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- Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
- Kategorie: Wissenschaft und neue Technologien
- Sprache: Englisch
The transportation of multimedia over the network requires timely and errorless transmission much more strictly than other data. This had led to special protocols and to special treatment in multimedia applications (telephony, IP-TV, streaming) to overcome network issues. This book begins with an overview of the vast market combined with the user’s expectations. The base mechanisms of the audio/video coding (H.26x etc.) are explained to understand characteristics of the generated network traffic. Further chapters treat common specialized underlying IP network functions which cope with multimedia data in conjunction which special time adaption measures. Based on those standard functions these chapters can treat uniformly SIP, H.248, High-End IP-TV, Webcast, Signage etc. A special section is devoted to home networks which challenge high-end service delivery due to possibly unreliable management. The whole book treats concepts described in accessible IP-based standards and which are implemented broadly. The book is aimed at graduate students/practitioners with good basic knowledge in computer networking. It provides the reader with all concepts of currently used IP technologies of how to deliver multimedia efficiently to the end user.
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Table of Contents
Cover
Title Page
Copyright
Preface
Acknowledgments
About the Authors
Abbreviations
Chapter 1: Introduction
1.1 Types of Networks
1.2 Standard Organizations
1.3 Market
Chapter 2: Requirements
2.1 Telephony
2.2 Streaming
2.3 IPTV
2.4 High-End Videoconferences
2.5 Webcast
2.6 Requirement Summary
Chapter 3: Audio, Image, Video Coding, and Transmission
3.1 Audio
3.2 Basics of Video Coding
3.3 JPEG
3.4 MPEG/H.26x Video Compression
3.5 Other Video Compression Standards
3.6 Three-Dimensional Video
3.7 Error Resilience
3.8 Transcoder
Chapter 4: Underlying Network Functions
4.1 Real-Time Protocol (RTP)
4.2 Session Description Protocol (SDP)
4.3 Streaming
4.4 Multicast
4.5 Quality of Service
4.6 NTP
4.7 Caching
Chapter 5: Synchronization and Adaptation
5.1 End-to-End Model
5.2 Jitter
5.3 Packet Loss
5.4 Play-Out Time
5.5 Congestion Control
5.6 Delay
5.7 Queuing
5.8 Media Player
5.9 Storage and Retrieval
5.10 Integration Scripting Languages
5.11 Optimization
Chapter 6: Session Initiation Protocol
6.1 SIP Basics
6.2 PSTN Interconnection
6.3 Conferencing
6.4 Presence
6.5 Network Address Translation
6.6 APIs and Scripting
6.7 Security and Safety
6.8 Planning a VoIP Company Telephony System
Chapter 7: Other Standard VoIP Protocols
7.1 H.323 VoIP Family
7.2 T.120 Data Applications
7.3 Gateway Control
7.4 Mobile VoIP
7.5 Skype
Chapter 8: WebRTC
8.1 WebRTC Transport
8.2 RTP/SDP Adaptations
8.3 Interworking
Chapter 9: Streaming and Over-the-Top TV
9.1 HTTP Live Streaming – Apple
9.2 Smooth Streaming – Microsoft
9.3 HTTP Dynamic Streaming – Adobe
9.4 Dynamic Adaptive Streaming over HTTP – DASH
9.5 DASH and Network Interaction
9.6 Content Delivery Networks
9.7 Providers
Chapter 10: Home Networks
10.1 IETF Home Standards
10.2 UPnP
10.3 DLNA
10.4 Residential Gateway
Chapter 11: High-End IPTV
11.1 Overview of DVB IPTV
11.2 Live Media Broadcast
11.3 Datacast Protocols
11.4 Management Functions
11.5 Content Download Service
11.6 Deployments
11.7 Companion Screen Application
11.8 Set-Top-Box Functions
11.9 Integration into Other Systems
Chapter 12: Solutions and Summary
12.1 Global Webcast
12.2 Digital Signage Broadcasting
12.3 Call Center
12.4 Videoconference and TelePresence
12.5 Summary of Requirements versus Solutions
References
Index
End User License Agreement
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Guide
Cover
Table of Contents
Preface
Begin Reading
List of Illustrations
Chapter 2: Requirements
Figure 2.1 Rotary dial telephone
Figure 2.2 Presence example on a smartphone
Figure 2.3 Arcon historic set-top box STB1 – first VoD system (Source: Reproduced by permission of Centre for Computing History, Cambridge, UK)
Figure 2.4 Telefunken TV set from 1936 (Source: Licensed under CC BY 2.0 via Wikimedia Commons – https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Telefunken_1936.jpg#mediaviewer/File:Telefunken_1936.jpg. Courtesy: Erik Newth)
Figure 2.5 HbbTV: linking between TV and Internet information content
Figure 2.6 AT&T picturephone – by Courtesy: LabguysWorld.com (Source: Licensed under CC BY 3.0 via Wikimedia Commons –https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:AT%26T_Picturephone_-_upper_RH_oblique_view.jpg#mediaviewer/File:AT%26T_Picturephone_-_upper_RH_oblique_view.jpg. Courtesy: LabguysWorld.com)
Figure 2.7 Telepresence system IX5000 (Source: Courtesy of Cisco Systems, Inc.)
Figure 2.8 Typical browser setup for a Webcast
Chapter 3: Audio, Image, Video Coding, and Transmission
Figure 3.1 Scope
Figure 3.2 Example for sampling and quantization
Figure 3.3 Human hearing range for pure tones
Figure 3.4 Companding function in telephony
Figure 3.5 Schema ADPCM Encoder
Figure 3.6 Overview of MPEG audio compression
Figure 3.7 Basic MPEG audio coding
Figure 3.8 Frequency masking
Figure 3.9 Overview of video sampling
Figure 3.10 value range for
Figure 3.11 Subsampling schemas
Figure 3.12 Display size and resolution
Figure 3.13 Eight bit CLUT
Figure 3.14 Displaced blocks for treatment by motion compensation
Figure 3.15 Searching the motion vector MV
Figure 3.16 Example of Huffman coding
Figure 3.17 Example to arithmetic coding
Figure 3.18 One-dimensional DCT base functions
Figure 3.19 Two-dimensional DCT base functions
Figure 3.20 Lea transformed by DCT coefficients
Figure 3.21 JPEG encoder overview
Figure 3.22 MPEG packetized elementary stream (PES)
Figure 3.23 MPEG transport stream
Figure 3.24 H.261 schema
Figure 3.25 Possible frames
Figure 3.26 Two video objects in three VOPs
Figure 3.27 Predicting and interlacing
Figure 3.28 Block boundaries treated by deblocking filter
Figure 3.29 H.264 profiles: main, extended, and baseline
Figure 3.30 Overview of layering NAL
Figure 3.31 NAL header
Figure 3.32 Video coding layer NAL Access Unit
Figure 3.33 Temporal scalability
Figure 3.34 Spatial scalability
Figure 3.35 Partitioning of the macroblock by the Coding Tree Block (CTB)
Figure 3.36 Parallel operation on CTUs of a slice
Figure 3.37 Comparison of H.265–H.261 compression efficiency since 1990
Figure 3.38 SbS and TaB
Figure 3.39 Probability depending on bits passing through decoder until error is detected
Figure 3.40 Open-loop (a) and CPDT (b) for quality adaptation
Chapter 4: Underlying Network Functions
Figure 4.1 The multimedia network stack
Figure 4.2 RTP packet
Figure 4.3 Mapping video streams to RTP using NALUs
Figure 4.5 Multilayer synchronization with SVC
Figure 4.4 Sample RTP packet with MTAP16
Figure 4.6 Packet format for RTCP sender report
Figure 4.7 Calculation of RTT using RTCP reports
Figure 4.8 Packet format for RTCP Source Description (SDES) packet
Figure 4.9 Packet format for RTCP goodbye packet (BYE)
Figure 4.10 Example of CRTP header compression
Figure 4.11 CRTP packet
Figure 4.12 SDP sample message
Figure 4.13 Sample RTSP session
Figure 4.14 Mapping Ethernet and IPv4 multicast addresses
Figure 4.15 IGMP membership query packet
Figure 4.16 IGMP Membership Report packet (Note: IGMPv1: 0x12, IGMPv2: 0x16)
Figure 4.17 IGMP group record
Figure 4.18 IGMP state diagram
Figure 4.19 Multicast routing protocols
Figure 4.20 PIM-SM sequence
Figure 4.21 PIM-SM join/prune message
Figure 4.22 Acceptable voice delay (Source: Courtesy of ITU. © ITU)
Figure 4.23 RSVP PATH messages
Figure 4.24 RSVP RESV messages
Figure 4.25 TOS marking
Figure 4.26 Ethernet frames with 802.1Q header
Figure 4.27 NTP packet format
Figure 4.28 NTP offset calculation
Figure 4.29
Chapter 5: Synchronization and Adaptation
Figure 5.1 End-to-End (EtE) timing model
Figure 5.2 Transmission between sender and receiver using RTP for voice
Figure 5.3 Transmission between sender and receiver using HTTP for video
Figure 5.4 Consecutive Error Probability
Figure 5.5 Minimum Rendering Buffer Size
Figure 5.6 Submarine Cable Map. (Source: TeleGeography, www.submarinecablemap.com)
Figure 5.7 Steady-state TCP flows
Figure 5.8 Typical lumpy traffic
Figure 5.9 Schema of a media player
Figure 5.10 Object structure of ISO BMFF
Figure 5.11 BMFF example for storage of RTP packets together with MPEG-TS
Chapter 6: Session Initiation Protocol
Figure 6.1 A simple SIP call
Figure 6.2 Registration in SIP
Figure 6.3 A more typical SIP call
Figure 6.4 Client- and server-transaction interworking
Figure 6.5 State diagram SIP client transaction
Figure 6.6 Typical SIP call with name resolutions
Figure 6.7 SIP-PSTN gateway with ENUM
Figure 6.8 The SPEERMINT architecture
Figure 6.9 XCON conferencing framework
Figure 6.10 A SIP conference call flow example
Figure 6.11 Binary flow control protocol functionality
