Nanoparticulate Materials E-Book

Kathy Lu

• Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
• Kategorie: Wissenschaft und neue Technologien
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 788

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2012

Beschreibung

Serving as the only systematic and comprehensive treatment on the topic of nanoparticle-based materials, this book covers synthesis, characterization, assembly, shaping and sintering of all types of nanoparticles including metals, ceramics, and semiconductors. A single-authored work, it is suitable as a graduate-level text in nanomaterials courses.

Leseprobe

Contents

Cover

Title Page

Copyright

Dedication

Preface

List Of Symbols

List Of Abbreviations

About the Author

Chapter 1: Introduction

1.1 OVERVIEW

1.2 NANOPARTICLE-BASED MATERIALS

1.3 UNIQUE CHARACTERISTICS

1.4 PROPERTIES

1.5 KEY SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNICAL CHALLENGES

1.6 APPLICATIONS

1.7 PROCESSING OVERVIEW

1.8 SUMMARY

QUESTIONS

REFERENCES

Chapter 2: Nanoparticle Synthesis

2.1 INTRODUCTION

2.2 THEORY

2.3 GAS-PHASE NANOPARTICLE SYNTHESIS

2.4 LIQUID NANOPARTICLE SYNTHESIS

2.5 SOLID NANOPARTICLE SYNTHESIS

2.6 SUMMARY

QUESTIONS

REFERENCES

Chapter 3: Nanoparticle Characterization

3.1 INTRODUCTION

3.2 SIZE, SHAPE, AND MORPHOLOGY

3.3 ENERGETICS AND GLOBAL THERMODYNAMICS

3.4 SURFACE AREA

3.5 POROSITY AND PORE SIZE

3.6 STRUCTURE

3.7 COMPOSITION

3.8 NEEDS IN NANOSCALE CHARACTERIZATION

3.9 SUMMARY

QUESTIONS

REFERENCES

Chapter 4: Nanoparticle-Based Superstructures

4.1 INTRODUCTION

4.2 TOP-DOWN PROCESSES

4.3 BOTTOM-UP PROCESSES

4.4 HYBRID

4.5 TEMPLATING

4.6 THREE-DIMENSIONAL ASSEMBLY

4.7 SUMMARY

QUESTIONS

REFERENCES

Chapter 5: Nanoparticle-Based Material Shaping

5.1 INTRODUCTION

5.2 DRY FORMING TECHNIQUES

5.3 SEMIDRY FORMING TECHNIQUES

5.4 WET FORMING TECHNIQUES

5.5 DIGITAL PROCESSING TECHNIQUES

5.6 BIO-DERIVED PROCESSES

5.7 SUMMARY

QUESTIONS

REFERENCES

Chapter 6: Sintering

6.1 INTRODUCTION

6.2 THEORIES

6.3 CHARACTERISTICS OF NANOPARTICLE SINTERING

6.4 POROUS NANOPARTICLE MATERIAL SINTERING

6.5 DENSE NANOPARTICLE-BASED MATERIAL SINTERING

6.6 SUMMARY

QUESTIONS

REFERENCES

Chapter 7: Manufacturing Issues and Emerging Areas

7.1 INTRODUCTION

7.2 DEFECTS AND MEASUREMENT

7.3 PROCESS AND QUALITY CONTROL

7.4 MODELING AND SIMULATION

7.5 ENVIRONMENTAL AND HEALTH CONCERNS

7.6 SUMMARY

QUESTIONS

REFERENCES

Appendix 1: Explanation of Unfamiliar Nomenclatures

Appendix 2: Prefixes in the International System of Units

Index

Copyright © 2013 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved

Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey Published simultaneously in Canada

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data:

Lu, Kathy. Nanoparticulate materials : synthesis, characterization, and processing / Kathy Lu. pages cm Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-1-118-29142-9 (cloth) 1. Nanoparticles. 2. Nanostructured materials. I. Title. TA418.78.L825 2012 620.1′15–dc23 2012025733

ISBN: 9781118291429

To Jim, Maggie, and Aron.

