Plumbing E-Book

Roy D. Treloar

• Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
• Kategorie: Wissenschaft und neue Technologien
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 532

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2011

Beschreibung

The 4th edition of Plumbing continues to provide the definitive single volume text on plumbing, heating and gas installation work, ideal for students working towards their Diploma in plumbing or NVQ/SVQ at levels 2 and 3. Highly illustrated and easy to read and understand, it tackles plumbing topic by topic, in double page spreads with text, full colour illustrations, and clear photographs, enabling the reader to grasp the essentials quickly and easily. This approach ensures it also provides a concise reference for the trained plumber.

Special features include:

• concise text
• many clear, full colour illustrations
• around 140 photographs
• topics focussed on the needs of NVQ/SVQ levels 2 and 3
• additional topics beyond levels 2 and 3
• a self-assessment section
• a problem-solving section

This new edition has been thoroughly updated to take account of changes to the Building Regulations, including changes to the following approved documents: Part F: Ventilation; Part G: Sanitation, hot water safety and water efficiency; Part H: Drainage and waste disposal; Part L: Conservation of fuel and power and Part P: Electrical safety. A significant new section on energy conservation & sustainability has been added, and additional related material introduced where relevant. The extensive coverage with new, full colour illustrations to enhance legibility and understanding, and the emphasis on safety in the work place ensure this remains the definitive single volume for both student and trained plumbers.

Leseprobe

Table of Contents

Cover

Series page

Title page

Copyright page

Introduction

List of Abbreviations

Acknowledgements

A Qualification in Plumbing

The National Vocational Qualification (NVQ)

Additional qualifications

Timescales

Workplace Evidence for NVQ Achievement

What is regarded as evidence

Part 1: Key Principles, Safety and Common Plumbing Processes

The Plumbing Industry

The role of the plumber

Plumbing organisations (addresses correct at time of going to press)

Customer Relations and Communication Skills

Customer relations

Communication

Functional Skills

Does everyone have to do a functional skills programme?

How are functional skills assessed?

Are they worth it?

Employment Rights and Responsibilities

Contracts of employment

Anti-discrimination

Working hours and holiday entitlement

Absence and sickness

Data protection and access to personal information

Effective Working Relationships

The construction team

Health and Safety Legislation

Health and Safety at Work Act 1974

Safe Working Practices

Lifting and carrying (manual handling)

Trips and other hazards

Excavations

Risk assessment

Personal Protective Equipment

The Construction (Head Protection) Regulations 1989

The Personal Protective Equipment at Work Regulations 1992

The Control of Noise at Work Regulations 2005

Protection of skin and hands

Safety Signs

The Health and Safety (Safety Signs & Signals) Regulations 1996

Control of Substances Hazardous to Health

Control of Substances Hazardous to Health Regulations 2002 (COSHH)

Access Equipment and Working at Heights

Work at Height Regulations 2005

Safe Working with Hand Tools and Machinery

Hand tools

Power tools

Cartridge-operated tools

Fire Safety

The Fire Precautions (Workplace) Regulations 1999

Hot Works Certificate

Extinguishing a fire

How to effectively use a fire extinguisher

Classification of a fire

Regulations Governing Plumbing Work

Identification of Pipework

The International Metric System

Areas, Volumes and Capacities

Areas

Volumes

Mass, Weight, Force, Pressure and Density

Mass and weight

Force and pressure

Atmospheric pressure

Density

Relative density (formerly known as specific gravity)

Water Pressure

Physical Properties of Materials

Metals

Plastics

Heat and its Effects

Temperature and heat

Specific heat capacity

Physical change

Heat transfer

Calorific value

Thermal expansion

Corrosion

Atmospheric corrosion (oxidation)

Electrolytic corrosion (galvanic action or electrolysis)

Dezincification of brass

Occurrence of corrosion

Prevention of corrosion

Plumbers’ Tool Kit

General tool list

Specialist Hand Tools for Pipework

Pipe cutters

Pipe wrenches and spanners

Pipe threading equipment

Pipe bending equipment

Specialist Hand Tools for Sheetwork

Plastic Pipe and Fittings

Compression fittings

Push-fit connections

Fusion welded joints

Solvent welded joint

Low Carbon Steel Pipe and Fittings

Copper Pipe and Fittings

Jointing methods

Low Carbon Steel Pipe Bending

Hydraulic press bender

Bending using heat

Copper Pipe Bending

Hand bending

Machine bending

Pipe Bending Using Heat

The heat length (by calculation)

