Practical Partial Discharge Measurement on Electrical Equipment E-Book

Greg C. Stone

• Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
• Kategorie: Wissenschaft und neue Technologien
• Serie: IEEE Press Series on Power Engineering
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 1175

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2023

Beschreibung

Practical Partial Discharge Measurement on Electrical Equipment Accessible reference dealing with (partial discharge) PD measurement in all types of high voltage equipment using modern digital PD detectors Practical Partial Discharge Measurement on Electrical Equipment is a timely update in the field of partial discharges (PD), covering both holistic concepts and specific modern applications in one volume. The first half of the book educates the reader on what PD is and the general principles of how it is measured and interpreted. The second half of the book is similar to a handbook, with a chapter devoted to PD measurements in each type of high voltage (HV) equipment. These chapters contain specific information of the insulation system design, causes of PD in that equipment, off-line and on-line measurement methods, interpretation methods, and relevant standards. The work is authored by four well-known experts in the field of PD measurement who have published hundreds of technical papers on the subject and performed thousands of PD measurements on all the different types of HV equipment covered in the book. The authors have also had relationships with PD detector manufacturers, giving them key insights into test instruments and practical measurements. Sample topics covered in the work include: * Physics of PD, discharge phenomena (contact sparking and vibration sparking), and an introduction to PD measurement (electrical, optical, acoustic, and chemical) * Electrical PD detection (types of sensors), RF PD detection (antenna, TEV), and PD instrumentation and display * Off-line and on-line PD measurements, general principles of PD interpretation, and laboratory PD testing of lumped test objects * PD in different types of HV equipment (power cables, power transformers, air insulated metal-clad switchgear, rotating machines, gas-insulated switchgear, and more) For HV equipment OEMs, users of HV equipment, or employees of companies that provide PD testing services to clients, Practical Partial Discharge Measurement on Electrical Equipment is an essential reference to help understand general concepts about the topic and receive expert guidance during specific practical applications.

Leseprobe

IEEE Press445 Hoes LanePiscataway, NJ 08854

IEEE Press Editorial BoardSarah Spurgeon, Editor in Chief

Jón Atli Benediktsson

Behzad Razavi

Jeffrey Reed

Anjan Bose

Jim Lyke

Diomidis Spinellis

James Duncan

Hai Li

Adam Drobot

Amin Moeness

Brian Johnson

Tom Robertazzi

Desineni Subbaram Naidu

Ahmet Murat Tekalp

Practical Partial Discharge Measurement on Electrical Equipment

Greg C. Stone

Stone Dielectrics

Toronto, Canada

Andrea Cavallini

University of Bologna

Bologna, Italy

Glenn Behrmann

Consultant

Zurich, Switzerland

Claudio Angelo Serafino

Terna S.p.A.

Torino, Italy

Copyright © 2023 by The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. All rights reserved.

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Library of Congress Cataloging‐in‐Publication DataNames: Stone, Greg C., author. | Cavallini, Andrea, 1963– author. | Behrmann, Glenn, author. | Serafino, Claudio Angelo, author.Title: Practical partial discharge measurement on electrical equipment / Greg Stone, Andrea Cavallini, Glenn Behrmann, Claudio Serafino.Description: Hoboken, New Jersey: Wiley, [2023] | Includes index.Identifiers: LCCN 2023012162 (print) | LCCN 2023012163 (ebook) | ISBN 9781119833314 (hardback) | ISBN 9781119833321 (adobe pdf) | ISBN 9781119833338 (epub)Subjects: LCSH: Electric discharges–Measurement. | Electric power systems.Classification: LCC QC701.S76 2023 (print) | LCC QC701(ebook) | DDC 537.5/2–dc23/eng/20230606LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2023012162LC ebook record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2023012163

Cover Design: WileyCover image provided by Andrea Cavallini

This book is dedicated to the engineers and scientists who took a scientific curiosity of the 1890s and built a measurement technology that is now an essential tool for factory quality control tests on new high‐voltage electrical equipment, as well as a widely used technology to help determine when maintenance is needed on such equipment.

