Parasitology E-Book

Alan Gunn

• Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
• Kategorie: Wissenschaft und neue Technologien
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 1153

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2012

Beschreibung

Parasitology: An Integrated Approach, provides a concise, student-friendly account of parasites and parasite relationships that is supported by case studies and suggestions for student projects. The book focuses strongly on parasite interactions with other pathogens and in particular parasite-HIV interactions, as well as looking at how host behaviour contributes to the spread of infections. There is a consideration of the positive aspects of parasite infections, how humans have used parasites for their own advantage and also how parasite infections affect the welfare of captive and domestic animals. The emphasis of Parasitology is on recent research throughout and each chapter ends with a brief discussion of future developments. This text is not simply an updated version of typical parastitology books but takes an integrated approach and explains how the study of parasites requires an understanding of a wide range of other topics from molecular biology and immunology to the interactions of parasites with both their hosts and other pathogens.

Leseprobe

Contents

Cover

Title Page

Copyright

Dedication

Preface

1: Animal associations

1.1 Introduction

1.2 Animal associations

1.3 Parasite hosts

1.4 The co-evolution of parasites and their hosts

1.5 Parasitism as a ‘lifestyle’: advantages and limitations

1.6 The economic cost of parasitic diseases

1.7 Why parasitic diseases remain a problem

1.8 Taxonomy

Questions

2: Parasitic protozoa, fungi and plants

2.1 Introduction

2.2 Parasitic protozoa

2.3 Phylum Rhizopoda

2.4 Phylum Metamonada

2.5 Phylum Apicomplexa

2.6 Subclass Coccidiasina

2.7 Phylum Kinetoplastida

2.8 Phylum Chlorophyta

2.9 Kingdom fungi

2.10 Kingdom plantae

Questions

3: Helminth parasites

3.1 Introduction: invertebrate taxonomy

3.2 Phylum Platyhelminthes

3.3 Class Trematoda

3.4 Class Cestoda

3.5 Phylum Acanthocephala

3.6 Phylum Nematoda (Nemata)

Questions

4: Arthropod parasites

4.1 Introduction

4.2 Phylum Chelicerata

4.3 Phylum Crustacea

4.4 Sub-phylum Hexapoda

Questions

5: Parasite transmission

5.1 Introduction

5.2 Contaminative transmission

5.3 Transmission associated with reproduction

5.4 Autoinfection

5.5 Nosocomial transmission

5.6 Active parasite transmission

5.7 Hosts and vectors

5.8 Host factors

5.9 Co-transmission and interactions between infectious agents

5.10 How religion can influence parasite transmission

5.11 The influence of war on parasite transmission

5.12 The influence of parasites on host behaviour

5.13 Environmental factors

Questions

6: Immune reactions to parasitic infections

6.1 Introduction

6.2 Invertebrate immunity

6.3 Vertebrate immunity

6.4 Innate immunity to parasitic infection

6.5 Adaptive immunity

6.6 Immunity to malaria

6.7 Schistosoma mansoni and Hepatitis C virus interactions

6.8 HIV-AIDS and parasitic disease

Questions

7: Pathology

7.1 Introduction

7.2 Factors that influence pathogenesis

7.3 Mechanisms by which parasites induce pathology

7.4 Types of pathology

7.5 Damage to specific organs

7.6 Co-infections and pathogenesis

Questions

8: The useful parasite

8.1 Introduction: the goodness of parasites?

8.2 The importance of parasites for the maintenance of a healthy immune system

8.3 The use of parasites to treat medical conditions

8.4 Parasites as sources of novel pharmaceutically-active compounds

8.5 Parasites as biological control agents

8.6 Parasites as forensic indicators

Questions

9: Identification of protozoan and helminth parasites

9.1 Introduction

9.2 The importance of correct identification

9.3 Properties of an ideal diagnostic test

9.4 Isolation of parasites

9.5 Identification from gross morphology

9.6 Biochemical techniques

9.7 Immunological techniques

9.8 Molecular techniques

9.9 Rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs)

9.10 MALDI-TOF MS

Questions

10: Parasite treatment and control

10.1 Introduction

10.2 Importance of understanding parasite life cycles for effective treatment and control

10.3 Treatment of parasitic diseases

10.4 Vaccines against parasitic diseases

10.5 Control of parasitic diseases

Questions

References

Plates

Index

This edition first published 2012© 2012 by by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Gunn, Alan.

