, and PSIM, but other computational environments could be used, such as PLECS, CASPOC, Simplorer, Mathematica, and MapleSim.

Chapter 1 gives an introduction to electrical engineering simulation, Chapter 2 covers analysis of electrical circuits with mesh and nodal analysis, and Chapter 3 develops modeling and analysis of electrical circuits with block diagrams, with a laboratory project on the transient response study of Laplace transform‐based block diagram systems. Introduction to power electronics is covered in Chapter 4, where an electrical circuit simulation is developed using PSIM and Power Systems Toolbox from Matlab, with Matlab analysis. An in‐depth coverage of designing power electronics control systems is made in Chapter 5, with discussions of two projects, how to design a DC/DC boost converter and derive their small signal and transfer function with control implementation plus the study of a discrete control system in Matlab and Simulink of a PI‐controlled DC motor drive. Chapter 6 covers detailed instrumentation and sensor circuits and systems, with examples of PSIM‐based studies; those circuits can also be implemented in electronics‐oriented simulators such as NI/MultiSim, Saber, or Matlab/Simscape. Chapter 7 introduces modeling of electrical machines using equivalent circuits, considering satured magnetic core, with examples of DFIG and DFIM, SEIGs, permanent magnet synchronous machines, and a Simulink‐based study on transient modeling of a single‐phase nonideal transformers with distorted sources. Chapter 8