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- Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
- Kategorie: Wissenschaft und neue Technologien
- Sprache: Englisch
Today, more than 80% of the data transmitted over networks and archived on our computers, tablets, cell phones or clouds is multimedia data - images, videos, audio, 3D data. The applications of this data range from video games to healthcare, and include computer-aided design, video surveillance and biometrics.
It is becoming increasingly urgent to secure this data, not only during transmission and archiving, but also during its retrieval and use. Indeed, in today’s "all-digital" world, it is becoming ever-easier to copy data, view it unrightfully, steal it or falsify it.
Multimedia Security 1 analyzes the issues of the authentication of multimedia data, code and the embedding of hidden data, both from the point of view of defense and attack. Regarding the embedding of hidden data, it also covers invisibility, color, tracing and 3D data, as well as the detection of hidden messages in an image by steganalysis.
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Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2022
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Table of Contents
Cover
Title Page
Copyright
Foreword by Gildas Avoine
Foreword by Cédric Richard
Preface
1 How to Reconstruct the History of a Digital Image, and of Its Alterations
1.1. Introduction
1.2. Describing the image processing chain
1.3. Traces left on noise by image manipulation
1.4. Demosaicing and its traces
1.5. JPEG compression, its traces and the detection of its alterations
1.6. Internal similarities and manipulations
1.7. Direct detection of image manipulation
1.8. Conclusion
1.9. References
2 Deep Neural Network Attacks and Defense: The Case of Image Classification
2.1. Introduction
2.2. Adversarial images: definition
2.3. Attacks: making adversarial images
2.4. Defenses
2.5. Conclusion
2.6. References
3 Codes and Watermarks
3.1. Introduction
3.2. Study framework: robust watermarking
3.3. Index modulation
3.4. Error-correcting codes approach
3.5. Contradictory objectives of watermarking: the impact of codes
3.6. Latest developments in the use of correction codes for watermarking
3.7. Illustration of the influence of the type of code, according to the attacks
3.8. Using the rank metric
3.9. Conclusion
3.10. References
4 Invisibility
4.1. Introduction
4.2. Color watermarking: an approach history?
4.3. Quaternionic context for watermarking color images
4.4. Psychovisual approach to color watermarking
4.5. Conclusion
4.6. References
5 Steganography: Embedding Data Into Multimedia Content
5.1. Introduction and theoretical foundations
5.2. Fundamental principles
5.3. Digital image steganography: basic methods
5.4. Advanced principles in steganography
5.5. Conclusion
5.6. References
6 Traitor Tracing
6.1. Introduction
6.2. The original Tardos code
6.3. Tardos and his successors
6.4. Research of better score functions
6.5. How to find a better threshold
6.6. Conclusion
6.7. References
7 3D Watermarking
7.1. Introduction
7.2. Preliminaries
7.3. Synchronization
7.4. 3D data hiding
7.5. Presentation of a high-capacity data hiding method
7.6. Improvements
7.7. Experimental results
7.8. Trends in high-capacity 3D data hiding
7.9. Conclusion
7.10. References
8 Steganalysis: Detection of Hidden Data in Multimedia Content
8.1. Introduction, challenges and constraints
8.2. Incompatible signature detection
8.3. Detection using statistical methods
8.4. Supervised learning detection
8.5. Detection by deep neural networks
8.6. Current avenues of research
8.7. Conclusion
8.8. References
List of Authors
Index
End User License Agreement
List of Tables
Chapter 1
Table 1.1 Description of the main sources of noise during the acquisition proces...
Chapter 3
Table 3.1 Galois field GF(24)
Table 3.2 Summary table of different contributions in watermarking and correctio...
Table 3.3. Table of acronyms in Table 3.2
Table 3.4 Table of code correction parameters. For each row of the table, we hav...
Chapter 4
Table 4.1 Psychovisual experiments of marked image comparisons
Chapter 7
Table 7.1 Properties of data hiding methods, according to their embedding domain
Table 7.2 Comparison with previous methods on the 3D Bunny object
Table 7.3 Evaluation of the quality of the approach studied (Itier and Puech 201...
Chapter 8
Table 8.1 The different possibilities of good and bad detection. For a color ver...
Guide
Cover
Table of Contents
Title Page
Copyright
Foreword by Gildas Avoine
Foreword by Cédric Richard
Preface
Begin Reading
List of Authors
Index
End User License Agreement
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SCIENCES
Image, Field Director – Laure Blanc-Feraud
Compression, Coding and Protection of Images and Videos, Subject Head – Christine Guillemot
Multimedia Security 1
Authentication and Data Hiding
Coordinated by
William Puech
First published 2022 in Great Britain and the United States by ISTE Ltd and John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Apart from any fair dealing for the purposes of research or private study, or criticism or review, as permitted under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, this publication may only be reproduced, stored or transmitted, in any form or by any means, with the prior permission in writing of the publishers, or in the case of reprographic reproduction in accordance with the terms and licenses issued by the CLA. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside these terms should be sent to the publishers at the undermentioned address:
ISTE Ltd27-37 St George’s RoadLondon SW19 4EUUK
www.iste.co.uk
John Wiley & Sons, Inc.111 River StreetHoboken, NJ 07030USA
www.wiley.com
© ISTE Ltd 2022
The rights of William Puech to be identified as the author of this work have been asserted by him in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.