Parasitology : an integrated approach / Alan Gunn and Sarah J. Pitt.

p. ; cm.

Includes bibliographical references and index.

ISBN 978-0-470-68424-5 (cloth) – ISBN 978-0-470-68423-8 (pbk.)

I. Pitt, Sarah J. II. Title.

[DNLM: 1. Host-Parasite Interactions. 2. Parasites–physiology. 3. Parasitic Diseases. QY 45]

616.9′6–dc23

2011043529

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.

Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats. Some content that appears in print may not be available in electronic books.

First Impression 2012

None of us truly live alone

Preface

Protozoan and helminth parasites are fascinating organisms and examples of their parasitism are found in a broad range of hosts, including plants, invertebrates and vertebrates. The interaction between a parasite and its host is complex and dynamic. Therefore we think that studying parasitology is a useful tool for appreciating a range of concepts in biological sciences including growth and reproduction, biochemistry, immunology and pathology.

Parasites do not live within their hosts in isolation. We feel that it is instructive to recognise how an individual organism might interact with other members of the same species, other species of protozoa and helminths and other classes of microorganism within a particular host. The effects on the host of harbouring a particular species of parasite are influenced by a range of host factors, including genetic constitution, immune status, and behaviour. Also, for parasites of humans in particular, consideration of social, religious, and cultural factors is often necessary. We have therefore called this book Parasitology: An Integrated Approach to emphasise how parasites influence, and are influenced by, a complex web of interacting factors.

We have divided the book into conventional chapters but because we wish to show how topics are inter-related, the reader will find certain subjects are picked up, put down, discussed in more detail elsewhere, and then returned to in a later chapter. This is also a good way of learning since it is better to take in bite-sized chunks of information and return to them frequently rather than attempting to grasp all aspects of a topic in a single sitting. We first introduce the concept of parasitism and the terms used by parasitologists to describe parasite lifestyles (Chapter 1). We then provide three chapters (Chapters 2–4) in which we introduce some of the ‘key players’, explain their basic biology and how they interact with one another. We have not included many diagrams of parasite life cycles as there is an excellent online resource available at the DPDx – CDC Parasitology Diagnostic Web Site (http//:dpd.cdc.gov/dpdx).

There follows a chapter on parasite transmission (Chapter 5) in which we consider, among other topics, not only how parasites exploit other animals as vectors and intermediate hosts but also how they manipulate their host's behaviour to increase their chances of transmission. We provide separate chapters on immunology (Chapter 6) and pathology (Chapter 7) but in truth it is virtually impossible to separate these topics because they are so inter-dependent. Chapter is designed as a counterbalance to the bad press that parasites receive. Parasites not only can be used for the treatment of medical conditions but also may (in small doses) actually be good for us. Before one can begin to study parasites, one needs to be able to find them and count them. Even if the host is dead, this is not necessarily as simple as it sounds. Correct parasite diagnosis is essential before treatment can be given and to determine the necessity for or success of a control programme. We therefore devote Chapter 9 to parasite diagnosis that encompasses techniques ranging from straightforward light microscopy to advanced molecular biology. Finally, the book ends with Chapter 10 on treatment and control in which we again emphasise how these topics are informed by advances in medicine, genomics, and economics.

Figure 0.1 One can form a close relationship with a tapeworm!

Source: © Serre, C. (1984) Stuffing. Methuen London Ltd, London, UK

This book is designed mainly for undergraduate students of biological sciences, biomedical sciences, medicine and veterinary sciences who need to know about protozoan and helminth parasites and understand how they affect their hosts. It would also be useful for postgraduate students who need background information about parasites to support their research and for members of any other professional group who need an insight into the subject for their work.

In the spirit of integration, we have provided web-based support material via the publisher's website. This includes the numerous photographs of parasites that we could not include in the book without increasing its size and cost. There are also more extensive questions based on each chapter, and a number of project ideas that do not require access to complex laboratory facilities or use laboratory animals such as mice, rats, and rabbits.

Alan Gunn and Sarah J. Pitt, 2011