Figure 6.12 BFCP packet
Figure 6.13 Centralized conference objects (XCON) lifecycle
Figure 6.14 Presence: possible structure and example
Figure 6.15 Discovery of NAT mapping based on Ref. [360]
Figure 6.16 Example for a VoIP security zone in companies
Figure 6.17 Possible data flows for a VoIP system in a company
Figure 6.18 LLPD packet
Figure 6.19 Example network map
Chapter 7: Other Standard VoIP Protocols
Figure 7.1 H.323 overview
Figure 7.2 ASN.1 example
Figure 7.3 Registering with gatekeeper and call setup
Figure 7.4 Registering with two gatekeepers, call setup and release
Figure 7.5 Details of the H.245 establishment and release illustrated in Figure 7.4
Figure 7.6 T.120 family of standards
Figure 7.7 Multipoint communication services
Figure 7.8 Media gateway with controller
Figure 7.9 Simple H.264 commands
Figure 7.10 More complicated H.264 commands
Figure 7.11 Simplified SS7/DSS signaling protocol stack
Figure 7.12 Central Q.931 call agent for remote signaling gateway
Figure 7.13 Protocol stacks for PSTN switch, signaling gateway, and call agent
Figure 7.14 SCTP packet
Figure 7.15 Example of IUA communication to application server processes
Figure 7.16 Overview of IMS and its connections
Figure 7.17 Example of IMS registration
Figure 7.18 Example of IMS invite with two roaming UEs
Figure 7.19 3GPP enhanced core and radio access network – very simplified
Figure 7.20 IMS and VoLTE INVITE
Chapter 8: WebRTC
Figure 8.1 Overview WebRTC
Figure 8.2 Overview WebRTC protocols
Figure 8.3 DCEP: data channel open message
Figure 8.4 Example of an SDP description for ICE
Figure 8.5 JSEP state diagram for the SDP answer/offering
Figure 8.6 The often shown WebRTC trapezoid
Figure 8.7 A typical gateway between WebRTC and IMS
Chapter 9: Streaming and Over-the-Top TV
Figure 9.1 HLS structure
Figure 9.2 Simple sample of HLS index file
Figure 9.3 Smooth streaming structure
Figure 9.4 HDS structure
Figure 9.5 SVC layers
Figure 9.6 Dynamically SVC adapting streams
Figure 9.7 MPEG-DASH format and message exchange
Figure 9.8 MPD sample
Figure 9.9 Adaptive player framework
Figure 9.10 SABR bandwidth control technique
Figure 9.11 Comparison of direct versus CDN delivery of content to client
Figure 9.12 Distribution of content: direct versus peer-to-peer
Figure 9.13 Content delivery networks versus content centric networks
Chapter 10: Home Networks
Figure 10.1 mDNS query and reply
Figure 10.2 Claiming a hostname with mDNS
Figure 10.3 Example of DNS-SD TXT resource record
Figure 10.4 Example of DNS-SD query
Figure 10.5 UPnP device architecture
Figure 10.6 Example of SSDP NOTIFY message
Figure 10.7 UPnP AV architecture
Figure 10.8 Media Renderer and Server functional diagrams
Figure 10.9 Rendering control service mixing three virtual streams
Figure 10.10 Status diagram for AV transport service
Figure 10.11 Combining the different services to an overall example
Figure 10.12 Simplified schema of the IMS home network integration
Figure 10.13 HGI network termination recommendation
Chapter 11: High-End IPTV
Figure 11.1 Overview of DVB IPTV functional architecture – adapted from Ref. [581]
Figure 11.2 Protocol stack DVB IPTV
Figure 11.3 RET server in action
Figure 11.4 RTCP feedback message
Figure 11.5 Error before RET server
Figure 11.6 Summary of the communication with the RET server
Figure 11.7 Structure of the RAMS request packet
Figure 11.8 One channel switch with RAMS
Figure 11.9 Structure of the FLUTE/ALC packet
Figure 11.10 FLUTE receiver logic
Figure 11.11 Data structure maintained by DVBSTP
Figure 11.12 Structure of the DVBSTP packet
Figure 11.13 DSM-CC object carousel layers
Figure 11.14 Architecture DVB for remote management and firmware update
Figure 11.15 CWMP transaction session example for configuring an HNED
Figure 11.16 Content download – functional architecture
Figure 11.17 Schema of an IPTV headend setup
Figure 11.18 Companion screen – functional architecture
Figure 11.19 UPnP discovery and association between CSA and HNED
Figure 11.20 Schema of IPTV and IMS integration
Figure 11.21 Schema of IPTV and UPnP integration
Chapter 12: Solutions and Summary
Figure 12.1 Webcast browser
Figure 12.2 Webcast streaming
Figure 12.3 Unicast splitters
Figure 12.4 Webcast content management
Figure 12.5 Global signage system: screen at each local affiliate
Figure 12.6 Example of a protocol between signage manager and signage player
Figure 12.7 Example of a display scheduling within a signage manager
Figure 12.8 Setup of a call center
Figure 12.9 Example of a call-center wallboard
Figure 12.10 W3C speech interface framework
Figure 12.11 Voice XML interpretation environment
Figure 12.12 Example VoiceXML – boxes and numbers only for referencing
Figure 12.13 Technical architecture for a call center
Figure 12.14 Characteristics for a videoconference and perceived value
Figure 12.15 Cisco TelePresence System. Courtesy of Cisco Systems, Inc.
Figure 12.16 Telepresence RTP connections
Figure 12.17 Redundant campus network also supporting Telepresence
List of Tables
Chapter 1: Introduction
Table 1.1 Characteristics of Network Types
Chapter 2: Requirements
Table 2.1 Requirements of typical multimedia applications – network view
Chapter 3: Audio, Image, Video Coding, and Transmission
Table 3.1 Characteristics of sampling and data rate for audio
Table 3.2 Vowel formants in English
Table 3.3 Typical voice compression standards
Table 3.4 Characteristics of display types
Table 3.5 (a) Luminance and (b) Chroma
Table 3.6 Comparison of other standards in relation to H.264
Table 3.7 Comparison of RVLC to Huffman coding (English alphabet)
Chapter 4: Underlying Network Functions
Table 4.1 Common payload type (PT) values
Table 4.2 H.264 profile modes
Table 4.3 Description of SDP fields
Table 4.4 Sample RTSP session
Table 4.5 AF behavior group
Table 4.6 Class selector values
Table 4.7 QoS baseline recommendations
Chapter 5: Synchronization and Adaptation
Table 5.1 Typical delay
Table 5.2 Minimum line transmission delay
Table 5.3 Typical Internet transmission delay in January 2015
Chapter 6: Session Initiation Protocol
Table 6.1 Standardized extension to presence information
Table 6.2 Major SIP security and safety threats
Chapter 7: Other Standard VoIP Protocols
Table 7.1 Summarized comparison of H.323 and SIP
Table 7.2 Comparison MGCP and H.248
Table 7.3 3GPP enhanced core and radio access network – abbreviations
Chapter 9: Streaming and Over-the-Top TV
Table 9.1 Proprietary streaming protocols
Table 9.2 Effect of distance on throughput and download times
Chapter 10: Home Networks
Table 10.1 UPnP media related service areas and functionality
Chapter 12: Solutions and Summary
Table 12.1 Repeated requirements of typical multimedia applications – network view
Table 12.2 Characteristics of typical multimedia applications – network view
Table 12.3 Required measures taken for multimedia applications (network view) plus usability per network type
Multimedia Networks
Protocols, Design, and Applications
Hans W. Barz
Gregory A. Bassett
This edition first published 2016. © 2016 John Wiley and Sons Ltd
Registered office
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The right of the author to be identified as the author of this work has been asserted in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, except as permitted by the UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, without the prior permission of the publisher.
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data applied for.
ISBN: 9781119090137
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.
Preface
It is obvious to almost any consumer with a PC, Smartphone, radio, TV, or even a “normal” telephone that the methods of communicating, listening to, or viewing content have changed radically over the past years. Napster, iPhone, Skype, Netflix, Android, Internet Radio, YouTube, VoIP, streaming programs from TV networks (the list is almost endless) have all profoundly changed the way we talk, listen, and watch.
What sets multimedia delivery somewhat apart from other technology topics is its unusually high level of complexity. Different user platforms, different network media, different types of content, and of course, many different vendors and standards all make this topic a challenging one.
The motivation for this book is based on the many new multimedia technologies that have appeared or changed in the past 15 years, the immense number of new standards, and the lack of overarching books on the subject. At the time of writing, there is no book available that covers the range of topics you find here, which are needed to cope with multimedia usage from a network point of view. It goes without saying that there are many excellent books on the individual subjects covered in this book. In fact, we cite many of them as references. While they cover specific topics in detail, this book provides the “big picture” and ties together the various principles for the entire multimedia space.
