Multi-Storey Precast Concrete Framed Structures E-Book

Kim S. Elliott

• Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
• Kategorie: Wissenschaft und neue Technologien
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 1057

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2013

Beschreibung

Precast reinforced and prestressed concrete frames provide a high strength, stable, durable and robust solution for any multi-storey structure, and are widely regarded as a high quality, economic and architecturally versatile technology for the construction of multi-storey buildings. The resulting buildings satisfy a wide range of commercial and industrial needs. Precast concrete buildings behave in a different way to those where the concrete is cast in-situ, with the components subject to different forces and movements. These factors are explored in detail in the second edition of Multi-Storey Precast Concrete Framed Structures, providing a detailed understanding of the procedures involved in precast structural design. This new edition has been fully updated to reflect recent developments, and includes many structural calculations based on EUROCODE standards. These are shown in parallel with similar calculations based on British Standards to ensure the designer is fully aware of the differences required in designing to EUROCODE standards.

Civil and structural engineers as well as final year undergraduate and postgraduate students of civil and structural engineering will all find this book to be thorough overview of this important construction technology.

Leseprobe

Table of Contents

Title page

Copyright page

Preface

Notation

CHAPTER 1 Precast Concepts, History and Design Philosophy

1.1 A Historical Note on the Development of Precast Frames

1.2 The Scope for Prefabricated Buildings

1.3 Current Attitudes towards Precast Concrete Structures

1.4 Recent Trends in Design, and a New Definition for Precast Concrete

1.5 Precast Superstructure Simply Explained

1.6 Precast Design Concepts

CHAPTER 2 Procurement and Documentation

2.1 Initial Considerations for the Design Team

2.2 Design Procurement

2.3 Construction Matters

2.4 Codes of Practice, Design Manuals, Textbooks and Technical Literature

2.5 Definitions

CHAPTER 3 Architectural and Framing Considerations

3.1 Frame and Component Selection

3.2 Component Selection

3.3 Special Features

3.4 Balconies

CHAPTER 4 Design of Skeletal Structures

4.1 Basis for the Design

4.2 Materials

4.3 Structural Design

4.4 Columns Subjected to Gravity Loads

4.5 Staircases

CHAPTER 5 Design of Precast Floors Used in Precast Frames

5.1 Flooring Options

5.2 Hollow-core Slabs

5.3 Double-Tee Slabs

5.4 Composite Plank Floor

5.5 Precast Beam-and-Plank Flooring

5.6 Design Calculations

CHAPTER 6 Composite Construction

6.1 Introduction

6.2 Texture of Precast Concrete Surfaces

6.3 Calculation of Stresses at the Interface

6.4 Losses and Differential Shrinkage Effects

6.5 Composite Floors

6.6 Economic Comparison of Composite and Non-composite Hollow-core Floors

6.7 Composite Beams

CHAPTER 7 Design of Connections and Joints

7.1 Development of Connections

7.2 Design Brief

7.3 Joints and Connections

7.4 Criteria for Joints and Connections

7.5 Types of Joint

7.6 Bearings and Bearing Stresses

7.7 Connections

7.8 Design of Specific Connections in Skeletal Frames

7.9 Beam-to-Column and Beam-to-Wall Connections

7.10 Column Insert Design

7.11 Connections to Columns on Concrete Ledges

7.12 Beam-to-Beam Connections

7.13 Column Splices

7.14 Column Base Connections

CHAPTER 8 Designing for Horizontal Load

8.1 Introduction

8.2 Distribution of Horizontal Load

8.3 Horizontal Diaphragm Action in Precast Concrete Floors without Structural Toppings

8.4 Diaphragm Action in Composite Floors with Structural Toppings

8.5 Horizontal Forces due to Volumetric Changes in Precast Concrete

8.6 Vertical Load Transfer

8.7 Methods of Bracing Structures

CHAPTER 9 Structural Integrity and the Design for Accidental Loading

9.1 Precast Frame Integrity – The Vital Issue

9.2 Ductile Frame Design

9.3 Background to the Present Requirements

9.4 Categorisation of Buildings

9.5 The Fully Tied Solution

9.6 Catenary Systems in Precast Construction

CHAPTER 10 Site Practice and Temporary Stability

10.1 The Effects of Construction Techniques on Design

10.2 Designing for Pitching and Lifting

10.3 Temporary Frame Stability

10.4 On-Site Connections

10.5 Erection Procedure

10.6 In situ Concrete

10.7 Handover

References

Index

This edition first published 2013

© 2013 Kim S. Elliott and Colin K. Jolly

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Elliott, Kim S., author.