Any opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the author(s), contributor(s) or editor(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of ISTE Group.
Library of Congress Control Number: 2021948467
British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data
A CIP record for this book is available from the British Library
ISBN 978-1-78945-026-2
ERC code:
PE6 Computer Science and Informatics
PE6_5 Cryptology, security, privacy, quantum cryptography
PE6_8 Computer graphics, computer vision, multi media, computer games
Foreword by Gildas Avoine
Gildas AVOINE
Director of the CNRS Computer Security Research Network, INSA Rennes, University of Rennes, IRISA, CNRS, France
French academic and industrial research in cybersecurity is at the forefront of the international scene. While France cannot claim to have sovereignty over cybersecurity technologies, it undeniably possesses a wealth of skills, as French expertise covers all areas of cybersecurity.
Research in cryptography illustrates French excellence, but it should not overshadow other domains where French influence is just as remarkable, including formal methods for security, protection of privacy, security of systems, software and networks, security of hardware systems and multimedia data security, according to the classification proposed by the CNRS Computer Security Research Network (GdR).
The security of multimedia data is covered in this book. The evolution of our society from the written word to sound and image, with the notable arrival of the mobile phone and the democratization of the Internet has brought about new security needs. These are only the beginning of the transformation of our society, and the recent deployment of videoconferencing shows that research into the security of multimedia data is constantly confronted with new scientific challenges.
The complexity of the subject and its multidisciplinary dimension, which primarily combines signal processing and cryptography, are perfectly illustrated by the variety of subjects detailed throughout this book. The chapters thus reveal the scientific obstacles to be dealt with by the community, by anchoring them in real scenarios, such as the fraudulent copying of films, the deception of artificial intelligence or the spreading of doctored images on social media.
This book, made up of two volumes, is thus promised to become a reference in the field of multimedia data security, an introduction that is both exhaustive and in-depth that students, engineers and researchers will be able to appreciate through more than 600 pages enriched with numerous references. Everyone can indulge in their favorite kind of reading, whether linear or random.
Finally, I would like to thank all of the authors for their commitment to supporting the scientific community, and I would particularly like to thank William Puech for editing this edition of the book. William, alongside Patrick Bas and then Caroline Fontaine, is responsible for the theme of multimedia data security within the Computer Security GdR, thus allowing the entire cybersecurity community to better understand this fascinating subject.
Happy reading!
Foreword by Cédric Richard
Cédric RICHARD
Director of the CNRS GdR ISIS, Côte d’Azur Observatory, University of Côte d’Azur, Nice, France
With the relentless increase in bandwidth and storage space, as well as the proliferation of mobile devices and the development of new standards, multimedia data is affecting our societies by changing the way that we access data and information. It is also changing our relationship to culture, by transforming interactions between individuals and their relationships with organizations. Multimedia activities are present in all major sectors of activity (security, health, telecommunications, etc.) and have supported their successive developments because of the common backbone they build, from information support to the application and user.
In this context, by protecting confidentiality and copyright, verifying integrity, analyzing and authenticating content, tracing copies and controlling access, particularly critical questions about multimedia data security are being asked. For example, the protection strategies implemented must take into account the specific needs of multimedia while meeting the requirements of the means of communication, thus establishing a compromise. A wrong approach can indeed lead to excessive coding of the data, or the alteration of their perceptual quality, and thus failure in the targeted security objectives.
As an interface discipline, the art of multimedia security is difficult!
However, with this two-part book, William Puech and his co-authors take up the challenge brilliantly by painting an exhaustive and current panorama of multimedia security. They offer an in-depth analysis of authentication and hidden data embedding methods, biometric technologies and multimedia protection and encryption processes. Without giving in to an outdated formalism that could hinder the fluidity of their presentations, the authors captivate the reader by presenting the state of the art of each subject directly and in an illustrative way.
William Puech and the contributors to this book have provided considerable work to their French-speaking scientific communities of information, signal, image, vision and computer security, represented by the two appropriate French GdR groups of the CNRS. I would like to express all of my gratitude to them.
Preface
William PUECH
LIRMM, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, France
Nowadays, more than 80% of transmitted data on social media and archived in our computers, tablets, mobile phones or in the cloud is multimedia data. This multimedia data mainly includes images (photographs, computer-generated images), videos (films, animations) or sound (music, podcasts), but equally more and more three-dimensional (3D) data and scenes, for applications ranging from video games to medical data, passing through computer-aided design, video surveillance and biometrics. It is becoming necessary, urgent, not to say vital, to secure this multimedia data during its transmission or archiving, but also during its visualization. In fact, with everything digital, it is becoming increasingly easy to copy this multimedia data, to view it without rights, to appropriate it, but also to counterfeit it.