PREFACE

This book specifically focuses on nanoparticle-based materials. It is intended to provide a more detailed look in this subfield of nanomaterials. On the one hand, it is intended to move beyond the broad, introductory stage of most books on nanomaterials and gives readers an in-depth coverage of this more specialized area. On the other hand, the book provides a transition between conventional particulate materials and nanoparticle-based materials so that the readers can view the existing and new fields in a continuous manner. The book is organized in the chronological order of nanoparticle material processing so that it can easily be used as a textbook.

I am aware that, in various places, the book does not provide detailed theoretical discussion of specific processes or the enabling techniques. This decision is based on the fact that many fundamental theories and equations have been well explained in other books and this book would be too long for the readers who mainly seek a comprehensive treatment of nanoparticle-based materials. The nanomaterials using nanoparticles as minor additives and polymer-based nanoparticle materials have purposely been omitted. I have tried my best to use a large number of representative images from the literature with the belief that seeing is believing.

This book is intended to provide comprehensive coverage for the readers involved in the nanoparticle-based material field. Upper-level undergraduates, graduate students, and professionals who are active in or curious about the fundamentals and advances in this area should find this book useful. I hope this book provides deeper understanding and knowledge in this fascinating and wide-ranging discipline. Each chapter can be used separately or in conjunction with one another. Questions are provided at the end of each chapter for pondering.

This book would not have been possible without all the encouragement and support from my colleagues, friends, students, and family. It is impossible to list every one of them. Specifically, I would like to acknowledge Professor Randall German for igniting my idea of writing this book. The reviewers' efforts for this book have been extremely helpful and I am thankful for their input. My graduate and undergraduate students, especially Wenle Li, Bo Chen, Yongxuan Liang, Zhenbo Xia, Kevin Penyak, Margaret Anderson, Kelly Ramsburg, and Matt McCarley, helped me with the many details of the manuscript. I would like to thank my family for giving me the time and encouragement for completing this effort. Final thanks go to Anita Lekhwani at Wiley who helped bring this book to fruition.

KATHY LU

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

11-MUA:mercaptoundecanoic acid3DOM:three-dimensionally ordered macroporous material4NP:4-nitrophenolAA:atomic absorptionacac:acetylacetonateAE:atomic emissionAES:Auger electron spectroscopyAFM:atomic force microscopyAPTES:aminopropyltriethoxysilaneBET:Brunauer–Emmett–TellerBMI:1-n-butyl-3-methylimidazoliumCAD:computer-aided designCHAp:carbonated hydroxyapatiteCNT:carbon nanotubeCVS:chemical vapor synthesisDLS:dynamic light scatteringDLVO theory:Derjaguin–Landau–Verwey–Overbeek theoryDT:decanethiolEDS:energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopyEELS:electron energy-loss spectroscopyEPD:electrophoretic depositionFGM:functionally gradedFIB:focused ion beam lithographyFT-IR:Fourier transform infrared spectroscopyFWHM:full-width at half-maximumHA:hydroxyapatiteHNA:2-hydroxo-1-naphthaldehydeITO:indium-doped tin oxideLB:Langmuir–BlodgettLED:light-emitting diodesLEED:low energy electron diffractionLS:Langmuir–SchaeferLSCF:La0.6Sr0.4Co0.2Fe0.8O3–δLSM:La0.8Sr0.2MnO3–δMD:molecular dynamicsMHA:16-mercaptohexadecanoic acidMMA:methyl methacrylateMUA:11-mercaptoundecanoic acidODS:n-octadecyltriethoxysilanePAA:poly(acrylic acid)PCS:photo correlation spectroscopyPDMS:polydimethylsiloxanePDMS-g-PA:poly(dimethylsiloxane)-graft-polyacrylatePEG:poly(ethylene glycol)PEI:polyethyleniminePLLA:poly(l-lactide)PMMA:poly(methyl methacrylate)PS:polystyrenePTAA:poly(3-thiophene acetic acid)PVA:poly(vinyl alcohol)PVP:poly(vinyl pyrrolidone)QDS:quantum dotsSAMS:self-assembled monolayersSANS:small-angle neutron scatteringSAXS:small-angle X-ray scatteringSDS:sodium dodecyl sulfateSEM:scanning electron microscopeSIMS:secondary ion mass spectroscopy (ion emission)SPM:scanning probe microscopeSTM:scanning tunneling microscopeTBP:tri-butyl-phosphine, C12H27PTEM:transmission electron microscopeTEOS:tetraethoxysilaneTEOS:tetraethyl orthosilicateTMOS:tetramethylorthosilicateTOPO:trioctylphosphine oxideUV-vis spectroscopy:ultraviolet-visible absorption spectroscopyvdW:van der WaalsXFS:X-ray fluorescence spectroscopyXRD:X-ray diffraction

ABOUT THE AUTHOR

Kathy Lu is a Professor in Materials Science and Engineering of Virginia Tech. She received her PhD and MS degrees from Ohio State University and BS from Tianjin University. Before joining Virginia Tech, she held positions at Penn State University and Energizer, Inc. She has authored about 100 papers and three book chapters, edited four books, and taught materials science courses from the undergraduate to graduate levels. She has been honored with several awards including Friedrich Wilhelm Bessel Research Award from Alexander von Humboldt Foundation (2011), Karl Schwartzwalder-PACE Award from American Ceramic Society (2008), and Ralph E. Powe Junior Faculty Award from Oak Ridge Associated Universities (2005).

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 OVERVIEW

Nanoscale science and technology have become an indispensable part of technological advancement in modern day society. Many books have been written on the subject [1–3]. Nanomaterial understanding, advancement, and development are an important part of this active area, since nanomaterials are the fundamental building blocks of nanoscale devices, modules, and instruments. Historically, materials development has been the cornerstone of human civilization and nanomaterials are no exceptions. It is reasonable to say that nanomaterials are the cornerstone of nanoscale science and engineering. Because of this importance, extensive research on nanomaterials is ongoing all over the globe and a few books have emerged on this topic [4–6]. However, most of these books are introductory in nature and cover a wide spectrum of nanomaterial topics. There is a lack of specific books that focus on nanomaterial fundamental understanding, research, and development even though this is much needed.

Nanomaterial research is multidisciplinary in nature and spans physics, chemistry, biology, and engineering. In this vast field, a long studied and still evolving topic is nanoparticle-based materials (shown in Fig. 1.1). Even though nanoparticle synthesis is one of the earliest and most mature fields in the nanotechnology area, there is a lack of methodic discussion of nanoparticle synthesis, nanostructure construction, and processing of nanoparticle-based bulk materials. Thousands of research papers have been written on nanoparticle-related technical issues. Nanoparticle synthesis, characterization, assembly, and processing have greatly advanced. Many industries are actively engaged in the research and development of nanoparticle-based materials and products. However, there is no dedicated book on this important and exciting, yet challenging, topic. In light of this, it is highly desired to examine this specific subject in a comprehensive manner and provide a systematic treatment of this field to the people who are either active in the field or are interested in understanding more about the field. A more advanced and nanoparticle-focused book that moves beyond the introduction stage is in great demand and this book aims to serve this purpose.

FIGURE 1.1 Relationships of the involving nanofields.

1.2 NANOPARTICLE-BASED MATERIALS

Dimension-wise, atoms and molecules are in the range of angstroms to nanometers; bulk materials are in the hundreds of microns and greater. In between these two ranges exist a special group of materials that can be grouped as particles, which can be further divided into micron to submicron particles and nanoparticles. For the micron to submicron level particles, extensive studies have been conducted; many excellent books have been written related to the synthesis, processing, and application of micron-sized particles [7,8]. Because of this, the treatment of this topic is omitted in this book. Nanoparticle-based materials, on the other hand, involve making, evaluating, and processing entities that are up to three orders of magnitude smaller than micron-sized particles. This group of materials often exhibits exciting properties, and the corresponding length scale bridges the gap between individual atoms/molecules and bulk components; thus, they are the focus of this book.