Soldering

Soft soldering

Hard soldering

Welding Equipment and Safety

Welding Processes

Bronze Welding

Lead Welding (Lead Burning)

In-Line Valves

Cocks, taps and valves

Terminal Valves

Float-operated Valves

Part 2: Hot and Cold Water Supplies

Classification of Water

Soft water

Hard water

Cold Water to the Consumer

Backflow Prevention

Assessing Water Efficiency in New Dwellings

Average flow rate or Proportional flow rate

Example of Undertaking the Water Efficiency Calculation

Water Calculation for New Dwellings

Cold Water Systems

Direct system

Indirect system

Cold supply to the domestic hot water (dhw) system

Cold Water Storage

Coupling of storage cisterns

Cold supplies to be kept below 25°C

Water Treatment

Water softeners

Water conditioners

Boosted Water Supplies

Fire-fighting Systems

Sprinkler systems

Hose reel systems

Wet and dry risers

Domestic Sprinkler Systems

Water supplies

Sprinkler heads

Hot Water Systems (Design Considerations)

Direct Hot Water Supply (Centralised)

Indirect Hot Water Supply

Unvented Domestic Hot Water Supply

Hot Distribution Pipework

Heat Recovery Period

Instantaneous Domestic Hot Water Supplies (Centralised)

Localised Hot Water Heaters

Instantaneous single points

Storage type single points

Connections to Hot and Cold Pipework

Connections to showers

Connections to bidets

Installation of Pipework 1

Pipe supports

Design considerations

Installation of Pipework 2

Thermal insulation

Accessibility of pipework

Sizing of Hot and Cold Pipework

Noise Transmission in Pipework

Impulsive noise (water hammer)

Commissioning of Hot and Cold Supplies

Disinfection of Hot and Cold Water Systems

Disinfection procedure for gravity fed systems

Disinfection procedure for mains fed systems

Checking the chlorine concentration

Maintenance and Servicing Schedule

Part 3: Central Heating

Domestic Central Heating

Wet Central Heating Systems

Central Heating Components 1

Heat emitters

Radiator valves

Central Heating Components 2

Heating Controls

Fully Pumped System

Reversed circulation

Sealed (Closed) Systems

Boilers

Combination Boiler (Combi)

High Efficiency or Condensing Boiler

Domestic Heating and the Building Regulations

Domestic Boilers Requirements

Exceptions to the rule for non-condensing boilers

Central Heating System Protection

Pump overrun

Central heating bypass

Frost protection

Advanced Central Heating Control

Weather compensation

Optimum start

Radiator and Boiler Sizing

The U value

Heat emitter sizing (cont’d)

Boiler sizing

Whole House Boiler Sizing Method

Pipe and Pump Sizing

Pipe sizing

Radiant Heating

Underfloor Central Heating Sizing

Heat loss requirements

Warm Air Heating

Building Regulations compliant

Commissioning of Wet Central Heating Systems

Power flushing

Part 4: Gas Supplies

Properties and Combustion of Natural Gas

The Law Relating to Gas Installation Work

Gas Supply to the Consumer

Internal shafts

Sizing of Domestic Gas Pipework

Meter sizing

Domestic Tightness Testing and Purging

New installations prior to connection of meter

Existing installations (using the gas pressure from the service main itself)

Purging

Pressure and Flow

Heat input (gas rate or gas consumption)

U6 gas meter

E6 and G4 gas meters

Gas Controls 1

Gas regulators (gas governors)

Multi-functional valve

Gas Controls 2

Flame Supervision Devices (Flame Failure Devices)

Open Flued Appliances (Conventional Flue)

Terminal Location for Open Flues

Materials and Construction of Open Flues

Installation of Gas Fires

Installation of Gas Cookers

Room Sealed Appliances 1 (Balanced Flue)