Another driver for this book is the authors' involvement in deploying multimedia applications and networks in large multinational companies. These deployments and operational involvement provided insight into what is important and what can safely be ignored. Many new multimedia technologies went live during our working time in networks, and the reader will profit from the combined practical experience and technological background of the authors.
This book focuses primarily on principles but sometimes dives into the details to show how the principles really work in practical situations. As a prerequisite for reading the book, you need basic knowledge of networks, but no additional literature is required. Since this book is aimed to give an overview in a rather active field, we provide the reader with extensive references – over 600 recent literature links – to dive deeper. In addition, the detailed index and the abbreviation list will help you easily find the treatment of a specific subject.
Acknowledgments
First and foremost, we must thank our spouses and families. The writing of a reference book is a long and difficult task. Without their patience and support over many months, including during holidays, we could not have completed this book.
We also thank Professor Bernhard Plattner from ETH Zürich (Switzerland) for his support of a lecture by Hans Barz from 2010 to 2014 on this subject at the ETH.
Finally, and equally important, we thank our former colleagues from the networking group at Hoffmann-La Roche in Basel, Switzerland (PGIN), for working together with us to create and implement many of the multimedia solutions described here in the book. Our special thanks to Andre Rudin for his expert review of our material, Andy Fringeli for world-class operational insight, and Brian O'Connor for all things related to voice. There are other members of the PGIN team too numerous to mention, but they know who they are.
About the Authors
Hans W. Barz
Hans Barz received a Master's Degree in Economical Engineering from the Technical University in Karlsruhe, Germany (Prof. H. Maurer) and a PhD in Computer Science from University Bonn, Germany (Prof. H. Zima) with a theme on the power of synchronization mechanisms. He worked for over 25 years with the IT staff at the headquarters of Ciba-Geigy, Novartis, Syngenta, and Hoffmann-La Roche in Basel. For many years, he held the position of Global Head of Architecture. At that time, he was responsible for major rollouts of new technologies (TCP/IP, X.400/X.500 backbone, E-Business-Infrastructure), technology trials (DECnet Phase V, OSI, PKI), and infrastructure consolidations in mergers and split-offs. In Hoffmann-La Roche, he was, for many years, Global Head of Network Services with engineering and operation responsibility for networks, telephony, and multimedia services in more than 80 countries.
He has lectured on telecommunication subjects at the University Freiburg (Germany), University Basel (Switzerland), and ETH Zürich (Switzerland). He did publish a number of articles on parallel processing and a book on telecommunication in 1994 (Hanser Verlag, in German).
Gregory A. Bassett
Greg Bassett received a Bachelor's Degree in Computer Engineering from Syracuse University, in Syracuse, NY, USA. The first 20 years of his career was spent working for Digital Equipment Corporation is a wide variety of roles including instructor (including teaching the first DECnet course offered), software engineer, technical leader for networking and personal computers, and program management.
For the next 18 years, he worked for the pharmaceutical companies of Syntex in Palo Alto, CA, USA, and Hoffmann-La Roche in Basel, Switzerland. He spent 8 years as a network engineer. For the remaining 10 years, he was an Enterprise Architect responsible for networking including data, fixed and mobile voice, video, and call center. He earned the Cisco Certified Internetworking Engineer (CCIE) in Routing and Switching certification in 2002.
During his years as an Enterprise Architect for Roche, he worked closely with Hans Barz to develop networking strategies and implementation plans.
Abbreviations
This list contains more than 1500 abbreviations. Many abbreviations are in bold. Those abbreviations in bold are handled in this book and mentioned in the index. When searching abbreviations in the index, it may be helpful first to expand the abbreviation in this list and then look it up in the index.
3DTV:
3-Dimensional TV
3GPP:
3rd-Generation Partnership Project
AAA:
Authentication, Authorization, and Accounting
AAC:
Advanced Audio Coding
AAL:
ATM Adaption Layer
AAM:
Audio Activity Metric
AAR:
AA Request
ABNF:
Augmented Backus – Naur Form
ABR:
Available Bit Rate
AC:
Alternating Current
ACA:
Accounting Answer
ACD:
Automatic Call Distribution
ACE:
Advanced Coding Efficiency
ACELP:
Algebraic Code Excited Linear Prediction
ACF:
Admission ConFirm
ACK:
ACKnowledge
ACM:
Address Complete Message
ACR:
Automatic Call Return/Accounting Request
ACS:
Auto Configuration Server
AD:
Active Directory (Microsoft)
A/D:
Analog-to-Digital
ADC:
Analog-to-Digital Converter
ADPCM:
Adaptive Differential Pulse Code Modulation
ADSL:
Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line
ADTS:
Audio Data Transport Stream
ADU:
Application Data Unit
AEC:
Adaptive Error Concealment/Acoustic Echo Canceller
AES:
Audio Engineering Society, Advanced Encryption Standard
AF:
Adaption Field/Assured Forwarding
AFC:
Automatic Frequency Control
AFX:
MPEG-4 Animation Framework eXtension
AGCF:
Access Gateway Control Function
A-GNSS:
Assisted Global Navigation Satellite System
AGW:
Access GateWay
AHS:
Adaptive HTTP Streaming
AHT:
Average Holding Time
AIT:
Application Information Table
AKA:
Authentication and Key Agreement
ALC:
Asynchronous Layered Coding
ALF:
Application Layer Framing/Adaptive Loop Filtering
AL-FEC:
Application Layer-FEC
ALG:
Application Layer Gateway
ALI:
Automated Location Identifier
ALL:
Application Layer Logic
ALM:
Application Layer Multicast
ALS:
Audio Lossless Coding
ALTO:
Application Layer Traffic Optimization
AM:
Amplitude Modulation
AMF:
Action Message Format
A-MGF:
Access Media Gateway Function
AMI:
Alternate Mark Inversion
AMP:
Adaptive Media Play-out/Access Network Provider
AMR:
Adaptive Multirate
ANDSF:
Access Network Discovery and Selection
ANI:
Automatic Number Identification
ANSI:
American National Standard Institute
AOC:
Advice Of Charge
AOI:
Area Of Interest
AOR:
Address Of Record
AP:
Authentication Proxy
APC:
Adaptive Predictive Coding
APE:
Application Protocol Entities
API:
Application Programming Interface
APN:
Access Point Name
APT:
Actual Presentation Timestamp
AQM:
Active Queue Management
ARED:
Adaptive Random Early Detection
ARF:
Access Relay Function
ARIB:
Association of Radio Industries and Business
ARJ:
Admission Reject
ARP:
Allocation and Retention Priority
ARQ:
Automated Repeat-reQuest/Admission Request
ARTS:
Advanced Real Time Simple profile
AS:
Application Server/Application-Specific maximum bandwidth/Application Sharing
ASA:
Abort Session Answer
ASF:
Advanced Streaming Format
AS-FE:
Application Support Functional Entity
ASI:
Asynchronous Serial Interface
ASM:
Any Source Multicast
ASN.1:
Abstract Syntax Notation 1
ASO:
Arbitrarily Slice Ordering
ASP:
Application Service Provider/Application Server Processes
ASR:
Abort Session Request/Automatic Speech Recognition
ATCF:
Access Transfer Control Function
ATGW:
Access Transfer GateWay
ATIS:
Alliance for Telecommunication Industry Solutions
ATM:
Asynchronous Transfer Mode
ATS:
Adaptive Transport Stream
ATSC:
Advanced Television Systems Committee
AT&T:
American Telephone & Telegraph company
AU:
Access Unit
AUC:
Authentication Center
AUCX:
AUdit Connection
AUEP:
Audit EndPoint
AUID:
Application Usage Identification
AUR:
Address of Record
AUTN:
AUTHentificatioN Token
AutoIP:
Automatic IP addresses
AV:
Audio-Visual/Audio Video
A/V:
Audio/Video
AVC:
Advanced/Audio Video Codec
AVI:
Audio Video Interleave
AVO:
Audiovisual Object
AVP:
Audio Video Profile/Audio Visual Profile
AVPF:
Audio Video Profile Feedback
AVS:
Audio Video coding Standard
AVT:
Audio Video Transport
B2BUA:
Back-to-Back User Agent
BAP:
Body Animation Parameters
BAT:
Bouquet Association Table
BBC:
British Broadcasting Service
BBF:
BroadBand Forum
BC:
BroadCast
BCF:
Bandwidth Confirm Message
BCG:
Broadband Content Guide
BCH:
Bose-Chaudhuri – Hocquenghem code
BCP:
Best Current Practice
BD:
Blue-ray Disk
BDP:
Body Definition Parameters
BE:
Best Effort
BER:
Basic Encoding Rules
BFCP:
Binary Floor Control Protocol
BGCF:
Breakout Gateway Control Function
BGD:
Broadband Gateway Device
BGMP:
Border Gateway Multicast Protocol
BGP:
Border Gateway Protocol
BHCA:
Busy Hour Call Attempts
BHT:
Busy Hour Traffic
BICC:
Bearer Independent Call Control
BIFS:
Binary Format for Scenes
BiM:
Binary MPEG Format for XML
BIOP:
Broadcast Inter ORB Protocol
BISDN:
Broadband ISDN
BLF:
Busy Lamp Field
BLP:
Bitmask Lost Packet
BMA:
Boundary Matching Algorithm
BMFF:
Base Media File Format
BMP:
BitMaP
BNF:
Backus-Naur Form
BNG:
Broadband Network Gateway
bpp:
bits per pixel
BRA:
Basic Rate Access
BRAS:
Broadband Remote Access Server
BRI:
Basic Rate Interface
BRJ:
Bandwidth Reject Message
BRQ:
Bandwidth Request
BSAC:
Bit-Sliced Arithmetic Coding
BSP:
Broadband Service Provider
BSR:
BootStrap Router
BSS:
Base Station System
BT:
British Telecom
BTS:
Base Transceiver Station
CA:
Conditional Access/Civic Address
CABAC:
Content-Adaptive Binary Arithmetic Coding
CAC:
Connection/Call Admission Control
CAF:
Control of Agent Features
CAN:
Connectivity Access Network
CAP:
Competitive Access Provider
CAPI:
Common ISDN Application Programming Interface
CARP:
Cache Array Routing Protocol
CAS:
Channel Associated Signaling/Conditional Access System
CAT:
Conditional Access Table
CAT:
Customized Alerting Tone
CATV:
Community Access Television/Community Antenna Television/CAble TeleVision
CAVLC:
Content-Adaptive Variable Length Coding
CB:
Coding Block/Communication Barring
C-BGF:
Core Border Gateway Function
CBMS:
Convergence of Broadcast and Mobile Services
CBR:
Constant Bit Rate
CBS:
Committed Burst Size
CBT:
Center-Based Tree/Core-Based Tree
CCBS:
Call Completion to Busy Subscriber
CCBS:
Completion of Communication to Busy Subscribers
CCF:
Common File Format/Charging Collection Function
CCI:
Congestion Control Identifier
CCIR:
Consultative Committee International Radio (now ITU-R)
CCITT:
Consultative Committee International Telecommunication Union (now ITU-T)
CCM:
Codex Control Messages
CCMP:
Centralized Conference Manipulation Control
CCN:
Content-Centric Networking
CCNR:
Completion of Communication on No Reply
CCS:
Common Channel Signaling
CCSA:
China Communication Standards Association
CCXML:
CallControl XML
CD:
Communication Deflection/Committee Draft
CDB:
Coded Data Buffer
CDF:
Content Delivery Function/Charging Data Function
CD&LCF:
Content Distribution and Location Control Function
CDMA:
Code Division Multiple Access
CDN:
Content Delivery Network
CDNI:
Content Delivery Network Interconnection
CDP:
Cisco Discovery Protocol
CDR:
Call Detail Record/Charging Data Record/Committed Data Rate/Common Data Representation
CDS:
Content Download Service/Content Directory Service
CD&SF:
Content Delivery and Storage Function
CDV:
Cell Delay Variation
CE:
Congestion Experience/Core Experiment
CEC:
Commission of the European Communities
CEI:
Commission Electrotechnique Internationale (in English IEC)
CELP:
Code(-book) Excited Linear Prediction
CEN:
Comité Européen de NormaliSation
CENC:
Content ENCoding/Common ENCryption
CENELEC:
Comite Europeen de NormaliSation Electrotechnique
CEPT:
European Conference of Postal and Telecommunications Administrations
CER:
Confidential Encoding Rules
CFB:
Communication Forwarding Busy
CFF:
Common File Format
CFNL:
Communication Forwarding on Not Logged in
CFNR:
Communication Forwarding No Reply
CFU:
Communication Forwarding Unconditional
CGF:
Charging Gateway Function
CGI:
Cell Global Identification/Common Gateway Interface
CGS:
Coarse Granularity Scalability
C/I:
Carrier to Interference ratio
CI:
Common Interface/Content Identifier
CIC:
Circuit Identification Code
CID:
Context Identifier
CIF:
Common Image Format/Common Intermediate Format/Common Interface Format
CII:
Content Identification and other Information
CIPA:
Camera & Imaging Products Association
CIPID:
Contact Information for the Presence Information Data
CIR:
Cyclic Intra Refresh
CK:
Ciphering Key
CLC:
Channel CLose
CLEC:
Competitive Local Exchange Carrier
CLI:
Call Line Identification
CLIP:
Call Line Identification Presentation
CLUE:
ControLling mUltiple streams for tElepresence
CLUT:
Color LookUp Table
CM:
Connection Manager/Content Marker
CMD:
Carousel Multicast Download
CMS:
Content Management System
CMTS:
Cable Modem Termination System
CN:
Core Network
CNAME:
CaNonical Name
CNCGF:
Customer Network Gateway Configuration Function
CND:
Customer Network Device
CNG:
Comfort Noise Generation/Customer Network Gateway
CO:
Central Office
CoD:
Content on Demand
CONF:
CONFerence calling
CORBA:
Common Object Request Broker Architecture
CoS:
Class of Service
CP:
Content Protection/Customer Premises/Control Point
CPB:
Coded Picture Buffer
CPC:
Continuous Packet Connectivity
CPCM:
Content Protection and Copy Management
CPDT:
Cascaded Pixel-Domain Transcoders
CPE:
Customer Premise Equipment
CPF:
Content Provider Function
CPG:
Call ProGress
CPI:
Common Interface Plus
CPL:
Call Processing Language
CPN:
Customer Premise Network
CPVR:
Client Personal Video Recorder
CQ:
Custom Queuing
CR:
Carriage Return
CR:
Content Recommendation
CR LF:
Carriage Return Line Feed
CRC:
Cyclic Redundancy Check
CRID:
Content Reference IDentifier
CR-LSP:
Constraint-Based LSP
CRM:
Customer Relationship Management
CRS:
Customized Ringing Signal/Content Recommendation Service
CRT:
Carriage ReTurn
CRTP:
Compressed RTP
CS:
Circuit Switched/Communication Session/Companion Screen
CSA:
Companion Screen Application, Common Scrambling Algorithm
CSCF:
Call State Control Function
CS-DON:
Cross Sessions DON
CSF:
Content Security Function
CSFB:
Circuit Switch FallBack
CS-MGW:
Circuit-Switched Mobile GateWay
CSMO:
Circuit Switched Mobile Originating
CSP:
Content Service Provider
CSQ:
Contact Service Queues
CSRC:
Contributing SouRCe
CSS:
Companion Screen and Supplementary streams/Cascaded Style Sheet
CSV:
Capture Scene View
CT:
Coding Tree/Composition Time
CTB:
Coding Tree Block
CTF:
Charging Trigger Function
CTI:
Computer Telephony Integration
CTU:
Coding Tree Unit
CU:
Coding Unit
CUG:
Closed User Group
CU-RTC-Web:
Customizable, Ubiquitous Real Time Communication over the Web
CVBS:
Color-Video Blanking System
CVT:
Commercial Video Player Format
CW:
Communication Waiting
CWMP:
CPE WAN Management Protocol
CWT:
Continuous Wavelet Transform
D2D:
Device-to-Device
DA:
Directory Agent
DAAP:
Digest Access Authentication/Digital Audio Access Protocol
DAB:
Digital Audio Broadcasting
DAC:
Digital-to-Analog Converter
DAI:
DMIF Application Interface
DASH:
Dynamic Adaptive Streaming over HTTP
DAVIC:
Digital Audio VIsual Council
dB:
DeciBel
DBC:
Dictionary-Based Coding
DBE:
Data path Border Element
dBOV:
dB OVerload
DC:
Direct Current
DCEP:
Data Channel Establishment Protocol
DCF:
Disengage ConFirm/DRM Content Format
DCH:
Dedicated CHannel
DCIA:
Distributed Computing Industry Association
DCP:
Device Control Protocol
DCT:
Discrete Cosine Transform
DDB:
Downloadable Data Block
DDC:
Device Discovery and Control
DDD:
Device Description Document
DDL:
Description Definition Language
DECE:
Digital Entertainment Consortium Ecosystem
DECT:
Digital Enhanced Cordless Telecommunications
DER:
Distinguished Encoding Rules
DF:
Digital Fountains/Do not Fragment
DFCA:
Dynamic Frequency and Channel Allocation
DFT:
Delay Factor/Discrete Fourier Transform
DFXP:
Distribution Format eXchange Profile
DHCP:
Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol
DHT:
Distributed Hash Table
DIAL:
DIscovery And Launch
DIBR:
Depth Image-Based Rendering
DID:
Direct Inward Dialing
DIDL:
Digital Item Declaration Language
DiffServ:
Differential Services
DII:
Downloadable Indication Message
DL:
DownLink
DLCX:
DeLete Connection
DLNA:
Digital Living Network Alliance
DLSR:
Delay Last Sender Report
DM:
Dense Mode
DMAP:
Digital Media Access Protocol
DMC:
Digital Media Controller
DMIF:
Delivery Multimedia Integration Framework
DMP:
Digital Media Player
DMPr:
Digital Media Printer
DMR:
Digital Media Renderer
DMS:
Digital Media Server
DND:
Do Not Disturb
DNG:
Delivery Network Gateway
DNI:
Digital Number Identification/DMIF Network Interface
DNS:
Domain Name Service
DNS-SD
:
DNS Service Discovery
DOCSIS:
Data Over Cable Service Interface Specifications
DON:
Decoding Order Number
DOP:
Default Outbound Proxy
DoS:
Denial of Service
DP:
Data Partitioning/Discovery Point
DPAP:
Digital Photo Access Protocol
DPB:
Decoded Picture Buffer
DPCCH:
Dedicated Physical Control CHannel
DPCM:
Differential Pulse Code Modulation
DPDCH:
Dedicated Physical Data CHannel
DR:
Designated Router
DRB:
Data Radio Bearer
DRC:
Dynamic Resolution Conversion
DRJ:
Disengage ReJect
DRM:
Digital Rights Management/Digital Radio Mondiale
DRQ:
Disengage ReQuest
DRVCC:
Dual Radio Voice Call Continuity
DS:
Differentiated Services/Digital Signal/DMIF Signaling
DSCP:
Differentiated Services Code Points
DSG:
DOCSIS Set-Top box Gateway
DSI:
Downloadable Server Initiate
DSL:
Digital Subscriber Line
DSLAM:
Digital Subscriber Line Access Multiplexer
DSM-CC:
Digital Storage Media Command and Control
DSP:
Digital Signal Processor
DSPD:
Digital Still Storage Devices
DSS:
Digital Subscriber Signaling
DST:
Discrete Sine Transform
DTA:
Digital Terminal Adapters
DTAP:
Direct Transfer Application Part
DTCP:
Digital Transmission Content Protection
DTD:
Document Type Declaration
DTH:
Direct To Home
DTLS:
Datagram Transport Layer Security
DTLS-SRTP:
Datagram Transport Layer Security – Secure RTP
DTM:
Dual Transfer Mode
DTMF:
Dual-Tone MultiFrequency
DTN:
Delay Tolerant Networks
DTS:
Decoding Time Stamp
DTT:
Digital Terrestrial Television
DTV:
Digital TeleVision
DTVB:
Digital Television Video Broadcasting
DTX:
Discontinuous Transmission
DVB:
Digital Video Broadcasting
DVB-C:
Digital Video Broadcasting over Cable
DVB-H:
Digital Video Broadcasting for Handhelds
DVB-RC:
Digital Video Broadcasting Return Channel
DVB-S:
Digital Video Broadcasting over Satellite
DVB-SH:
Digital Video Broadcasting – Satellite services to Handhelds
DVBSTP:
Digital Video Broadcast SD&S Transport Protocol
DVB-T:
Digital Video Broadcasting Terrestrial
DVC:
Distributed Video Coding
DVD:
Digital Versatile Disk
DVI:
Digital Visual Interface
DVMRP:
Distance Vector Multicast Routing Protocol
DVR:
Digital Video Recorder, Digital Video Resolution
DWDM:
Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing
DWT:
Discrete Wavelet Transform
EATF:
Emergency Access Transfer Function
EAV:
End-of-Active Video
EB:
Encoding Block
EBCOT:
Embedded Block Coding with Optimized Truncation
EBS:
Excess Burst Size
EBU:
European Broadcasting Union (UER)
EC:
Echo Cancellation
ECF:
Event Charging Function/Elementary Control Function
ECM:
Entitlement Control Message/Evolved packet system Connection Management
ECMA:
European Computer Manufacturers Association
ECN:
Explicit Congestion Notification
ECRTP:
Enhanced CRTP
E-CSCF:
Emergency CSCF
ECT:
Explicit Communication Transfer
E-DCH:
Enhanced Dedicated Channel
EDD:
Error Detection Delay
EDF:
Event Charging Function
EDGE:
Enhanced Data rates for Global Evolution
EDTV:
Enhanced-Definition TeleVision
EF:
Expedited Forwarding/Elementary Function
EFC:
Explicit Forward Congestion
EFCI:
Explicit Forward Congestion notification Indication
EFF:
Elementary Forwarding Function
EFR:
Enhanced Full Rate
eHRPD:
Evolved High Rate Packet Data
EIT:
Event Information Table
EKT:
Encrypted Key Transport
ELIN:
Emergency Location Identification Number
eMBMS:
evolved MBMS
EMM:
Entitlement Management Message /Evolved packet system Mobility Management
EMMA:
Extensible MultiModal Annotation
eMSS:
Element Management System
eMSS:
Enhanced Mobile Switching center Server
EN:
European Norm
eNB:
Evolved Node B
ENUM:
E.164 NUmber Mapping
EP:
Error Protection
EPA:
Event Publication Agent
EPC:
Enhanced Packet Core
EPCF:
EndPoint ConFiguration
ePDG:
Evolved Packet Data Gateway
EPG:
Electronic Program Guide
EPON:
Ethernet PON
EPS:
Enhanced Packet System
EPT:
Earliest Presentation Time
ER:
Explicit Route/Error Resilient
EREC:
Error Resilient Entropy Encoding
ERO:
European Radiocommunication Office (part of CEPT)
ES:
Encoding Symbol/Elementary Stream
ESC:
Event State Compositor
ESCR:
Elementary Stream Clock Reference
ESG:
Electronic Service Guide
ESI:
Encoding Symbol Identifier
E-SMLC:
Evolved Serving Mobile Location Center
ESP:
Enhanced Service Provider
EtE:
End-to-End
ETM:
Excess Traffic Marker
ETS:
European Telecommunication Standard
ETSI:
European TelecommunicationStandards Institute
E-UTRAN:
Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access
EV-DO:
EVolution Data Only
EVDO:
EVolution Data Optimized
EXIF:
EXchangeable Image File
EZW:
Embedded Zero-tree Wavelength
FA:
Flexible Alerting
FAP:
Facial Animation Parameters
FB:
Functional Block/FeedBack
FBA:
Facial and Body Animation
FC:
Floor Chair
FCC:
Fast Channel Change/Federal Communication Commission
FCD:
Final Committee Draft
FCI:
Feedback Control Information
FCS:
Floor Control Server/Frame Check Sequence
FDIS:
Final Draft International Standard
FDM:
Frequency-Division Multiple
FDMA:
Frequency-Division Multiple Access
FDP:
Facial Definition Parameters
FDT:
File Delivery Table
FE:
Functional Entity/Fast Ethernet
FEC:
Forward Error Correction/Forwarding Equivalence Class
FECC:
Far-End Camera Control
FF:
Forward Feedback/Fast Forward/Feed Forward
FFS:
For Further Study
FGI:
Feature Group Indicator
FGS:
Fine Grained Scalability
FIR:
Finite Impulse Response/Full Intra Request
FLUTE:
File deLivery over UnidirecTional sErvice
FLV:
FLash Video
FM:
Frequency Modulation
FMFM:
Find Me Follow Me
FMO:
Flexible Macroblock Ordering
FMS:
Flash Media Server
FMT:
Feedback Message Type
FoIP:
Fax over IP
FoR:
Follow on Request
FP:
Floor Participant
FPS:
Frames Per Second
FQDN:
Fully Qualified Domain Name
FR:
Full Rate
FSK:
Frequency Shift Keying
FSM:
Finite State Machine
FTI:
File Transfer Information
FTP:
File Transfer Protocol
FTTB:
Fiber To The Building
FTTC:
Fiber To The Cabinet/Fiber To The Curb
FTTH:
Fiber To The Home
FTTN:
Fiber To The Node
FTTP:
Fiber To The Premises
FU:
Fragmentation Unit
FUS:
Firmware Update System
FUSS:
FUS Stub
FVV:
Free Viewpoint Video
GAA:
Generic Authentication Architecture
GAN:
Generic Access Network
GARP:
Generic Attribute Registration Protocol
GBR:
Guaranteed Bit Rate
GBS:
Generic data Broadcasting & Service information protocols
GCC:
Generic Conference Control
GCF:
Gatekeeper Confirm
GDR:
Gradual Decoder Refresh
GEM:
Globally Executable MHP Support
GENA:
General Event Notification Architecture
GERAN:
Global system for mobile communication/Edge Radio Access Network
GGSN:
Gateway GPRS Support Node
GHRD:
Generalized Hypothetical Reference Decoder
GIF:
Graphics Interchange Format
GLBP:
Gateway Load Balancing Protocol
GMC:
Global Motion Compensation
GMLC:
Gateway Mobile Location Center
GMSC:
Gateway Mobile Switching Center
GMSK:
Gaussian Minimum Shift Key
GMT:
Greenwich Mean Time
GOB:
Group of Blocks
GOP:
Group of Pictures
GOS:
Grade Of Service
GOV:
Group of Video Objects
GPON:
Gigabit PON
GPRS:
General Packet Radio Service
GPS:
Global Positioning System
GRE:
Generic Routing Encapsulation
GRJ:
Gatekeeper Reject
GRQ:
Gatekeeper Discovery
GRUU:
Globally Routable UA URI's
GSE:
Generic Stream Encapsulation
GSI:
Global Standards Initiative
GSM:
GlobalSystem for Mobile communication
GSMA:
GSM Association
GSQ:
Grade Of Service
GSTN:
General Switched Telephone Network
GTP:
Global Title
GTP:
GPRS Tunneling Protocol
GVRP:
GARP VLAN Registration Protocol
GWF:
Gateway Function
HbbTV:
Hybrid Broadcast Broadband TV
HC:
Header Compression
HCR:
Huffman Codeword Reordering
HD:
High Definition
HDLC:
High-Level Data Link Control
HDMI:
High-Definition Multimedia Interface
HDS:
HTTP Dynamic Streaming
HDTV:
High Definition TV
HE:
HeadEnd
HEC:
Header Extension Code
HEL:
Header Extension Length
HET:
Header Extension Type
HEVC:
High Efficiency Video Coding
HFC:
Hybrid Fiber Coax
HG:
Home Gateway
HGI:
Home Gateway Initiative
HHI:
Heinrich Hertz Institute
HID:
Home Infrastructures Devices
HILN:
Harmonic Individual Line and Noise
HLR:
Home Location Register
HLS:
HTTP Live Streaming
HN:
Home Network
HNAP:
Home Network Administration Protocol
HND:
Home Network Device
HN-DP:
HN Discovery Point
HNED:
Home Network End Device
HNID:
Home Network Infrastructure Device
HNN:
Home Network Node
HNS:
Home Network Segment
HN-SP:
HN Streaming Point
HNT:
Hosted NAT Traversal
HPEL:
Half PixEL
HRD:
Hypothetical Reference Decoder
HRPD:
High Rate Data Packet
HS:
Hypertext Streaming
HSPA+:
evolved High Speed Packet Access
HSPA:
High Speed Packet Access
HSPDA:
High SPeed Downlink Access
HSRP:
Host Standby Router Protocol
HSS:
Home Subscriber Server
HTC:
Headend Time Clock
HTCP:
Hyper Text Caching Protocol
HTML:
Hyper Text Markup Language
HTML5:
HTML 5
HTTP:
Hyper Text Transfer Protocol
HTTPMU:
HTTP Multicast over UDP
HTTPS:
HTTP Secure
HTTPU:
HTTP Unicast over UDP
HVC:
High-Performance Video Coding
HVXC:
Harmonic Vector eXcitation Coding
I3A:
International Imaging Industry Association
IAB:
Internet Architecture Board
IACK:
InfoRequest Ack
IAD:
Integrated Access Device
IAM:
Initial Address Message
IANA:
Internet Assigned Numbers Authority
IAX:
Inter-Asterisk Exchange Protocol
IBCF:
Interconnection Border Control Function
ICANN:
Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers
ICE:
Interactive Connectivity Establishment
ICID:
IMS Charging IDentifier
ICM:
Incoming Call Management
ICMP:
Internet Control Message Protocol
ICP:
Internet Caching Protocol
ICS:
Internet protocol multimedia subsystem Centralized Services
I-CSCF:
Interrogating Call Session Control Function
ICSI:
ICS Identification
ICT:
Information and Communication Technology
ID:
Identifier
IDCT:
Inverse Discrete Cosine Transform
IDFT:
Inverse Discrete Fourier Transform
IDL:
Interface Definition Language
IDMS:
Inter-Destination Media Synchronization
IDR:
Integrated Decoder Receiver/Instantaneous Decoding Refresh
IE:
Information Element
IEC:
International Electrotechnical Commission
IEEE:
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
I-ENUM:
Infrastructure ENUM
IESG:
Internet Engineering Steering Group
IETF:
InternetEngineering Task Force
IF:
Intermediate Frequency
IGD:
Internet Gateway Device protocol
IGMP:
Internet Group Membership Protocol
IGRP:
Internet Gateway Routing Protocol
IGRS:
Intelligent Grouping and Resource Sharing
IIF:
IPTV Interoperability Forum
IIOP:
Internet Inter-ORB Protocol
IIP:
Internet Imaging Protocol
IIS:
Internet Information Services
ILBC:
Internet Low Bit Rate Codec
ILEC:
Incumbent Local Exchange Carrier
IM:
Instant Messaging
IMA:
IMA
IMEI:
International Mobile Equipment Identity
IMG:
Internet Media Guides
IMPI:
IMS Private User Identity
IMPS:
Instant Messaging and Presence Services
IMPU:
Internet protocol Multimedia subsystem Public User identity
IMS:
Internet Protocol Multimedia Subsystem/3G IP Multimedia System
IMS-GW:
IMS Media GateWay
IMSI:
International Mobile Subscriber Identifier
IM-SSF:
Internet protocol Multimedia subsystem Service Switching Function
IMTC:
International Multimedia Telecommunication Consortium
IN:
Intelligent Network
INAK:
Info request AcK
INAP:
Intelligent Network Application Part
I-NNI:
Interconnect NNI
IOI:
Inter-Operator Identifier
IOR:
Interoperable Object Identifier
IP:
Internet Protocol/Intellectual Property
IPDC:
Internet Protocol DataCast
IPDV:
Inter Packet Delay Variation
IPHC:
IP Header Compression
IPI:
IP Infrastructure/IP Interface
IPMP:
Intellectual Property Management and Protection
IP-PBX:
IP Private Branch Exchange
IPPM:
IP Performance Metrics
IPR:
Intellectual Property Rights
IPSEC:
IP protocol SECurity
IPT:
IP Telephony
IPTC:
International Press Telecommunication Council
IPTV:
Internet Protocol Television
IPv4:
IP Version 4
IPv6:
IP Version 6
IPX:
Internetwork Packet Exchange
IRC:
Internet Relay Chat
IRD:
Integrated Receiver/Decoder
IRQ:
Information ReQuest
IRR:
InfoRmation Response
IRSG:
Internet Research Steering Group
IRT:
“Institut für Rundfunktechnik”
IRTF:
Internet Research Task Force
IS:
International Standard
ISC:
Internet System Consortium/IMS Service Control
ISDN:
Integrated Services Digital Network
ISI:
InterSymbol Interference
ISIM:
IP multimedia Service Identity Module
ISMA:
Internet Streaming Media Alliance
ISN:
Initial Sequence Number
ISO:
International Standard Organization
ISOBMFF:
ISO Base Media File Format
ISP:
Internet Service Provider
ISR:
Idle mode Signal Reduction
ISUP:
ISDN User Part
ITF:
Internet Protocol Television Terminal Functions
ITOT:
ISO transport services on top of the TCP
ITU:
International Telecommunication Unit (UIT, former CCITT)
ITU-R:
ITU for Radio
ITU-T:
ITU for Telecommunication
IUA:
ISDN Q.921-User Adaption Layer
IVR:
Interactive Voice Response
IW:
Interworking
JAIN:
Java APIs for Integrated Networks
JBIG:
Joint Bi-level Image processing Group
JFIF:
JPEG File Interchange Format
JMF:
Java Media Framework
JMVM:
Joint Multiview Video Model
JPEG:
Joint Photographic Experts Group
JPEG-LS:
JPEG LossLess
JS:
JavaScript
JSEP:
JavaScript Session Establishment Protocol
JSON:
JavaScript Object Notation
JSVM:
Joint Scalable VideoModel
JTC:
Joint Technical Committee
JVT:
Joint Video Team (ITU, ISO)
KBR:
Key Based Routing
KLT:
Karhunen–Loéve Transform
KMM:
Key Management Message
KMS:
Key Management Message
KSM:
Key Stream Message
KTA:
Key Technology Area
LAI:
Location Area Identity
LAN:
Local Area Network
LAPD:
Link Access Procedure D-Channel
LAR:
Log Area Ratio
LASeR:
Lightweight Application Scene Representation
LATM:
Low-overhead MPEG-4 Audio Transport Multiplex
LC:
Low Complexity
LCD:
Liquid Crystal Display
LCF:
Location ConFirm
LCR:
Least Cost Routing
LCS:
Location Control Services
LCT:
Layered Coding Transport
LD:
Long Distance/Low Delay
LDAP:
Lightweight Directory Access Protocol
LDP:
Label Distribution Protocol
LDPC:
Low-Density Parity Checking Code
LDTV:
Low Definition TeleVision
LEC:
Local Exchange Carrier
LER:
Label Edge Router
LF:
Line Feed
LFE:
Low Frequency Enhancement
LIA:
Location-Info-Answer
LIME:
Lightweight Interactive Multimedia framework for IPTV services
LIR:
Location-Info-Request
LLC:
Logical Link Control
LLDP:
Link Layer Discovery Protocol
LLDP-MED:
Link Layer Discovery Protocol Media Endpoint Discovery
LLMNR:
Link-Local Multicast Name Resolution
LMB:
Live Media Broadcast
LMDS:
Local Multipoint Distribution Service
LOAS:
Low Overhead Audio Stream
LOD:
Level Of Detail
LOF:
Loss of Frame
LPC:
Linear Predictive Coding
LPCM:
Linear Pulse Code Modulation
LPT:
Latest Presentation Time
LRF:
Location Retrieval Function
LRJ:
Location ReJect
LRQ:
Location ReQuest
LSB:
Least Significant Bit
LSF:
Line Spectral Frequencies
LSP:
Label Switched Path/Line Spectral Pairs
LSR:
Last Sender Report/Label Switching Router
LSSU:
Link Status Signal Unit
LTC:
Linear Time Code
LTE:
Long-Term Evolution
LTP:
Long-Term Prediction
LTRF:
Long-Term Reference Frame
LTRP:
Long-Term Reference Picture
LUF:
Look-Up Function
LVDS:
Low Voltage Differential Signaling
LZ77:
Lempel-Ziv 1977
LZW:
Lempel-Ziv-Welch
M2PA:
MTP2 Peer-to-Peer Adaptation layer
M2UA:
MTP2 User Adaption layer
M3UA:
MTP3 User Adaption layer
MAA:
Multimedia-Auth-Answer
MAC:
Move, Add, and Change/Medium Access Control/Multiplexed Analog Component
MAD:
Minimal Absolute Difference