Over the last 30 years, we have observed an expansive development around multimedia security, both internationally and in France. In fact, at the French level, there are dozens of research teams in laboratories, but also a large number of industrials, who are focusing their activities on these aspects. This activity can also be found in several GdR (research groups) of the CNRS, but in particular the GdR ISIS (information, signal, image and vision) and the GdR computer security.
Multimedia security is a relatively new theme, as evidenced by the publication dates of the articles referenced in the various chapters of these two volumes. In fact, out of about 900 references, nearly 50% of them are less than 10 years old, and more than 35% are between 10 and 20 years old. Of course, let us not forget certain authors, such as Auguste Kerckhoffs (1835–1903) and Claude Shannon (1916–2001), without whom our community would not have advanced in the same way. The history of multimedia security really begins at the end of the 1990s, with the beginning of watermarking, steganography, but in a very timid manner, this being motivated by the digitization of content and the protection of rights holders. In 2001, motivated by the attack of September 11, research in steganalysis hidden signal detection and statistical detection became the top priority. Between 2000 and 2010, there was an international explosion in watermarking security. There were also major contributions in steganography and steganalysis. During this same decade, research into securing multimedia data by specific encryption was born with the aspects of selective or partial encryption and crypto-compression, while guaranteeing the preservation of international formats and standards. From 2010, new facets of multimedia data security have emerged with forensics aspects, as well as statistical approaches. There has also been a strong development in signal processing in the encrypted domain, as well as the tracing of traitors. In 2020, research in forensics and steganalysis has been gaining momentum, in particular with the emergence of machine learning, and especially with the exploitation and development of deep convolutional neural networks. The recent advances in this field have varied greatly, from steganography (GAN), adversarial methods, methods by content generation, to the processing of encrypted content, including the links between learning and information leakage, applications in biometrics and “real-life” content analysis.
This project of works began more than two years ago and has really meant a lot to me. In fact, at the French level, we have a certain strength in this field, and numerous gems that we have brought to light. Nothing could have been achieved without the support of the GdR ISIS and GdR computer security. It is largely because of these GdR that we have succeeded in tracking research activities in the field of multimedia security from a French point of view. The towns represented in these two works illustrate the richness and national diversity (Caen, Grenoble, La Rochelle, Lille, Limoges, Lyon, Montpellier, Paris, Poitiers, Rennes, Saint-Étienne and Troyes), because some of these cities, as we will see during our reading, are represented by several laboratories and/or universities.
As we will be able to see throughout these two volumes, even if they are grouped around multimedia security, the research themes are very broad and the applications varied. In addition, the fields cover a broad spectrum, from signal processing to cryptography, including image processing, information theory, encoding and compression. Many of the topics in multimedia security are a game of cat and mouse, where the defender of rights must regularly transform into a counter-attacker in order to resist the attacker.
The first volume primarily focuses around the authentication of multimedia data, codes and the embedding of hidden data, from the side of the defender as well as the attacker. Concerning the embedding of hidden data, it also addresses the aspects of invisibility, color, tracing and 3D data, as well as the detection of hidden messages in images by steganalysis. The second volume mainly focuses on the biometrics, protection, integrity and encryption of multimedia data. It covers aspects such as image and video crypto-compression, homomorphic encryption, the embedding of hidden data in the encrypted domain, as well as the sharing of secrets. I invite the reader, whether they are a student, teacher, researcher or industrial to immerse themselves in these works, not necessarily by following the intended order, but going from one chapter to another, as well as from one volume to another.
These two volumes, even though they cover a broad spectrum in multimedia security, are not meant to be exhaustive. I think, and hope, that a third volume will complete these first two. In fact, I am thinking of sound (music and speech), video surveillance/video protection, camera authentication, privacy protection, as well as the attacks and counter-attacks that we see every day.
I would like to thank all of the authors, chapter managers, their co-authors, their collaborators and their teams for all of their hard work. I am very sorry that I have had to ask them many times to find the best compromises between timing, content and length of the chapters. Thank you to Jean-Michel, Laurent, Philippe (×2), Patrick (×2), Teddy, Sébastien (×2), Christophe, Iuliia, Petra, Vincent, Wassim, Caroline and Pauline! Thank you all for your openness and good humor! I would also thank the GdR ISIS and computer Security through Gildas and Cédric, but also Christine and Laure for their proofreading, as well as for establishing a connection with ISTE Ltd. I would also like to thank all of the close collaborators with whom I have worked for more than 25 years on the various themes that I have had the chance to address. PhD students, engineers, interns and colleagues, all of them will recognize themselves, whether they are in my research team (ICAR team) or in my research laboratory (LIRMM, Université de Montpellier, CNRS).
In particular, I would like to thank Vincent, Iuliia, Sébastien and Pauline for having accepted to embark on this adventure. Pauline, in addition to writing certain chapters, has been a tremendous collaborator for the advancement of this book. All of those responsible for the chapters have seen that, Pauline has been my shadow over the past two years, to ensure that these two works could see the light of day in 2021. Thank you Pauline! To conclude, I would like to warmly thank all of the members of my family, and in particular Magali and our three children, Carla, Loriane and Julian, whom I love very much and who have constantly supported me.
November 2021