Room Sealed Appliances 2

Vertical room sealed appliance

Balanced compartments

Ventilation Requirements up to 70 kW Net Input

Other Flueing Systems

‘Vertex’ or ‘Solver’ flue systems

Shared flue systems

Fan assisted open flues

Liquefied Petroleum Gas Installations 1

Liquefied Petroleum Gas Installations 2

Combustion Analysis

Appliance sampling for commissioning purposes

Appliance sampling for safety purposes

Appliance sampling for the purpose of a safety check

Maximum combustion performance levels

Flue Efficiency in Gas Appliances

Test for spillage

Flue/appliance efficiency

Commissioning of Gas Installations

Tests prior to commissioning

Commissioning the appliance

Testing flame supervision devices (FSDs)

Final system checks

Maintenance and Servicing

Carbon Monoxide Detection

Typical causes & effects of CO poisoning

Carbon monoxide detectors

Maximum combustion CO/CO2 performance levels

Unsafe Gas Installations

Part 5: Oil Supplies

Properties and Combustion of Fuel Oils

Oil Storage

Oil Feed Pipework

Controls Used on Oil Feed Pipework

Pressure Jet Burners 1

Pressure Jet Burners 2

Pressure Jet Burners 3

Nozzle and ignition setting

Open Flued Appliances

Air supply requirements

Room Sealed Appliances

Vaporising Burners

Combustion Efficiency Testing

Commissioning and Fault Diagnosis

Tests prior to ignition of the appliance

Commissioning the appliance

Part 6: Electrical Work

Basic Electrical Theory

Electrical Current

Simple circuits

Electrical Supply

Electrical Safety

Circuit protection

Safe isolation

Earth Continuity

Domestic House Wiring 1

13 A socket-outlets

Lighting circuit

Domestic House Wiring 2

Radial circuits to fixed appliances

Termination of a 13 A 3-pin plug

Installation Practices

Electrical Components 1

Thermostats

Ignition systems

Electrical Components 2

Central Heating Wiring Systems

Inspection and Testing of Electrical Work

Testing for earth continuity

Testing for correct polarity

Testing for insulation resistance

Part 7: Sanitation

Sanitary Accommodation

Sanitary Appliances 1

Waste appliances

Sanitary Appliances 2

Soil appliances

Flushing Cisterns 1

Flushing Cisterns 2

Waste Pipe Connections

Traps

Waste pipe valve

Sanitary Pipework

Primary Ventilated Stack System

Ventilation of Sanitary Pipework

Stub stack

Trap Seal Loss

Mechanical Disposal Units

Food waste disposal unit

WC macerator pump

Sizing of Sanitary Pipework

Testing of Sanitary Pipework

Maintenance and Periodic Inspection

Manual cleaning

Chemical cleaning

Part 8: Drainage

Below Ground Drainage

Protection of Pipework

General provisions

Allowance for settlement protection of buildings

Gullies and Traps

Provision for Access

Connections to Existing Systems

Determining Drainage Levels

Choice of gradient

Setting out the fall

Sizing of Drainage Pipework

Eaves Guttering

Rainwater Pipes

Rainwater connections to discharge stacks

Soakaways, Cesspools and Septic Tanks

Soundness Testing of Drainage Systems

Part 9: Sheet Weathering

Lead Sheet

Lead Bossing

Losing lead (i.e. internal corner)

Gaining lead (i.e. external corner)

Sheet Fixing

Lead Roof Coverings and Wall Cladding

Expansion Joints for Lead Roofs

Joints running with the fall of the roof

Joints running across the fall of the roof

Abutment Flashings in Lead

Chimney Flashings in Lead

Lead Slates and Pitched Valley Gutters

Gutter Linings

Outlets

Dormer Windows

Part 10: Energy Conservation & Sustainability

Environmental Awareness

Energy Efficiency in Domestic Dwellings

Standard Assessment Procedure (SAP)

Product Characteristics Data File

Renewable Energy

Why are renewable forms of energy so important?

The greenhouse effect

Impacts of climate change

Energy Costs & Payback Period

Calculating energy costs and the kilowatt hour (kWh)

Running costs and energy savings

Payback period

Solar Energy

Solar heating

Solar power

Solar Hot Water Heating Systems 1

Solar collector

Circulatory pipework to and from the solar collector

Hot storage vessel

Solar Hot Water Heating Systems 2

Design considerations

Mounting the solar panels

Roof orientation

Maintenance

Solar Power

The Heat Pump

Heat collector

Heat pump

Heat distribution

Installation of a Heat Pump

Heat source

Ground conditions

Coefficient of Performance (CoP)

Biomass

Carbon neutral

Solid biomass

Liquid bio-fuel

Biogas

Biomass/Wood Burners 1

Wood logs

Wood chips

Wood pellets

Biomass/Wood Burners 2

Fuel storage

The buffer or thermal storage unit

Wind & Micro Hydro (Water) Power

Wind power

Water power

Combined Heat & Power (CHP)

Packaged and mini-CHP

The Stirling engine

The organic Rankine cycle CHP unit

Rainwater Harvesting 1

Sustainable drainage systems (SUDS)

Potential rainwater to be harvested and cost saving

Preventing bacterial contamination

Rainwater Harvesting 2 (System Design)

Stored water

Aesthetic qualities

Maintenance

Grey Water Recovery

Part 11: Assessing Your Knowledge

Assessing Your Knowledge

Self Assessment

Supplementary Assessment

Problem Solving

Answers to Problems 1–10

Answers to Multiple Choice Questions

Index

By the same author

PLUMBING ENCYCLOPAEDIA

Fourth Edition

Includes over 1500 entries and 400 illustrations describing terms, components, working practices etc. used in the mechanical services industry, particularly in the field of plumbing. The latest edition includes over 200 new or revised entries.

526 pages Paperback ISBN 978-1-4051-0613-9

GAS INSTALLATION TECHNOLOGY

Covering domestic, commercial and LPG, the book provides essential information in a concise, readable format, heavily illustrated with diagrams and photographs.

464 pages Paperback ISBN 978-1-4051-1880-4

To obtain a copy, order from your local bookshop quoting the title and ISBN or visit our website: www.blackwellpublishing.com

This edition first published 2012

© 1994, 2000, 2006, 2012 by Blackwell Publishing Ltd

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All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, except as permitted by the UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, without the prior permission of the publisher.

Designations used by companies to distinguish their products are often claimed as trademarks. All brand names and product names used in this book are trade names, service marks, trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective owners. The publisher is not associated with any product or vendor mentioned in this book. This publication is designed to provide accurate and authoritative information in regard to the subject matter covered. It is sold on the understanding that the publisher is not engaged in rendering professional services. If professional advice or other expert assistance is required, the services of a competent professional should be sought.

Extracts from British Standards are reproduced with the permission of BSI. Complete copies can be obtained by post from BSI Customer Services, 389 Chiswick High Road, London W4 4AL.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Treloar, Roy.

 Plumbing / R.D. Treloar. – 4th ed.

p. cm.

Includes bibliographical references and index.

 ISBN 978-1-4051-8959-0 (pbk.)

1. Plumbing–Great Britain–Examinations–Study guides. 2. Plumbing–Problems, exercises, etc. 3. Plumbers–Certification–Great Britain. I. Title.

 TH6123.T74 2011

 696'.1–dc23

2011035002

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.

This book is published in the following electronic formats: ePDF 9781444398908; ePub 9781444398915; Mobi 9781444398922

Introduction

This book is designed to provide easily accessible information on a wide range of subjects relating to Mechanical Engineering Services. For the purpose of simplification, I have used the words plumber/plumbing when relating to the various aspects of work in the MES industry, to include job titles such as heating engineer, sanitation engineer, gas installer, sheet lead worker, etc. Few books could possibly hope to have all the answers to questions relating to plumbing skills; I have, however, endeavoured to cover as many topics as possible in the hope that the book will be a source of useful information both for the student with no knowledge of the subject, and for the trained plumber seeking guidance in particular areas of study. This new edition includes a whole new chapter on energy conservation. Some of the topics covered are beyond the scope of the plumber; however, in order to grasp the whole concept of renewable fuels and this aspect of plumbing works I have included an outline of several future technologies.

The book covers topics found in the technical certificates and NVQs/SNVQs at levels 2 and 3 which are currently standard for plumbers in the UK; additional skills are identified which no respectable plumber can afford to ignore.

The book is in eleven parts. Parts 1 to 10 offer a programme of training and information while Part 11 is designed to allow you to assess your level of knowledge. There are sections for self- and supplementary assessments and a few typical plumbing problems.

