Principles of Electrical Safety E-Book

Peter E. Sutherland

• Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
• Kategorie: Wissenschaft und neue Technologien
• Serie: IEEE Press Series on Power Engineering
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 448

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2014

Beschreibung

Principles of Electrical Safety discusses current issues in electrical safety, which are accompanied by series' of practical applications that can be used by practicing professionals, graduate students, and researchers. . * Provides extensive introductions to important topics in electrical safety * Comprehensive overview of inductance, resistance, and capacitance as applied to the human body * Serves as a preparatory guide for today's practicing engineers

Leseprobe

Table of Contents

Cover

Series

Title Page

Copyright

Dedication

Preface

Acknowledgments

Chapter 1: Mathematics Used in Electromagnetism

1.1 Introduction

1.2 Numbers

1.3 Mathematical Operations with Vectors

1.4 Calculus with Vectors—The Gradient

1.5 Divergence, Curl, and Stokes' Theorem

1.6 Maxwell's Equations

Chapter 2: Electrical Safety Aspects of the Resistance Property of Materials

2.1 Introduction

2.2 Hazards Caused by Electrical Resistance

2.3 Resistance and Conductance

2.4 Example—Trunk of a Human Body

2.5 Example—Limb of a Human Body

2.6 Power and Energy Flow

2.7 Sheet Resistivity

2.8 Example—Square of Dry Skin

2.9 Spreading Resistance

2.10 Example—Circle of Dry Skin

2.11 Particle Conductivity

2.12 Examples—Potassium, Sodium, and Chlorine Ions

2.13 Cable Resistance

Chapter 3: Capacitance Phenomena

3.1 Fundamentals of Capacitance

3.2 Capacitance and Permittivity

3.3 Capacitance in Electrical Circuits

3.4 Capacitance of Body Parts

3.5 Electrical Hazards of Capacitance

3.6 Capacitance of Cables

Chapter 4: Inductance Phenomena

4.1 Inductance in Electrical Theory

4.2 Inductance of Wires

4.3 Example—Inductance of a Conductor

4.4 Example—Inductance of Trunk and Limb

4.5 Inductors or Reactors

4.6 Skin Effect

4.7 Cable Inductance

4.8 Surge Impedance

4.9 Bus Bar Impedance Calculations

Chapter 5: Circuit Model of the Human Body

5.1 Calculation of Electrical Shock Using the Circuit Model of the Body

5.2 Frequency Response of the Human Body

Chapter 6: Effect of Current on the Human Body

6.1 Introduction to Electrical Shock

6.2 Human and Animal Sensitivities to Electric Current

6.3 Human Body Impedance

6.4 Effects of Various Exposure Conditions

6.5 Current Paths Through the Body

6.6 Human Response to Electrical Shock Varies with Exposure Conditions, Current Magnitude, and Duration

6.7 Medical Imaging and Simulations

Chapter 7: Fundamentals of Ground Grid Design

7.1 Introduction to Ground Grid Design

7.2 Summary of Ground Grid Design Procedures

7.3 Example Design from IEEE Standard 80

Chapter 8: Safety Aspects of Ground Grid Operation and Maintenance

8.1 Introduction

8.2 Effects of High Fault Currents

8.3 Damage or Failure of Grounding Equipment

8.4 Recommendations

Chapter 9: Grounding of Distribution Systems

9.1 Stray Currents in Distribution Systems

9.2 Three-Phase Multigrounded Neutral Distribution Line

9.3 Secondary Systems: 120/240V Single Phase

9.4 Remediation of Stray-Current Problems

9.5 Grounding and Overvoltages in Distribution Systems

9.6 High-Resistance Grounding of Distribution Systems

Chapter 10: Arc Flash Hazard Analysis

10.1 Introduction to Arc Flash Hazards

10.2 Factors Affecting the Severity of Arc Flash Hazards

10.3 Example Arc Flash Calculations

10.4 Remediation of Arc Flash Hazards

10.5 Coordination of Low-Voltage Breaker Instantaneous Trips for Arc Flash Hazard Reduction

10.6 Low-Voltage Transformer Secondary Arc Flash Protection using Fuses

Chapter 11: Effect of High Fault Currents on Protection and Metering

11.1 Introduction

11.2 Current Transformer Saturation

11.3 Saturation of Low-Ratio CT

11.4 Testing of Current Transformer Saturation

11.5 Effect of High Fault Currents on Coordination

11.6 Protective Relay Ratings and Settings

11.7 Effects of Fault Currents on Protective Relays

11.8 Methods for Upgrading Protection Systems

Chapter 12: Effects of High Fault Currents on Circuit Breakers

12.1 Insufficient Interrupting Capability

12.2 High Voltage Air Circuit Breakers

12.3 Vacuum Circuit Breakers

12.4 SF

6

Circuit Breakers

12.5 Loss of Interruption Medium

12.6 Interrupting Ratings of Switching Devices

12.7 Circuit Breakers

12.8 Fuses

12.9 Case Studies

12.10 Low-Voltage Circuit Breakers

12.11 Testing of Low-Voltage Circuit Breakers

12.12 Testing of High-Voltage Circuit Breakers

Chapter 13: Mechanical Forces and Thermal Effects in Substation Equipment Due to High Fault Currents

13.1 Introduction

13.2 Definitions

13.3 Short-Circuit Mechanical Forces on Rigid Bus Bars

13.4 Dynamic Effects of Short Circuits

13.5 Short-Circuit Thermal Effects

13.6 Flexible Conductor Buses

13.7 Force Safety Devices

13.8 Substation Cable and Conductor Systems

13.9 Distribution Line Conductor Motion

13.10 Effects of High Fault Currents on Substation Insulators

13.11 Effects of High Fault Currents on Gas-Insulated Substations (GIS)

Chapter 14: Effect of High Fault Currents on Transmission Lines

14.1 Introduction

14.2 Effect of High Fault Current on Non-Ceramic Insulators (NCI)

14.3 Conductor Motion Due to Fault Currents

14.4 Calculation of Fault Current Motion for Horizontally Spaced Conductors

14.5 Effect of Conductor Shape

14.6 Conductor Equations of Motion

14.7 Effect of Conductor Stretch

14.8 Calculation of Fault Current Motion for Vertically Spaced Conductors

14.9 Calculation Procedure

14.10 Calculation of Tension Change with Motion

14.11 Calculation of Mechanical Loading on Phase-to-Phase Spacers

14.12 Effect of Bundle Pinch on Conductors and Spacers

Chapter 15: Lightning and Surge Protection

15.1 Surge Voltage Sources and Waveshapes

15.2 Surge Propagation, Refraction, and Reflection

15.3 Insulation Withstand Characteristics and Protection

15.4 Surge Arrester Characteristics

15.5 Surge Arrester Application

References

Index

Series

End User License Agreement

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Guide

Cover

Table of Contents

Preface

Chapter 1: Mathematics Used in Electromagnetism

List of Illustrations

Figure 1.1

Figure 1.2

Figure 1.3

Figure 1.4

Figure 1.5

Figure 1.6

Figure 1.7

Figure 1.8

Figure 1.9

Figure 1.10

Figure 1.11

Figure 1.12

Figure 1.13

Figure 1.14

Figure 1.15

Figure 1.16

Figure 1.17

Figure 1.18

Figure 1.19

Figure 1.20

Figure 1.21

Figure 2.1

Figure 2.2

Figure 2.3

Figure 2.4

Figure 2.5

Figure 2.6

Figure 2.7

Figure 2.8

Figure 2.9

Figure 2.10

Figure 2.11

Figure 2.12

Figure 2.13

Figure 2.14

Figure 2.15

Figure 2.16

Figure 2.17

Figure 2.18

Figure 2.19

Figure 2.20

Figure 2.21

Figure 2.22

Figure 3.1

Figure 3.2

Figure 3.3

Figure 3.4

Figure 3.5

Figure 3.6

Figure 3.7

Figure 3.8

Figure 3.9

Figure 3.10

Figure 3.11

Figure 3.12

Figure 3.13

Figure 3.14

Figure 4.1

Figure 4.2

Figure 4.3

Figure 4.4

Figure 4.5

Figure 4.6

Figure 4.7

Figure 4.8

Figure 4.9

Figure 4.10

Figure 4.11

Figure 4.12

Figure 4.13

Figure 4.14

Figure 4.15

Figure 4.16

Figure 5.1

Figure 5.2

Figure 5.3

Figure 5.4

Figure 5.5

Figure 5.6

Figure 5.7

Figure 5.8

Figure 5.9

Figure 5.10

Figure 6.1

Figure 6.2

Figure 6.3

Figure 6.4

Figure 6.5

Figure 6.6

Figure 6.7

Figure 6.8

Figure 6.9

Figure 6.12

Figure 7.1

Figure 7.2

Figure 7.3

Figure 7.4

Figure 7.5

Figure 7.6

Figure 7.7

Figure 7.8

Figure 7.9

Figure 7.10

Figure 8.1

Figure 8.3

Figure 8.4

Figure 8.5

Figure 8.6

Figure 8.7

Figure 9.1

Figure 9.2

Figure 9.3

Figure 9.4

Figure 9.5

Figure 9.6

Figure 9.7

Figure 9.8

Figure 9.9

Figure 9.10

Figure 9.11