MANE:
Media Aware Network Element
MAP:
Multicast Adaption Protocol/Mobile Application Part
MAR:
Multimedia-Auth-Request
MAWG:
Media AnnotationWorking Group
MB:
Macro Block
MBAFF:
Macro Block Adaptive Frame/Field
MBAmap:
MacroBlock Allocation map
MBFT:
Multipoint Binary File Transfer
MBM:
Motion Boundary Marker
MBMS:
Multimedia Broadcast Multicast Service
MBR:
Maximum Bit Rate
MBwTM:
Media Broadcast with Trick Mode
MC:
MultiCast/Motion CompenStation/Multipoint Controller/Media Capture
MCC:
Mobile Country Code
MCCF:
Media Control Channel Framework
McCPF:
Multicast Control Point Functional block
MCF:
Message Confirm/Media Control Function
MCID:
Malicious Communication Identification
MCN:
Media Channel Negotiation
MCP:
Motion Compensated Prediction
McRF:
Multicast Replication Functional block
MCS:
Multipoint Communication Service
MCSAP:
Multipoint Communication Service Access Point
MCTF:
Motion Compensated Temporal Filtering
MCU:
Multipoint Control Unit
MDA:
Multi-Dimensional Adaption
MDB:
Multiprotocol Decapsulation Buffer
MDC:
Multiple Description Coding
MDCT:
Modified Discrete Cosine transform
MDCX:
MoDify Connection
MDF:
Media Delivery Function
MDI:
Media Delivery Index
M-DMC:
Mobile Digital Media Controller
M-DMD:
Mobile Digital Media Downloader
M-DMP:
Mobile Digital Media Player
M-DMS:
Mobile Digital Media Server
M-DMU:
Mobile Digital Media Uploader
mDNS:
Multicast DNS
MDP:
Media Presentation Description
ME:
Mobile Equipment
MEDIACTRL:
MEDIA ConTRoL
MEGACO:
MEdia GAteway COntrol protocol
MELP:
Mixed Excitation Linear Prediction
MF:
Media Function/MultiFrequency
MFC:
MultiFrequency Compelled
MFN:
MultiFrequency Network
MFWG:
Media Fragment Working Group
MG:
Media Gateway
MGC:
Media Gateway Control
MGCF:
Media Gateway Control Function
MGCP:
Media Gateway Control Protocol
MGS:
Medium Granularity Scalability
MGW:
Media GateWay/Mobile GateWay
MHD:
Mobile Handheld Device
MHP:
Multimedia Home Platform
MHT:
Mean Holding Time
MI:
Material Information
MIB:
Management Information Base
MIDI:
Musical Instrument Digital Interface
MIME:
Multipurpose Internet Mail Extension
MIU:
Media Interoperability Unit
MLD:
Multicast Listener Discovery/MultiLoop Decoding
MLQ:
Maximum Likelihood Quantization
MLR:
Media Loss Rate
MMCO:
Memory Management Control Operation
MME:
Mobile Management Entity
MMRP:
Multicast Multiple Registration Protocol
MMS:
Microsoft Media Server/Multimedia Messaging Service
MMT:
Media Transport Standard
MMTel:
MultiMedia TELephony communication service
MMUSIC:
Multiparty MUtimedia SessIon Control
MNC:
Mobile Network Code
M-NCF:
Mobile Network Connectivity Function
MoCA:
Multimedia over Cable
MoFRR:
Multicast only Fast ReRoute
MOH:
Music On Hold
MO-LR:
Mobile Originating Location Request
MOS:
Mean Opinion Scouring
MOSPF:
Multicast Extension to OSPF
MoU:
Minutes of Use
MP:
Multipoint Processor
MP3:
MPEG audio Player 3
MP4:
MPEG-4 file format
MPC-MLQ:
Multipulse LPC with Maximum Likelihood Quantization
MPD:
Media PresentationDescription/Multiprotocol Decapsulation
MPE:
MultiProtocol Encapsulation
MPE:
MultiPulse Exited
MPEG:
Moving Pictures Expert Group
MPEG-TS:
Moving Pictures Expert Group-Transport Stream
MPLS:
Multiprotocol Label Switching
MPQM:
Moving Pictures Quality Metric
MPTCP:
Multipath TCP
MPTS:
Multiple Program Transport Streams
MPV:
MPEG-2 transPort Video
MR:
Multiresolution/Media Renderer
MRB:
Media Resource Broker
MRCP:
Media Renderer Control Point/Media Resource Control Protocol
MRF:
Multimedia Resource Function
MRFC:
Multimedia Resource Function Controller
MRFP:
Media Resource Function Processor
MRIB:
Multicast Routing Information Base
MRS:
Material Resolution Server/Media Resource Server
MS:
Media Server/Multiple Server
MSAP:
MAC Service Access Points
MSAS:
Media Synchronization Application Server
MSB:
Most Significant Bit
MSC:
Mobile Switching Center
MSCML:
Media Server Control Markup Language
MSCP:
Media Server Control Point
MSD:
Master–Slave Determination
MSE:
Mean Square Error
MSI:
Media–Service Interface (Cisco)
MSIN:
Mobile Subscriber Identification
MSINDN:
Mobile Subscriber ISDN
MSML:
Media Server Markup Language
MSP:
Media Service Provider
MSRN:
Mobile Station Roaming Number
MSRP:
Message Session Relay Protocol
MSU:
Message Signal Unit
MTA:
Media Terminal Adapter
MTAP:
Multiple-Time Aggregation Packet
MTBF:
Mean Time Between Failure
MTC:
Midi Time Codes
MT-LR:
Mobile Termination Location Request
MTP:
Media Transfer Protocol
MTP1:
Media Transfer Protocol 1
MTP2:
Media Transfer Protocol 2
MTP3:
Media Transfer Protocol 3
MTRF:
Mobile Terminating Roaming Forwarding
MTRR:
Mobile Terminating Roaming Retry
MTS:
MPEG-2 Transport Stream
MTU:
Maximum Transfer Unit
MUX:
Multiplex/Multiplexer
MV:
Motion Vector
MVC:
Multiview Video Coding
MVRP:
Multiple VLAN Registration Protocol
MWI:
Message Waiting Indication
MXM:
MPEG Extensible Middleware
NAB:
National Association of Broadcasters
NACC:
Network Assisted Cell Change
NACF:
Network Attachment Configuration Function
NACK:
Negative ACKnowledgment
NADA:
Network Assisted Dynamic Adaption
NAI:
Network Access Identifier
NAK:
No AcKnowledge
NAL:
Network Abstraction Layer
NALU:
Network Abstraction Layer Unit
NAPT:
Network Address and Port Translation
NAPTR:
Name Authority PoinTeR
NAS:
Network Access Stratum/Network Access Storage
NASS:
Network Attachment SubSystem
NAT:
Network Address Translation
NB:
NarrowBand/National Body
ND:
Network Device
NDS:
Network Domain Security/Novell Directory Server
NENA:
National Emergency Number Association
NGMN:
Next Generation Mobile Network Alliance
NGN:
Next-Generation Network
NGOV:
Next Gen Open Video
NGW:
Network Gateway
NIC:
Network Interface Card
NID:
Network ID
NIF:
Nodal Interface Function
N-ISDN:
Narrowband ISDN
NIST:
National Institute of Standards and Technology
NIT:
Network Information Table
NLSML:
NaturalLanguage Semantic Markup Language
NMS:
Network Management System
NNI:
Network Network Interface
NNTP:
Network News Transport Protocol
NPP:
Noise Preprocessing
NPT:
Network Play Time/Normal Play Time
NPVR:
Network PVR
NR:
Noise Reduction
NRI:
NAL Reference ID
NRZ:
NonReturn to Zero
NSAP:
Network Service Access Point
NT:
Notification Type/Network Termination
NTFY:
NoTiFY
NTP:
Network Time Protocol
NTS:
Notification Subtype
NTSC:
National Television Systems Committee (FCC)
NTT:
Nippon Telephone and Telegraph company
OA&M:
Operations, Administration, and Maintenance
OAM&P:
Operations, Administration, Maintenance, and Provisioning
OBO:
Output Back-Off
OC:
Optical Carrier
OCAP:
OpenCable Application Platform
OCI:
Object Content Information
OCS:
Online Charging System
OD:
Object Descriptor
OFDM:
Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing
OFDMA:
Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing Access
OICD:
Open Internet Content Distribution
OIF:
Outbound Interface Table
OIP:
Originating Identification Presentation
OIPF:
Open IPTV
OIR:
Originating Identification Restriction
OLC:
Open Logical Channel
OLED:
Organic Light Emitting Diode display
OMA:
Open Mobile Alliance
OMG:
Object Management Group
OMT:
Object Modeling Technique
OMUX:
Output MUltipleXer
ONID:
Original Network ID
OPC:
Originating Point Code
ORB:
Object Request Broker
ORTC:
Object Real-Time Communication
OS:
Origin Server
OSA:
Open Service Architecture
OSI:
Open Systems Interconnection
OSN:
Original Sequence Number
OSPF:
Open Shortest Path First
OTDOA:
Observed Time Difference Of Arrival
OTI:
Object Transmission Information
OTT:
Over the Top
OUI:
Organizational Unique Identifier
OWD:
One-Way Delay
PA:
Presence Agent
PAFF:
Picture Adaptive Frame/Field
PAL:
Phase Alternating Line (ITU)
PAM:
Pulse Amplitude Modulation
PAT:
Program Association Table
PB:
Prediction Block
PBS:
Peak Burst Size
PBX:
Private Branch Exchange
PC:
Point Code/Personal Computer/Parental Control
PCC:
Policy and Charging Control
PCEF:
Policy Enforcement Function
PCH:
Paging Channel
PCM:
Pulse-Code Modulation
PCMA:
Pulse-Code Modulation A-Law