 Multi-storey precast concrete framed structures / Kim S. Elliott, BTech, PhD, CEng, MICE, Colin K. Jolly, MSc, PhD, CEng, MICE, FIStructE. – [Second edition].

pages cm

 Includes bibliographical references and index.

 ISBN 978-1-4051-0614-6 (hardback : alk. paper) 1. Precast concrete construction. 2. Tall buildings–Design and construction. I. Title.

 TH1498.E43 2013

 693'.522–dc23

2012031585

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.

Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats. Some content that appears in print may not be available in electronic books.

Cover design by Andy Magee

Cover photo shows the North Galaxy Towers, Brussels (courtesy of Kim Elliott)

Permission to reproduce extracts from British Standards is granted by BSI. British Standards can be obtained in PDF or hard copy formats from the BSI online shop: www.bsigroup.com/Shop or by contacting BSI Customer Services for hardcopies only: Tel: [phone], Email: [email protected].

Preface

Of all the major forms of multi-storey building construction, structural precast concrete is perhaps understood by the fewest practitioners. This is a significant ‘blind spot’ in that part of the building profession associated with the design and construction of large or small multi-storey precast and prestressed concrete frames. This is due mainly to two particular factors:

The notion of using a modular form of construction, such as precast concrete, is not widely taught at undergraduate level because it is thought of as being too restrictive in the wider application of theory and design instruction.

Precast concrete design is usually carried out in-house by the small number of specialist engineers employed by the precast manufacturing companies.

Consequently, the trainee structural designer is rarely exposed to the virtues of using precast concrete in this way. Opportunities to study the basic concepts adopted in the design, manufacturing and site erection stages are not often made available to the vast majority of trainees.

Even where precast concrete is accepted as a viable alternative form of construction to e.g. steelwork for medium to high-rise structures, or to insitu concrete for some of the more complex shaped buildings, or to masonry for low-rise work, it is often considered only at a late stage in the planning process. In these situations, precast concrete is then often restricted to the substitution of components carrying their own locally-induced stresses. The economic advantage of the precast components also carrying global stresses is lost in the urgency to commence construction. Indeed, precast component design has long been considered as having a secondary role to the main structural work. Only more recently have precast designers been challenged to validate the fundamental principles they are using, and to give clients confidence in precast concrete design solutions for entire structures.

To meet ever-increasing building specifications, precast manufacturing companies have considerably refined the design of their product. They have formed highly effective product associations dealing with not only the marketing and manufacturing of the product, but also with technical matters. These include common design solutions, research initiatives, education, unified design approaches, and, importantly, the encouragement of a wider appreciation of precast structures in the professional design office. Even so, the structural and architectural complexity of some of the more recent precast frames has widened the gap between precast designers and the rest of the profession. The latter have limited sources for guidance on how the former are working. Satisfying codes of practice and the building regulations plays only a minor role in the total package; there is so much more, as this book shows.

Nowadays, the use of precast reinforced and prestressed concrete for multi-storey framed buildings is widely regarded as an economic, structurally sound and architecturally versatile building method. Design concepts have evolved to satisfy a wide range of commercial and industrial building needs. ‘Precast concrete frames’ is a term which is now synonymous with high quality, strength, stability, durability and robustness. Design is carried out to the highest standard of exactness within the concrete industry and yet the knowhow, for the reasons given above, remains essentially within the precast industry itself.

Precast concrete buildings do not behave in the same way as cast-in situ ones. The components which make up the completed precast structure are subjected to different forces and movements from the concrete in the monolithic structure. It is necessary to understand where these physical effects come from, where they go to, and how they are transferred through the structure.

Consequently, this book aims to disseminate understanding of the disparate procedures involved in precast structural design, from drawing office practice to explaining the reasons for some of the more intricate operations performed by precast contractors on site. The principal focus is upon on skeletal-frame type structures, the most extensively used form of precast structural concrete. They are defined as frameworks consisting essentially of beams, columns, slabs and a small number of shear walls.

From the structural and architectural viewpoints, skeletal frames are the most demanding of all precast structures. They contain the smallest quantity of structural concrete per unit volume. The precast components can be coordinated into the architectural façade, both internally and externally, to meet the social, economic and ecological demands that are now required. Ever greater accuracy, quality control, and on-site construction efficiency are being demanded and achieved. The construction industry is turning to high-specification prefabricated concrete for its advancement, using ‘factory engineered’ precasting techniques.