Figure 9.12

Figure 9.13

Figure 9.14

Figure 9.15

Figure 9.16

Figure 9.17

Figure 9.18

Figure 9.19

Figure 9.20

Figure 9.21

Figure 9.22

Figure 9.23

Figure 9.24

Figure 10.1

Figure 10.2

Figure 10.3

Figure 10.4

Figure 10.5

Figure 10.6

Figure 10.7

Figure 10.8

Figure 10.9

Figure 10.10

Figure 10.11

Figure 10.12

Figure 10.13

Figure 10.14

Figure 10.15

Figure 10.16

Figure 10.17

Figure 10.18

Figure 10.19

Figure 10.20

Figure 10.21

Figure 10.22

Figure 10.25

Figure 10.26

Figure 10.27

Figure 10.28

Figure 10.29

Figure 10.30

Figure 10.31

Figure 10.32

Figure 10.33

Figure 10.34

Figure 10.35

Figure 10.36

Figure 10.37

Figure 10.38

Figure 10.39

Figure 10.40

Figure 11.1

Figure 11.2

Figure 11.3

Figure 11.4

Figure 11.5

Figure 11.6

Figure 11.7

Figure 11.8

Figure 11.9

Figure 11.10

Figure 12.1

Figure 12.2

Figure 12.3

Figure 12.4

Figure 12.5

Figure 12.6

Figure 12.7

Figure 12.8

Figure 12.9

Figure 12.10

Figure 12.11

Figure 12.12

Figure 12.13

Figure 12.14

Figure 12.15

Figure 12.19

Figure 12.20

Figure 12.21

Figure 12.22

Figure 12.23

Figure 12.28

Figure 12.29

Figure 12.30

Figure 12.31

Figure 12.32

Figure 12.33

Figure 12.34

Figure 12.35

Figure 12.36

Figure 12.37

Figure 12.38

Figure 12.39

Figure 12.40

Figure 12.41

Figure 12.43

Figure 12.44

Figure 12.42

Figure 12.45

Figure 13.1

Figure 13.2

Figure 13.3

Figure 13.4

Figure 13.5

Figure 13.6

Figure 13.7

Figure 13.8

Figure 13.9

Figure 13.10

Figure 13.11

Figure 13.13

Figure 13.14

Figure 13.15

Figure 13.16

Figure 13.17

Figure 13.18

Figure 13.19

Figure 14.1

Figure 14.2

Figure 14.3

Figure 14.4

Figure 14.5

Figure 14.6

Figure 14.7

Figure 14.8

Figure 14.9

Figure 14.10

Figure 14.11

Figure 15.1

Figure 15.2

Figure 15.3

Figure 15.4

Figure 15.5

Figure 15.6

Figure 15.7

Figure 15.8

Figure 15.9

Figure 15.10

Figure 15.11

Figure 15.12

List of Tables

Table 2.1

Table 2.2

Table 2.3

Table 2.4

Table 2.5

Table 2.6

Table 3.1

Table 3.2

Table 3.3

Table 4.1

Table 4.3

Table 4.2

Table 6.1

Table 6.2

Table 6.3

Table 6.4

Table 6.5

Table 6.7

Table 6.6

Table 6.8

Table 6.9

Table 7.1

Table 7.2

Table 7.3

Table 7.4

Table 8.1

Table 8.2

Table 10.1

Table 10.2

Table 10.3

Table 12.1

Table 12.2

Table 12.3

Table 12.4

Table 12.5

Table 12.6

Table 12.7

Table 12.8

Table 12.9

Table 12.10

Table 12.11

Table 12.12

Table 12.13

Table 12.14

Table 12.15

Table 12.16

Table 12.17

Table 12.18

Table 12.19

Table 12.20

Table 12.21

Table 12.22

Table 12.23

Table 12.24

Table 12.25

Table 12.26

Table 12.27

Table 12.28

Table 12.29

Table 12.30

Table 12.31

Table 12.32

Table 12.33

Table 12.34

Table 12.35

Table 12.36

Table 12.37

Table 12.38

Table 12.39

Table 12.41

Table 12.42

Table 12.43

Table 12.44

Table 13.1

Table 13.2

Table 13.3

Table 13.4

Table 13.5

Table 13.6

Table 15.1

Table 15.5

Table 15.6

Table 15.7

PRINCIPLES OF ELECTRICAL SAFETY

PETER E. SUTHERLAND

Copyright © 2015 by The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc.

Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey. All rights reserved

Published simultaneously in Canada

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Limit of Liability/Disclaimer of Warranty: While the publisher and author have used their best efforts in preparing this book, they make no representations or warranties with respect to the accuracy or completeness of the contents of this book and specifically disclaim any implied warranties of merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose. No warranty may be created or extended by sales representatives or written sales materials. The advice and strategies contained herein may not be suitable for your situation. You should consult with a professional where appropriate. Neither the publisher nor author shall be liable for any loss of profit or any other commercial damages, including but not limited to special, incidental, consequential, or other damages.

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data:

Sutherland, Peter E.

Principles of electrical safety / Peter E. Sutherland.

pages cm

ISBN 978-1-118-02194-1 (cloth)

1. Electrical engineering–Safety measures. 2. Electricity–Safety measures. 3. Electric apparatus and appliances–Safety measures. I. Title.

TK152.S8174 2015

621.3028'9–dc23

2015012677

To all the victims

Preface

From the beginning of my career in electric power engineering, safety has been an important topic. The first training provided by my new employer, after we had completed the paperwork and received an introduction to the company and its many products and services, was a series of safety training talks and films. The graphic nature of this material can cause some discomfort, but it was looked on as the only way to communicate the severity of the problem.

When arc flash protection became the law in the United States, instituted in a peculiar fashion by OSHA, which meant that industry had to follow the private industry consensus standard NFPA 70E, all of this changed. Soon I found myself toting two large duffel bags of safety gear to the arc flash hazard and electrical safety classes I was teaching to electricians, engineers, and managers in industry. The most telling moments of the course were in the showing of a video, “The Mark Standifer Story” (Standifer, 2004), which was a somber moment in the proceedings, after which I had to pause and let people reflect on what they had just witnessed. This was the story of a man who was going to work on energized high voltage electrical equipment, when he was injured by a severe arc flash, receiving second- and third-degree burns over 40% of his body. After months of excruciating treatment and rehabilitation in a burn center, he recovered fully, and was able to tell his story. Mark Standifer is now an electrical safety speaker and trainer, spreading the message of electrical safety. After that video, the course covered many aspects of electrical safety, shock hazards, and arc flash protection. Teaching the course was the beginning of my interest in the field, which led to this book.