PCMU:
Pulse-Code Modulation U-Law
PCN:
PreCongestion Notification
PCP:
Port Control Protocol
PCR:
Program Clock Reference
PCRF:
Policy and Charging Control Function
P-CSCF:
Proxy Call Session Control Function
PD:
Phase Discriminator
PDCCH:
Physical Downlink Control Channel
PDCP:
Packet Data Convergence Protocol
PDD:
Post Dial Delay
PDN:
Packet Data Network
PDP:
Packet Data Protocol/Policy Decision Point/Plasma Display Panel
PDR:
Peak Data Rate
PDU:
Protocol Data Unit
PDV:
Packet (cell) Delay Variation
PE:
Protocol Engines
PEL:
PixEL
PEP:
Policy Enforcement Point
PER:
Packet Encoding Rules
PES:
Packetized Elementary Streams
PESQ:
Perceptual Evaluation of Speech Quality
PFC:
Previous Frame Concealment
PGM:
Pragmatic General Multicast
P-GW:
Packetdata network GateWay
PHB:
Per-Hop Behavior
PHY:
PHYsical layer
PID:
Packet IDentifier
PIDF:
Presence Information Data Format
PIDF-LO:
PIDF-Location Object
PIE:
Proportional Integral controller Enhanced
PII:
Personally Identifiable Information
PIM:
Protocol-Independent Multicast
PIM-DM:
PIM Dense Mode
PIM-SM:
PIM Sparse Mode
PINT:
PSTN and INternet inTerworking
PiP:
Picture in Picture
PKI:
Public Key Infrastructure
PLC:
Packet Loss Concealment
PLI:
Picture Loss Indication
PLL:
Phase Locked Loop
PLMN:
Public Land Mobile Network
PLR:
Packet Loss Rate
PLS:
Pronunciation Lexicon Specification
PMP:
Port Mapping Protocol
PMT:
Program Map Table
PNA:
Progressive Networks Architecture/Presence Network Agent
PNG:
Portable Network Graphics
POC:
Picture Order Count
PoE:
Power over Ethernet
POIS:
Placement Opportunity Information Service
PON:
Passive Optical Networks
POPAI:
Point-Of-Purchase Advertising International
POTS:
Plain Old Telephony
PPA:
Push-Profile-Answer
PPP:
Point-to-Point Protocol
PPR:
Push-Profile-Request
PPV:
Pay Per View
PQ:
Priority Queue
PRACK:
Provisional Responses ACK
PRC:
Primary Reference Clock
PRI:
Primary Rate Interface
PRN:
Provide Roaming Number
PS:
Program Stream/Packet Switcher/Presence Server
PS HO:
Packet Switched Handover
PSAP:
Public Safety Answering Point
PSC:
Parameter Set Concept/Personalized Service Composition
PSD:
Power Spectrum Density
PSI:
Program-Specific Information
PSI/SI:
Program-Specific Information/Service Information
PSK:
Phase Shift Keying
PSNR:
Peak-Signal-to-Noise Ratio
PSQM:
Perceptual Speech Quality Measurement
PSS:
Packet-switched Streaming Service
PSTN:
Public-Switched Telephone Network
PT:
Payload Type
PtM:
Point to Multipoint
PTP:
Picture Transfer Protocol/Precision Time Protocol
PtP:
Point to Point
PTR:
PoinTeR
PTS:
Presentation Time Stamp
PTT:
Postal Telephone and Telegraph
PUA:
Presence User Agent
PUC:
Public Utilities Commission
PVC:
Permanent Virtual Circuit
PVR:
Personal Video Recorder
PVRG:
Portable Video Research Group
QAM:
Quadrature Amplitude Modulation
QAPD:
Quality Adaptive Progressive Download
QCIF:
QoS Class Identifier/Quarter CIF
QoE:
Quality of Experience
QoS:
Quality of Service
QP:
Quantification Parameter
QPEL:
Quarter PixEL
QPSK:
Quadrature Phase-Shift Keying
QQIC:
Querier's Query Interval Code
QQIC:
Query's Query Interval Code
QRC:
Query Response Channel
QRV:
Query's Robustness Variable
QSIG:
Q SIGnaling
Q-SIP:
QoS aware SIP
QTFF:
Quick Time File Format
QVGA:
Quarter Video Graphics Array
RAC:
Resource Available Confirm Message
RACF:
Resource and Admission Control Function
RACS:
Resource Admission Control System
RADA:
Remote Access Discovery Agent
RAI:
Resource Available Indicate
RAMS:
unicast-based Rapid Acquisition of Multicast RTP Sessions
RAN:
Radio Access Network
RAP:
Rate Adoption Protocol/Random Access Point
RAR:
Reauthorization Request
RAS:
Registration, Admission, andStatus
RATA:
Remote Access Transport Agent
RBOC:
Regional Bell Operating Company
RC:
Rendering Control/Reception report Count
RCDO:
Reduced Complexity Decoding Operation
RCEF:
Resource Control Enforcement Function
RCF:
Registration Confirm
RCS:
Rendering Control Service
RDB:
RTP Decapsulation Buffer
RDF:
Routing Determination Function
RDO:
Rate Distortion Optimization
RED:
Random Early Delete
REL:
RELease
RET:
RE-Transmission
RF:
Rate Distortion/Radio Frequency
RFC:
Request For Comments
RFI:
Request For Information
RFP:
Request For Proposal
RG:
Residential Gateway
RGB:
Red, Green, Blue color model
RIP:
Routing Information Protocol
RIR:
Random Intra Refresh
RLC:
Radio Link Control/ReLease Complete/Run Length enCoding
RLE:
Run Length Encoding
RLS:
Resource Location Server
RM:
Remote Management
RMCAT:
RTP Media Congestion Avoidance Techniques
RMRG:
Reliable Multicast Research Group
RMS:
Remote Management System
RNA:
Ring No Answer
RNC:
Radio Network Controller
R-NNI:
Roaming NNI
ROADM:
Reconfigurable optical add-drop multiplexer
ROAP:
RTCWEB Offer Answer Protocol
ROHC:
RObust Header Compression
ROPE:
Recursive Optimal Per-pixel Estimate
RP:
Rendezvous Point
RPE:
Regular Pulse Excited
RPF:
Reverse Path Forwarding
RPID:
Rich Presence Information Data
RPLM:
Reference Picture List Modification/Reference Picture List Reordering
RPMR:
Reference Picture Marking Repetition
RPS:
Reference Picture Set
RPSI:
Reference Picture Selection Indication
RPT:
Rendezvous Point Tree
RQNT:
NoTification ReQuest
RR:
Receiver Report
RRC:
Radio Resource Control
RRJ:
Registration ReJect
RRQ:
Registration ReQuest
RS:
bandwidth modifier for RTCP Sender reports/Recording Session
RS-DVR:
Remote Service – Digital Video Recorder
Rseq:
Response Sequence
RSI:
Receiver Summary Information
RSIP:
ReStart In Progress
RSVP:
Resource reSerVation Protocol
RTA:
Registration-Termination-Answer/Receive-Terminate-Acknowledgment
RTC:
Real Time Communication
RTCP:
Real-time Transport Control Protocol
RTMP:
Real Time Messaging Protocol Chunk Stream
RTP:
Real-time Transport Protocol
RTR:
Registration-Termination-Request
RTSP:
Real-Time Streaming Protocol
RTT:
Round-Trip Time
RUI:
Remote User Interface
RVC:
Reconfigurable Video Coding
RVLC:
Reversible Variable Length Coding
SA:
Service Agent/Security Association
SAA:
Server-Assignment-Answer
SABR:
Smooth Adaptive Bit RatE
SAD:
Sum of Absolute Differences/Service Action Data
SADS:
Service and Application Discovery and Selection
SAE:
System Architecture Evolution
SAF:
Simple Aggregation Format
SAH:
Service Access History
SALT:
Speech Application Language Tags
SAO:
Sample Adaptive Offset
SAOL:
Structured Audio Orchestra Language
SAP:
Service Access Point/Session Announcement Protocol
SAR:
Server-Assignment-Request
SAV:
Start of Active Video
SAVP:
Secure Audio Video Profile
SB:
Source Block
SBC:
Subband Coding/Session Border Controllers
SBE:
Signaling Border Element
SBL:
Source Block Length
SBN:
Source Block Number
SbS:
Side by Side
SC:
Subcommittee/Synchronization Client
SCCP:
Skinny Client Control Protocol/Signal Connection Control Part
SC&DF:
Service Control and Delivery Function
SCF:
Service Control Function
SCIM:
Service Capability Interaction Manager
SCP:
Service and Content Protection/Service Control Point
SCPD:
Service Control Protocol Description
SCR:
System Clock Referenced
SCS:
Service Capability Server
S-CSCF:
Serving Call Session Control Function
SCTE:
Society of Cable Telecommunications Engineer
SCTP:
Stream Control Transmission Protocol
SCXML:
State Chart XML
SD:
Standard Definition/Service Discovery
SDAP:
Service Discovery Application Profile
SDCP:
Standardized Device Control Protocol
SDD:
Service Description Document
SDDT:
Simplified DCT-Domain Transcoders
SDES:
Source DEScription
SDF:
Service Data Flows/Service Discovery Function
SDH:
Synchronous Digital Hierarchy
SDI:
Serial Digital Interface
SDP:
Session Description Protocol, Service Delivery Platform
SD&S:
Service Discovery & Selection
SDT:
Signal Dependant Transform/Service Description Table
SDTV:
Standard-Definition TV
SDV:
Switched Digital Video
SECAM:
SEquentiel Couleur A Memoire
SEG:
Security Gateway
SEI:
Supplemental Enhancement Information
SER:
Symbol-Error rate
SF:
Service Function
SFM:
Source-Filtered Multicast
SFMT:
