Polymer Nanotubes Nanocomposites E-Book

Vikas Mittal

• Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
• Kategorie: Wissenschaft und neue Technologien
• Serie: Wiley-Scrivener
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 738

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2014

Beschreibung

Since the publication of the successful first edition of the book in 2010, the field has matured and a large number of advancements have been made to the science of polymer nanotube nanocomposites (PNT) in terms of synthesis, filler surface modification, as well as properties. Moreover, a number of commercial applications have been realized. The aim of this second volume of the book is, thus, to update the information presented in the first volume as well as to incorporate the recent research and industrial developments. This edited volume brings together contributions from a variety of senior scientists in the field of polymer nanotube composites technology to shed light on the recent advances in these commercially important areas of polymer technology. The book provides the following features: * Reviews the various synthesis techniques, properties and applications of the polymer nanocomposite systems. * Describes the functionalization strategies for single walled nanotubes in order to achieve their nanoscale dispersion in epoxy matrices. * Provides insights into the multiscale modeling of the properties of PNT. * Provides perspectives on the electron microscopy characterization of PNT. * Presents an overview of the different methodologies to achieve micro-patterning of PNT. * Describes the recent progress on hybridization modifications of CNTs with carbon nanomaterials and their further applications in polymer nanocomposites. * Provides details on the foams generates with PNT. * Provides information on synthesis and properties of polycarbonate nanocomposite. * Describes the advanced microscopy techniques for understanding of the polymer/nanotube composite interfaces and properties.

Leseprobe

Contents

Cover

Half Title page

Title page

Copyright page

Preface

Chapter 1: Polymer Nanotube Nanocomposites: A Review of Synthesis Methods, Properties and Applications

1.1 Introduction

1.2 Methods of Nanotube Nanocomposites Synthesis

1.3 Properties of Polymer Nanotube Nanocomposites

1.4 Applications

References

Chapter 2: Functionalization Strategies for Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes Integration into Epoxy Matrices