Broadly speaking, the subject matter dealt with in the supplementary assessment questions is introduced in the same order as the subject matter of the book itself; hence these sections can be used as self-learning packages.

Further useful information can be found in the preliminary pages which follow. The nature of the NVQ is, for example, identified, as is a guide showing how to complete the scheme.

In addition to the new chapter in relation to energy conservation, this new edition also considers the changes to the Building Regulations to include approved documents: Part F – Ventilation; Part G – Sanitation, hot water safety and water efficiency; Part H – Drainage and waste disposal; Part L – Conservation of fuel and power; and Part P – Electrical safety.

In order to further assist your studies, the following website should be visited (www.blackwellpublishing.com/treloar), where the answers to the supplementary questions given on pages 424–463 will be found.Special note to trainers and lecturersTo facilitate your delivery of the subject, all of the illustrations and photos found within this book can be accessed at the above website for your use in the classroom.

List of Abbreviations

a.c.   alternating current BS   British Standard BSP   British Standard pipe Btu   British thermal unit c.h.   central heating cpc   circuit protective conductor d.c.   direct current dhw   domestic hot water doc   drain off cock dpc   damp proof course dpm   damp proof membrane emf   electromotive force f & e   feed and expansion f & r   flow and return f.w.g.   foul water gully GRP   glass-reinforced plastic HSE   Health & Safety Executive HT   high tension i.d.   inside diameter IET   Institution of Engineering and Technology IGEM   Institution of Gas Engineers and Managers LCD   liquid crystal display LDF   leak detection fluid LPG   liquefied petroleum gas MCB   miniature circuit breaker MES   Mechanical Engineering Services o.d.   outside diameter Pa   pascal (unit of pressure) PAS   Product Assessment Specification PE   polyethylene PTFE   polytetrafluoroethylene PVC   polyvinyl chloride RCD   residual current device RIDDOR   Reporting of Injuries, Diseases and Dangerous Occurrences Regulations r.w.p.   rainwater pipe s.v.p.   soil vent pipe TRV   thermostatic radiator valve wg   water gauge 

Acknowledgements

I would like to thank the following organisations for permission to use extracts from their material:

British Standards Institution

389 Chiswick High Road, London. W4 4AL.

Telephone: [phone]

Institute of Plumbing and Heating Engineering

64 Station Lane, Hornchurch, Essex. RM12 6NB.

Telephone: [phone]

Chartered Institution of Building Services Engineers

222 Balham High Rd, Balham, London. SW12 9BS.

Telephone: [phone]

Energy Saving Trust

21 Dartmouth Street, London. SW1H 9BP.

Telephone: [phone]

I would also like to thank the following organisations and companies for permission to reproduce photographs:

Green roof: Green Roof Consultancy Ltd (livingroofs.org), by bere:architects

Images of wood chips, pellets etc: Euroheat Natural Energy Company

Biomass plant in Wales: Aalborg Energie Technik (AET)

PV cells on roof: EvoEnergy

Radiant tubes on roof: Sky Flair Ltd

Wave generator: Pelamis Wave Power

Wind turbine: RenewableUK

A Qualification in Plumbing

The current starting point to help the learner progress as a plumber is to obtain the NVQ Diploma in Plumbing & Domestic Heating. This is achieved by the individual obtaining employment, ideally through an apprenticeship where they attend a college or training centre, typically for one day a week.

The National Vocational Qualification (NVQ)

The NVQ Diploma is a competency-based scheme, where there is a requirement to undertake some compulsory specific tasks within the workplace, thereby demonstrating that the individual has carried out certain specific tasks themselves under real working conditions. The NVQ has two levels, being Level 2 and Level 3.

At Level 2 the learner learns basic skills to include: Effective Working Relation­ships; Safety; Functional Skills; Key Principles; Common Plumbing processes; Hot & Cold water supplies; Sanitation & Drainage; Central Heating pipe work; and Environmental Awareness. In addition the candidate may choose to study two additional units to include sheet weathering and Warm air heating.At Level 3 the above skill base is developed to include a greater understanding and in-depth study, fault diagnosis and maintenance. At Level 3 the learner also has to choose one of the following four options: Gas; Oil; Solid Fuel or Environmental Technologies.