The chapters in this book have been arranged so that different parts of the design process can be either isolated (for example in the cases of precast flooring, or of connections), without the reader necessarily referring to the overall frame design, or read sequentially to realise the entire design. Chapters 1 to 3 present an overview of the subject in a non-technical way. Chapters 4 to 9 describe, in detail, the design procedures that would be carried out in a precast manufacturing company’s design office. Chapter 10 describes the relevant site construction methods. Numerous examples have been used to demonstrate the application of design rules, many of which are not code-dependent.

There are many aspects to the design of precast skeletal frames that have evolved through the natural development of precast frame design since the 1950s. One aim of this book is to update and coordinate this information for the future. Historically, the precast concrete industry considered many of its design techniques commercially sensitive, particularly those for connector design, and was consequently criticised by developers and consultants. More information is now freely available since the expiry of many patents of ideas. One of the main purposes of the first edition was to bring together in a coherent manner, for the benefit of everyone, the widely varied design methods used in the industry. The second edition aims to extend that process in the context of continually developing technology and the introduction of Europe-wide design requirements embodied in the Eurocodes. It also demonstrates the trend towards greater, often fully serviced, spatial precast components.

Precast concrete designs are not entirely code-dependent, but the primary recommendations are in accordance with Eurocode 2 (BS EN 1992-1-1) and its predecessor BS 8110. Where the design procedures from the two codes differ, they are explained. Where major differences occur, or accumulate in design examples, the text is presented in two parallel columns with the Eurocode version in the left column and the BS 8110 text in the right column. When minor textual differences occur for the application of the two codes, Eurocode 2 forms the basic text, with the alternative BS text within braces or curly brackets thus: {to BS 8110}. It may help the reader to know that the authors have retained braces exclusively for this purpose, leaving the use of round brackets for the two contextually differentiable functions of parenthesis or mathematical grouping, and square brackets for references.

The combination of a broad overview, background research, and detailed analysis, the references to the familiar British Standards and the new Eurocodes, and an extensive range of illustrations together combine to offer a valuable resource for both undergraduate and practising engineers in the field of precast concrete.

The authors are indebted to the following individuals and companies for their personal assistance and corporate help in the preparation of this book: Beresford Flooring Ltd (Derby, UK), Bison Manufacturing (Swadlincote, UK), British Precast Concrete Federation and Precast Flooring Federation (Leicester, UK), CERIB (Epernon, France), Composites Ltd (formerly Com­posite Structures, Eastleigh, UK), Corsmit Consulting Engineers (Rijswijk, Netherlands), The Concrete Centre (formerly British Cement Association, Camberley, UK), Creagh Concrete (Antrim, UK), Ergon (formerly Partek, Lier, Belgium), Andrew T. Curd & Partners (USA), Federation International du Beton (fib), Gruppo Centro Nord (Cerano, Italy), Hume Industries Berhad (Malaysia), The New Civil Engineer (London), Peikko Finland Oy (Lahti, Finland), Precast Concrete Structures Ltd (Gloucester, UK), SCC Ltd (Stockport, UK), Spenncon AS (Sandvika, Norway), Spiroll Precast Services Ltd (Derby, UK), Strängbetong AB (Stockholm, Sweden), T&A Prefabricados (Igarrasu, Brazil), Tarmac Building Products Ltd (Ettingshall, UK), Trent Concrete Ltd (Nottingham, UK), University of California (San Diego, USA), Waycon (Plymouth, UK) and Mr Arnold van Acker (fib Commission member).

Notation

CHAPTER 1

Precast Concepts, History and Design Philosophy

The background to the relevance of precast concrete as a modern construction method for multi-storey buildings is described. The design method is summarised.

1.1 A Historical Note on the Development of Precast Frames

Precast concrete is not a new idea. William H. Lascelles (1832–85) of Exeter, England devised a system of precasting concrete wall panels, 3 ft × 2 ft × 1 inch thick, strengthened by forged, 1/8 inch-square iron bars. The cost was 3d (£0.01) per ft2. Afterwards, the notion of ‘pre-casting’ concrete for major structural purposes began in the late nineteenth century, when its most obvious application – to span over areas with difficult access – began with the use of flooring joists. François Hennebique (1842–1921) first introduced precast concrete into a cast-in situ flour mill in France, where the self-weight of the prefabricated units was limited to the lifting capacity of two strong men! White [1.1] and Morris [1.2] give good historical accounts of these early developments.