2.1 Introduction

2.2 Covalent Strategies for the Production of SWCNT/Epoxy Composites

2.3 Non-covalent Strategies for the Production of SWCNT/Epoxy Composites

2.4 Effect of Functionalization on the Epoxy Physical Properties

2.5 Applications of Functionalized SWCNTs in Epoxy Composites

2.6 Concluding Remarks and Future Outlook

Acknowledgements

References

Chapter 3: Multiscale Modeling of Polymer–Nanotube Nanocomposites

3.1 Introduction

3.2 Molecular Modeling and Simulation of CNT-Polymer Nanocomposites

3.3 Micromechanics Modeling and Simulation of CNT-Polymer Nanocomposites

3.4 Fully Integrated Multiscale Model for Elastoplastic Behavior with Imperfect Interface

3.5 Conclusion and Perspective on Future Trends

References

Chapter 4: SEM and TEM Characterization of Polymer CNT Nanocomposites

4.1 Introduction

4.2 Imaging CNTs in Polymer Matrices by SEM

4.3 Mechanical Properties of CNT/Polymer Nanocomposites by In-Situ SEM

4.4 Imaging CNT in Polymer Matrices by TEM

4.5 Mechanical Properties of CNT/Polymer Nanocomposites by In-Situ TEM

4.6 Conclusions and Future Outlook

Acknowledgement

References

Chapter 5: Polymer-Nanotube Nanocomposites for Transfemoral Sockets

5.1 Introduction

5.2 Materials Used for the Socket System

5.3 Summary

Acknowledgements

References

Chapter 6: Micro-Patterning of Polymer Nanotube Nanocomposites

6.1 Introduction

6.2 Micro-Patterning Methods

6.3 Conclusions

Acknowledgments

References

Chapter 7: Carbon Nanotube-Based Hybrid Materials and Their Polymer Composites

7.1 Introduction

7.2 Structures and Properties of Carbon Nanomaterials

7.3 Strategies for the Hybridization of CNTs with Carbon Nanomaterials

7.4 Preparation of CNT-Based Hybrid Reinforced Polymer Nanocomposites

7.5 Physical Properties of CNT-Based Hybrid Reinforced Polymer Nanocomposites

7.6 Summary

Acknowledgements

References

Chapter 8: Polymer-Carbon Nanotube Nanocomposite Foams

8.1 Introduction

8.2 Basic Concepts of Polymer Nanocomposite Foams

8.3 Main Polymer Nanocomposite Foaming Technologies

8.4 Polymer-Carbon Nanotube Nanocomposite Foams

8.5 Recent Developments and New Applications of Polymer-Carbon Nanotube Nanocomposite Foams

8.6 Conclusions

Acknowledgements

References

Chapter 9: Processing and Properties of Carbon Nanotube/Polycarbonate Composites

9.1 Introduction

9.2 Fabrication/Processing of CNT/PC Composites

9.3 Mechanical Properties of CNT/PC Composites

9.4 Electrical Properties of CNT/PC Composites

9.5 Conclusions

References

Chapter 10: Advanced Microscopy Techniques for a Better Understanding of the Polymer/Nanotube Composite Properties

10.1 Introduction

10.2 Near-Field Microscopies

10.3 Transmission Electron Microscopy

10.4 Scanning Electron Microscopy

10.5 Focused Ion Beam Microscopy

10.6 Conclusions

Acknowledgements

References

Chapter 11: Visualization of CNTs in Polymer Composites

11.1 Introduction

11.2 Experimental

11.3 Visualization of CNTs at High Accelerating Voltage (5-15 kV)

11.4 Visualization of CNTs at Low Accelerating Voltage (0.3-5 kV)

11.5 Essential Requirements and Tips for CNT Visualization

11.6 Conclusion

Acknowledgement

References (with DOI)

Reference List

Chapter 12: Polymer Nanotube Composites: Latest Challenges and Applications

12.1 Carbon Nanotubes

12.2 Case Studies

12.3 Conclusions

References

Index

Polymer Nanotube Nanocomposites

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data:

ISBN 978-1-118-94592-6

Preface

It is a pleasure to write this preface for the 2nd edition of Polymer Nanotubes Nanocomposites. Since the release of the 1st edition in 2010, a large number of advancements have been made in the science of polymer nanotube nanocomposites in terms of synthesis and filler surface modification, as well as properties. Furthermore, a number of commercial applications have been realized. Thus, the aim of this second volume is to update the information presented in the first volume, as well as to incorporate recent findings.

Chapter 1 reviews various synthesis techniques and properties, as well as applications, of the polymer nanocomposite systems. Chapter 2 focuses on the functionalization strategies for single-walled nanotubes in order to achieve their nanoscale dispersion in epoxy matrices. Chapter 3 provides insights into the multiscale modeling of the properties of the polymer nanotube nanocomposites. Chapter 4 provides perspectives on the electron microscopy characterization of the polymer nanotube nanocomposites. In Chapter 5, the use of polymer nanotube nanocomposites for transfemoral sockets is described. Chapter 6 presents an overview of the different methodologies to achieve micro-patterning of polymer nanotube nanocomposites. An overview of recent progress on hybridization modifications of CNTs with carbon nanomaterials and their further applications in polymer nanocomposites is given in Chapter 7. Chapter 8 provides details on the foams generated with polymer nanotube nanocomposites and concludes that hybrid materials based on metallic honeycombs filled with polymer-carbon nanotube foams and sheets built from different layers of polymer foams display excellent electromagnetic absorption, confirming their high potential for EMI shielding. Chapter 9 provides information on the synthesis and properties of polycarbonate nanocomposites. Chapters 10 and 11 focus on the advanced microscopy techniques used for understanding polymer/nanotube composite interfaces and properties. Chapter 12 concludes the volume by summarizing the latest challenges as well as perspectives for the future of polymer nanotube nanocomposite materials.

Dr. Vikas MittalAbu DhabiMay 2014

Chapter 1

Polymer Nanotube Nanocomposites: A Review of Synthesis Methods, Properties and Applications

Joel Fawaz and Vikas Mittal*

Department of Chemical Engineering, The Petroleum Institute, Abu Dhabi, UAE

*Corresponding author:[email protected]

Abstract

Owing to their high mechanical and electrical properties, nanotubes are ideal fillers for the generation of composites. Polymer nanotube nanocomposites are synthesized after achieving suitable surface modifications of the nanotubes using different synthesis methods like melt mixing, in-situ polymerization and solution mixing. All these methods have their own advantages and limitations and varying degrees of success in achieving nanoscale dispersion of nanotubes in addition to achieving significant property enhancement in the composite properties. The tensile modulus is generally reported to be significantly enhanced on the incorporation of even small amounts of nanotubes. Though the tensile strength and elongation at break in many cases are reported to improve, they are more likely dependent on the morphology of the nanocomposites. The glass transition temperature as well as degradation temperature are also observed to significantly increase mostly owing to the reinforcing effect of nanotubes. Many other properties like electrical conductivity, heat deflection temperature, etc., also increase on the addition of nanotubes to the polymer.