Additional Qualifications

Where a trainee is enrolled onto an apprenticeship programme there is also a requirement to undertake the following mandatory subjects:

Functional Skills (unless the trainee has already achieved a good GCSE grade [A–C] within the last 5 years)Employment Rights and Responsibilities.

Timescales

The length of the apprenticeship is approximately 4 years. It is not time-serving and is completed only when the apprentice has achieved the specific outcomes. Apprentices will have individual learning plans drawn up at the start of their programme to identify specific goals with agreed and anticipated achievement dates. These plans are reviewed on a quarterly basis, thereby reviewing the progress and setting new targets.

Whilst at college the candidate will be continually monitored as to their ability and will undertake numerous theoretical phase tests and be judged against practical competencies set by the lead body; plus, in addition, there is a requirement to achieve workplace evidence as identified over.

Workplace Evidence for NVQ Achievement

In order to gain the full NVQ achievement, as previously stated, evidence is required from the workplace. This evidence is logged by the candidate into a portfolio of evidence. This consists of several stages, to include: planning, questioning, evidence gathering for the completed task, and witnessing by a workplace recorder and/or assessor.

What Is Regarded as Evidence

Evidence can range from a whole collection of gathered material, such as: photographs, installation drawing or plans, copies of completion certificates or forms and, of course, a written description of the actual work completed. The evidence also needs to be authenticated by the person who commissioned the work, such as the employer, and this will need to be assessed by a qualified assessor for the plumbing programme.

It is a competency-based programme and is only concerned with what actual work the operative has undertaken successfully and whether it is up to the required standard.

The portfolio is issued to the candidate by the awarding body prior to commencement of the programme. Throughout this period there will be specific times when actual work activities are witnessed by the NVQ assessor, thus demonstrating compliance with the scheme. Shown here is a small section taken from a completed portfolio, identifying how and where the candidate has produced the evidence required.

Part 1: Key Principles, Safety and Common Plumbing Processes

The Plumbing Industry

The Role of the Plumber

In the eyes of many lay people, the plumber is simply someone who joins pipes together, running the water from one appliance to another. Few people appear to give much consideration to the depth of knowledge required to carry out the basic plumbing skills, or the trained professional’s need to have a full understanding of related activities – or their ability to design installations and identify likely problems before they occur.

Unfortunately, many students come to college and find it difficult to take on board skills associated with tasks which their own company does not undertake. They seem to think that skills they are not currently making use of are irrelevant. I would respond by saying that if you want to have greater freedom and be in high demand – and not only by your present employer – then, yes, these extra skills are very relevant indeed.

Trained plumbers are able to turn their hands to many, if not all, the following skills, although levels of knowledge will vary from one individual to another:

The supply and distribution of cold and hot water for drinking purposes, sanitation, heating and fire fighting, etc., and the connection of associated equipment and controls.The removal of water from the building via a suitable system of drainage, to include foul water from soil and waste appliances and surface water from roofs and paved areas.Consider the installation of energy conservation systems, to include solar power and water recovery systems.The weathering of roof penetrations, etc., in metallic sheet materials.The supply and provision of fuels, including gas, oil, solid fuel and electricity, to various appliances and components, such as those for heating or cooking, and the provision of such ventilation as is necessary for combustion.The removal of the combustion products from appliances by way of a safe and effective flue system.Designing and estimating the cost of any of the above installations, in a domestic situation, giving efficient and effective usage.The knowledge to identify, rectify and service any of the said installations.

In addition, plumbers are well served by a number of skills normally associated with other operatives, such as carpenters and bricklayers – skills that might enable them, for example, to make good a hole or remove/replace a floorboard, as part of the job.

The impressions you create are very important; going to work in dirty clothes and trainers gives the same impression as submitting an estimate for a job on a piece of paper taken from a school notebook. Laying a dustsheet down, even for the smallest job, takes very little time, yet it gives a lasting effect. A positive image projected today is likely to bring you work for tomorrow.

Plumbing Organisations (Addresses Correct at Time of Going to Press)

There are many organisations which have connections with the plumbing industry. The following list identifies some of those representing the Mechanical Engineering Services, Plumbing sector: