Phase Transformations E-Book

Michel Soustelle

• Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
• Kategorie: Wissenschaft und neue Technologien
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 273

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2016

Beschreibung

This book is part of a set of books which offers advanced students successive characterization tool phases, the study of all types of phase (liquid, gas and solid, pure or multi-component), process engineering, chemical and electrochemical equilibria, and the properties of surfaces and phases of small sizes. Macroscopic and microscopic models are in turn covered with a constant correlation between the two scales. Particular attention has been given to the rigor of mathematical developments.

This fifth volume is devoted to the study of transformations and equilibria between phases. First- and second-order pure phase transformations are presented in detail, just as with the macroscopic and microscopic approaches of phase equilibria.

In the presentation of binary systems, the thermodynamics of azeotropy and demixing are discussed in detail and applied to strictly-regular solutions. Eutectic and peritectic points are examined, as well as the reactions that go with them. The study of ternary systems then introduces the concepts of ternary azeotropes and eutectics.  For each type of solid-liquid system, the interventions of definite compounds with or without congruent melting are taken into account. The particular properties of the different notable points of a diagram are also demonstrated.

Leseprobe

Table of Contents

Cover

Title

Copyright

Preface

Notations and Symbols

1 Phase Transformations of Pure Substances

1.1. Standard state: standard conditions of a transformation

1.2. Classification and general properties of phase transformations

1.3. Liquid–vapor transformations and equilibrium states

1.4. Solid–vapor transformations and equilibriums

1.5. Transformations and solid–liquid equilibria

1.6. Diagram for the pure substance and properties of the triple point

1.7. Allotropic and polymorphic varieties of a solid

1.8. Mesomorphic states

2 Properties of Equilibria Between Binary Phases

2.1. Classification of equilibria between the phases of binary systems

2.2. General properties of two-phase binary systems

2.3. Graphical representation of two-phase binary systems

2.4. Isobaric representation of three-phase binary systems

2.5. Isothermal phase diagrams

2.6. Composition/composition curves

2.7. Activity of the components and consequences of Raoult’s and Henry’s laws

3 Equilibria Between Binary Condensed Phases

3.1. Equilibria between phases of the same nature: liquid–liquid or solid–solid

3.2. Liquid–solid systems

3.3. Equilibria between two solids with two polymorphic varieties of the solid

3.4. Applications of solid–liquid equilibria

3.5. Membrane equilibria – osmotic pressure

4 Equilibria Between Binary Fluid Phases

4.1. Thermodynamics of liquid–vapor equilibrium in a binary system

4.2. Liquid–vapor equilibrium in perfect solutions far from the critical conditions

4.3. Liquid–gas equilibria in ideal dilute solutions

4.4. Diagrams of the liquid–vapor equilibria in real solutions

4.5. Thermodynamics of liquid–vapor azeotropy

4.6. Liquid–vapor equilibria and models of solutions

4.7. Liquid–vapor equilibria in the critical region

4.8. Applications of liquid–vapor equilibria

5 Equilibria Between Ternary Fluid Phases

5.1. Representation of the composition of ternary systems

5.2. Representation of phase equilibria

5.3. Equilibria in liquid phases with miscibility gaps

5.4. Liquid–vapor systems

5.5. Examples of applications of ternary diagrams between fluid phases

6 Equilibria Between Condensed Ternary Fluid Phases

6.1. Solidification of a ternary system with total miscibility in the liquid state and in the solid state

6.2. Solidification of a ternary system with no miscibility and with a ternary eutectic

6.3. Ternary systems with partial miscibilities in the solid state and ternary eutectic

6.4. Solidification of ternary systems with definite compounds

6.5. A peritectic transformation in one binary system and total miscibility in the other two

6.6. The ternary peritectic transformation

Bibliography

Index

End User License Agreement

Guide

Cover

Table of Contents

Begin Reading

List of Tables

1 Phase Transformations of Pure Substances

Table 1.1. Examples of order parameters

Table 1.2. Boiling point, enthalpy and entropy of vaporization at the boiling point of a number of gases (Fowler and Guggenheim, 1949)

3 Equilibria Between Binary Condensed Phases

Table 3.1. Invariant equilibria in a three-phase solid–liquid medium

Table 3.2. Invariant reactions in a three-phase solid–solid system

List of Illustrations

1 Phase Transformations of Pure Substances

Figure 1.1. Shape of the curves representative of the different values during a first-order transformation

Figure 1.2. Shape of the different functions in a second-order transformation

Figure 1.3. Variation of the order parameter with changing temperature

Figure 1.4. Variations of the Gibbs energy with the order parameter

Figure 1.5. Comparison of the variations in the Gibbs energy with temperature of the first- and second-order transformations

Figure 1.6. Variations of the logarithm of the saturating vapor pressure as a function of the inverse of the temperature