Keywords: Nanocomposites, dispersion, aspect ratio, in situ, melt, morphology, tensile properties, glass transition temperature, degradation, functionalization, electrical conductivity, resistivity

1.1 Introduction

Many experimental and theoretical studies have reported the modulus of the nanotubes to be in the same range as graphite fibers and even the strength at least an order of magnitude higher than the graphite fibers [1–11]. In any case, even if the real mechanical properties of nanotubes are actually somewhat lower than the estimated values, nanotubes still represent high potential filler materials for the synthesis of polymer nanocomposites. The surface area per unit volume of nanotubes is also much larger than the other filler fibers, leading to much larger nanotube/matrix interfacial area in the nanotube-reinforced composites than in traditional fiber-reinforced composites. Figure 1.1 represents such an interface polymer fraction in nanotube-reinforced polymers where the ratio of the thickness t of the interphase versus the inclusion radius rf is plotted with respect to the volume fraction of the inclusion [1]. Owing to the interfacial contacts with the nanotubes, the interfacial polymer has much different properties than the bulk polymer. The conversion of a large amount of polymer into interface polymer fraction due to the nanoscale dispersion and high surface area of nanotubes generates altogether different morphology in the nanotube nanocomposites, which results in the synergistic improvement in the nanocomposite properties. In order to achieve optimized interfacial interactions between the polymer and nanotubes, nanoscale dispersion of the filler is required, which necessitates compatibilization of the polymer and inorganic phases. Therefore, the nanotubes need to be surface modified before their incorporation into the polymer matrix. Therefore, as CNTs agglomerate, bundle together and entangle, it may lead to defect sites in the composites, subsequently limiting the impact of CNTs on nanocomposite properties. Salvetat et al. [12] studied the effect of CNTs dispersion on the mechanical properties of nanotube-reinforced nanocomposites, and it was observed that poor dispersion and rope-like entanglement of CNTs caused significant weakening of the composites. Thus, alignment of CNTs is also equally important to enhance the properties of polymer/CNT composites [13,14]. Stress transfer property of the nanotubes in the composites is another parameter which controls the mechanical performance of the composite materials. Many studies using tensile tests on nanotube/polymer nanocomposites have reported the bonding behavior between the nanotubes and the matrix [15,16], in which there was an interfacial shear strength ranging from 35 to 376 MPa. The range of values was due to the different diameters of the nanotubes and the number of wall layers. However, other behaviors have also been reported based on interfacial compatibility. In their study, Lau and Hui [17] observed that most of the nanotubes were pulled out during the tensile testing owing to no interaction at the interface.

Figure 1.1 Fraction of interphase polymer as a function of volume fraction of fiber inclusion, where t is the interphase thickness and rf is the radius of the nanotube/fiber inclusion.

Reproduced from [1] with permission from Elsevier.

It has also been reported that in the case of multiwalled nanotubes, the inner layers of nanotubes cannot effectively take any tensile loads applied at both ends owing to the weak stress transferability between the layers of the nanotubes [8,18]. This results in the outmost layer of the nanotubes taking the entire load. As a result, the failure of the multiwalled nanotubes could start at the outermost layer by breaking the bonds among carbon atoms.

Nanotube nanocomposites with a large number of polymer matrices have been reported in recent years. The composites were synthesized in order to enhance mechanical, thermal and electrical properties of the conventional polymers so as to expand their spectrum of applications. Different synthesis routes have also been developed in order to achieve nanocomposites. The generated morphology in the composites and the resulting composite properties were reported to be affected by the nature of the polymer, nature of the nanotube modification, synthesis process, amount of the inorganic filler, etc. This chapter reviews nanocomposite structures and properties reported in a few of these reports and also stresses the future potential of nanotube nanocomposites by mentioning some of their reported applications. Recent reviews were published and can be found in [19–21].

1.2 Methods of Nanotube Nanocomposites Synthesis