Although thousands have worked in this field, we would like to acknowledge the seminal contributions of some of its leading engineers and scientists who are no longer with us:

Ray Bartnikas (Canada)

Steve Boggs (Canada/USA)

Frederik Kreuger (The Netherlands)

Bernd Fruth (Germany)

Jitka Fuhr (Switzerland)

George Mole (UK)

Lutz Niemeyer (Germany)

Some of us have had the privilege of working with and being guided by them over the years; they are sorely missed. This book is dedicated to them, especially their willingness to share their knowledge and inspire us.

About the Authors

Greg C. Stone was one of the developers of a widely used online partial discharge test method to evaluate the condition of the high‐voltage insulation in stator windings. Except for a one‐year period at Canada Wire and Cable, from 1975 to 1990, he was a Dielectrics Engineer with Ontario Hydro, a large Canadian power generation company. From 1990 to 2021 he was employed at Iris Power L.P. in Toronto Canada, a motor and generator winding condition monitoring company he helped form, and one of the largest manufacturers of partial discharge measurement equipment in the world. He has published two books on motor and generator winding maintenance, contributed the machine insulation chapters to three technical encyclopedias/handbooks, and authored >200 papers concerned with partial discharge measurement and rotating machine condition assessment. Since 1980 he has also been active in creating and updating many IEEE and IEC standards. Dr. Stone has been and continues to be active in the IEEE Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation Society for his entire career, serving as its president in 1989 and 1990. He has been chosen for the IEEE Kaufmann, Dakin and Forster Awards; the CIGRE Technical Committee Award; the IEC 1906 Award; and the US‐based EPRI Principal Investigator Award. Greg Stone has BASc, MASc, and PhD degrees in electrical engineering from the University of Waterloo, is a fellow of the IEEE, a fellow of the Engineering Institute of Canada, and a licensed professional engineer in Ontario, Canada.

Andrea Cavallini is a professor at the University of Bologna. In 2000, he invented the TF map, a revolutionary method to process partial discharge signals allowing noise rejection and the individual analysis of multiple partial discharge sources simultaneously active in the same equipment. From 1999 to 2012, he cofounded and collaborated with Techimp Srl, now a part of the Altanova group. During this time, he was actively involved in testing all types of apparatus used in power systems: cables, generators, transformers, and motors. He has worked on electrical as well as ultrahigh frequency detection of partial discharges; in particular, he was among the first to use ultrahigh frequency detection of partial discharges on inverter‐fed machines, a technique that later became the state of the art. He has published more than 250 papers, most of them in the IEEE. He is member of the IEC TC 2 Rotating Machinery MT 10 concerned with the qualification, testing and diagnostics of winding insulation systems. He is active in CIGRE where he has convened D1 working groups. He has BASc, MASc, and PhD degrees in electrical engineering from the University of Bologna in Italy and is a fellow of the IEEE.

Glenn Behrmann began work in radio‐frequency design and signal processing for military applications at MIT Lincoln Laboratory, the MITRE Corporation, and Signatron. After working in EMC, he began his work in PD in 1992 at ABB Corporate Research (Baden) under Bernd Fruth and Lutz Niemeyer, first in the insulation materials lab, later on site, on transformers, HV cable accessories, and GIS, playing a key role on the first large‐scale UHF PD monitoring systems for 400 kV GIS in Singapore. During a two‐year stint at the Paul Scherer Institute, he worked on RF beam‐diagnostics for the European Free Electron Laser (X‐FEL, Hamburg). In 2008, he returned to PD diagnostics of rotating machine insulation and online monitoring systems at Alstom (GE). In 2011, he rejoined ABB, focusing on all aspects of PD detection and monitoring in GIS using both conventional and UHF techniques. This included sensor development, detailed investigations of RF signal behavior, lots of onsite PD diagnostics, and a key role in PXIPD (pulsed X‐ray‐induced partial discharge) for detecting voids. He has authored many papers and holds patents in the field. He is an active member of CIGRE (presently secretary of D1.66, Requirements of UHF PDM systems for GIS) and IEC TC42 (including the latest revision of IEC 60270) and is chair of the IEEE PES/SA group revising IEEE 454 on PD measurement. Glenn received a BSEE from Union College (Schenectady) in 1979. Although just retired, he remains active doing onsite PD assessments and consulting.

Claudio Angelo Serafino has more than 40 years of experience in measurements and tests on high voltage equipment. He carries out commissioning and routine tests on high‐voltage equipment, including circuit breakers, disconnectors, surge arresters, gas‐insulated systems, current transformers, and voltage transformers. He also has experience in commissioning and routine tests on protection systems for high‐voltage plants, large power generators, and transformers. He is an expert in PD measurements on large power and high‐voltage transformers, performed both in the manufacturers’ test labs and onsite, with the aim to investigate faults. He gained his experience working in two companies. From 1982 until 2000, he worked at ENEL, the integrated Italian electrical utility. Since 2000 he is working in the Italian TSO Terna as an expert in medium and large power transformer tests and technical specifications.

Preface

Partial discharge (PD) testing is widely used as a quality assurance test for the electrical insulation in medium‐ and high‐voltage equipment. Owners of high‐voltage equipment such as transformers, switchgear, power cables, and rotating machines are also using PD testing as a tool to determine if there is a risk of insulation failure in equipment that has been in service. This latter application has exploded in the past decade with the availability of PD test systems that measure PD during normal operation of medium‐ and high‐voltage apparatus.

There are now dozens of vendors of PD testing systems, and many IEC and IEEE standards have been published that present the basics of PD measurement on various types of high‐voltage apparatus. Also, books have been published that go into the details of both the physics of PD and PD detection theory, in addition to thousands of technical papers. These have been mainly written for researchers on the subject.

This book has a different aim. It is written for those who work for electrical equipment manufacturers and owners of medium‐ and high‐voltage equipment who preform PD testing as only one part of their job, and who want to understand better the information from vendors and the relevant standards. Although we discuss some basic information on why PD occurs and PD measurement theory in the first few chapters, the main focus is presenting practical information that even occasional users of PD testing need to know when using commercially available PD measurement systems. There are chapters on the most common ways to detect PD, how to reduce the influence of electrical noise and interference, as well as how PD results are analyzed in general. Then there are chapters for each type of high‐voltage equipment that describe the most common PD measurement methods for that equipment, as well as what insulation problems it can detect and how to interpret the PD data. Since there is a broad range of PD system vendors for each type of high‐voltage equipment, we have attempted to include the most popular methods applied to each type of equipment. Sometimes, the same PD measuring system is used for different types of electrical equipment. The final chapters are brief introductions to the rapidly evolving techniques to measure PD under DC excitation and short‐risetime voltage impulses.

The authors have a diverse range of backgrounds. One of us was formerly with a PD system vendor, one is both an academic researcher and a cofounder of a different PD system vendor. The other two authors are primarily users of PD testing – one mainly working for a high‐voltage equipment supplier and the other working for a transmission grid utility. Hopefully, this diversity has resulted in a practical book on PD measurement.

Acknowledgments

The authors would like to thank Ms. Resi Zarb, the founding president of Iris Power L.P. as well as a former co‐editor in chief of the IEEE Electrical Insulation Magazine. She provided invaluable assistance in reviewing every chapter of this book.

GCS would like to thank his wife, Judy Allan, for her support during this project. He would also like to acknowledge the importance of the late Mo Kurtz and the late Steve Boggs to his comprehension of PD measurement. Many significant discussions with his former colleagues at Iris Power L.P.: Howard Sedding, Mladen Sasic, Connor Chan, Vicki Warren, and Iouri Pomelkov have contributed to his understanding of the measurement and interpretation of PD.

AC would like to thank his colleagues at the University of Bologna: Gian Carlo Montanari for directing his research efforts toward partial discharges, as well as Davide Fabiani and Gaetano Pasini for countless discussions. He is particularly indebted to Alfredo Contin and Francesco Puletti with whom he had many enlightening exchanges of ideas, Fabio Ciani (sit tibi terra levis) for his friendly and professional support in the lab, and all the PhD students who worked with him: Carlos Gustavo Azcarraga Ramos, Peng Wang, Fabrizio Negri, Paolo Mancinelli, Luca Lusuardi, and Alberto Rumi. Last but not least, AC thanks his fiancé Violeta Zumeta for her incredible patience.