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- Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
- Kategorie: Wissenschaft und neue Technologien
- Sprache: Englisch
Every parent is concerned when a child is slow to become a mature adult. This is also true for any product designer, regardless of their industry sector. For a product to be mature, it must have an expected level of reliability from the moment it is put into service, and must maintain this level throughout its industrial use. While there have been theoretical and practical advances in reliability from the 1960s to the end of the 1990s, to take into account the effect of maintenance, the maturity of a product is often only partially addressed. Product Maturity 1 fills this gap as much as possible; a difficult exercise given that maturity is a transverse activity in the engineering sciences; it must be present throughout the lifecycle of a product.
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Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2022
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Table of Contents
Cover
Title Page
Copyright
Foreword by Laurent Denis
Foreword by Serge Zaninotti
Acknowledgements
Introduction
1 Reliability Review
1.1. Failure rate
1.2. Temperature effect
1.3. Effect of maintenance
1.4. MTBF
1.5. Nature of the reliability objective
2 Maturity
2.1. Context
2.2. Normative context and its implications
2.3. Building of maturity
2.4. Confirmation of maturity
3 Derating Analysis
3.1. Derating
3.2. Rules provided by the manufacturers of components
3.3. Reference-based approach
3.4. Creation of derating rules
3.5. Summary
4 Components with Limited Service Life
4.1. RDF 2000 guide
4.2. FIDES 2009 guide
4.3. Manufacturer’s data
4.4. Summary of components with limited service life
5 Analysis of Product Performances
5.1. Analyses during the design stage
5.2. Analyses during the manufacturing stage
6 Aggravated Tests
6.1. Definition
6.2. Objectives of aggravated tests
6.3. Principles of aggravated tests
6.4. Robustness
7 Burn-In Test
7.1. Link between HALT and HASS tests
7.2. POS1 test
7.3. POS2 test
7.4. HASS cycle
7.5. Should burn-in tests be systematically conducted?
7.6. Test coverage
7.7. Economic aspect of burn-in
8 Run-In
8.1. Run-in principle
8.2. Stabilization
8.3. Expression of the corresponding degradation
8.4. Optimization of the stabilization time
8.5. Estimation of a prediction interval of the degradation
List of Notations
List of Definitions
List of Acronyms
References
Index
End User License Agreement
Tables
Chapter 3
Table 3.1.
Power dissipated by each type of resistor
Table 3.2.
Voltage depending on the type of resistor
Table 3.3.
Summary of derating rules according to the literature
Table 3.4.
Activation energy for various types of components
Table 3.5.
Temperature derating rate
Table 3.6.
Summary of derating rules
Chapter 4
Table 4.1.
List of components with limited service life
Table 4.2.
Service life of batteries according to the FIDES guide
Table 4.3.
Endurance parameter of a wet electrolytic capacitor
Table 4.4.
Black model for optocouplers
Table 4.5.
Service life of batteries according to MDPI
Table 4.6.
Service life of lithium batteries according to MDPI
Table 4.7.
Service life of various types of fans (TITAN)
Table 4.8.
Activation energy of fans according to FIDES
Table 4.9.
Service life of a flash memory
Table 4.10.
Example of limited service life of a trimmer
Table 4.11.
Example of limited service life of a rotary potentiometer
Table 4.12.
Aging specifications of a quartz oscillator
Table 4.13.
Aging parameters of a voltage reference
Table 4.14.
Summary of components assumed to have limited service life
Chapter 5
Table 5.1. Example of simulation for the uniform law (on the left) and for the n...
Chapter 7
Table 7.1. Processing of the results of POS1 tests. For a color version of this ...
Table 7.2.
Example of life profile for POS1 test
Table 7.3. Possible scenarios during POS2 testing. For a color version of this t...
Chapter 8
Table 8.1.
Example of calculation of equivalent temperature
Guide
Cover
Table of Contents
Title Page
Copyright
Foreword by Laurent Denis
Foreword by Serge Zaninotti
Acknowledgements
Introduction
Begin Reading
List of Notations
List of Definitions
List of Acronyms
References
Index
End User License Agreement
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Reliability of Multiphysical Systems Set
coordinated by
Abdelkhalak El Hami
Volume 12
Product Maturity 1
Theoretical Principles and Industrial Applications
Franck Bayle
First published 2022 in Great Britain and the United States by ISTE Ltd and John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Apart from any fair dealing for the purposes of research or private study, or criticism or review, as permitted under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, this publication may only be reproduced, stored or transmitted, in any form or by any means, with the prior permission in writing of the publishers, or in the case of reprographic reproduction in accordance with the terms and licenses issued by the CLA. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside these terms should be sent to the publishers at the undermentioned address:
ISTE Ltd
27-37 St George’s Road
London SW19 4EU
UK
www.iste.co.uk
John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
111 River Street
Hoboken, NJ 07030
USA
www.wiley.com
© ISTE Ltd 2022
The rights of Franck Bayle to be identified as the author of this work have been asserted by him in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.
Any opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the author(s), contributor(s) or editor(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of ISTE Group.
Library of Congress Control Number: 2021949035
British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data
A CIP record for this book is available from the British Library
ISBN 978-1-78630-739-2
Foreword by Laurent Denis
Human beings are plagued by major worries, such as fear of death and fear of illness. “How long will I live?” is a question that arises even in childhood. “Will I one day have to deal with a condition similar to my neighbor’s?”. We live in an age where disease, death, old age and disability are subjects to be avoided in polite conversation. “How are you?” is a standard greeting to which a different and darker reply than the traditional, “I’m very well, thank you, and you?” risks embarrassing or even annoying the other party. Avoiding the problems of others, for fear they may be contagious, gives us a sense of immortality on a daily basis.
This is a rather recent phenomenon, as many previous generations did not hide the elderly or sick, although the risk of accidents in everyday life was higher and so death was a more common occurrence. It was certainly a source of anxiety, but the Church was there to alleviate it. Today we hide this subject by paying attention to a society made up of young, healthy people whom we must emulate at all costs so as to be part of it. Since our days are more or less the same, we succumb to procrastination at the first opportunity and Seneca’s carpe diem loses its wonderful charm to give way to flat Platonic reflection.
Surprisingly, a similar problem exists in industry: there is a willingness to forget that a product may be subject to failure during its lifetime, given it has been optimally designed for the required functions. Some simple principles of upstream reliability analysis, from the design phase onwards, are now well-established, but they thwart the deep-seated notion that proper design outweighs everything else. Two essential points are overlooked: when a technology naturally reaches maturity, only a technological breakthrough can mark a distinction between two products performing the same function, unless it can be demonstrated that product A will last longer and be safer than product B. Moreover, the uses of the same product can multiply according to its ability to adapt to multiple environments. A good understanding of these uses in the field makes it possible to improve robustness properly at the design stage, in order that it can withstand any mission profile assigned to it during operation; this is one way to increase competitiveness.
Many companies still see the reliability study of a system before it becomes operational as a mandatory step to be overcome, bypassing or minimizing it as soon as possible. In the design phase, a signed product FMECA will end up in a folder, its purpose merely to certify that the rules have been followed correctly. The objective of the test phase is to confirm that the device being tested meets the requirements of a standard, without taking the opportunity to validate that the mission profiles on the ground will not unpredictably damage the product. During production, process control cards are used to verify that tolerance limits are not exceeded, without establishing forecasting instances that could lead to accidental stops. Hence, only data in the form of returned products, found to be defective by the end user, are subjected to a posteriori analyses by customer support. This can incur various costs and may lead to product recall if a serious defect is found.
Fortunately, however, the reality tends to be a little less bleak than the situation described above, with the emergence and dissemination of best practices that are based on theories validated by various industry sectors. These are now adapting to the challenges that companies face: making increasingly complex products that are more adaptable and ever-faster, while maintaining quality standards and reducing costs. This no longer involves applying deterministic models in which a single value is assigned to an objective to be reached. Instead, it is about drawing up a range of possible solutions that allow the supplier or integrator to make sure that the worst case a product might be subjected to on the ground can still be controlled by statistical modeling. The best way to achieve this is through the combined use of theoretical and technical resources: an in-depth understanding of the possible technological problems and solutions given by the manufacturer allows the qualified reliability engineer to build the most suitable predictive models. Ideally, a single person would have these two complementary sets of skills.
Franck Bayle is a perfect example of this. Throughout the second part of his career as an electronics engineer, he relentlessly addressed challenges that no one had previously openly solved, and he developed algorithmic solutions based on cutting edge theories. He was nevertheless confronted with the ills that plague most large groups: habit and fear of change. When he proposed significant advances across the whole company, only his more informed colleagues considered these to be opportunities for improvement. Sometimes his work was considered useless by those whose feeling was: “Why consider risks when there are no problems on the ground?”. This is reminiscent of: “Why would I get sick when I am fit and healthy?”. We have to be forward thinkers to be able to act before any problem arises, and Franck Bayle is such a person. His book presents all the best practices he has managed to implement within his department, as well as all the advances that I have had the chance to see implemented, which he continues to improve.
This book is essential reading for any passionate reliability engineer, and it is a real pleasure and an honor to write this foreword to accompany it.
Laurent DENIS STATXPERT November 2021
Foreword by Serge Zaninotti
When Franck invited me to work with him on his second book on system maturity, I immediately accepted. My interest in the subject has grown largely as a result of the rich technical exchanges we have had over the last 15 years, and strengthened after reading his first book, published in 2019, on the reliability of maintained systems under aging mechanisms.
Franck would tell me of his progress in the field of reliability, his field of expertise, and I – having always wanted to maintain the link between quality and reliability – would try to establish a connection with the standards.
Indeed, thanks to those who trained me as a quality engineer, I have always known that quality assurance should never be dissociated from dependability. I therefore felt instantly motivated by the opportunity to contribute to disseminating the acquired knowledge by means of a book. The subject system maturity can be mastered both through experience and through training.
It is often the failures or non-quality observed during the development or operation of a system that indicate to us that our patterns of thinking lack dimension.
However, in order to find an appropriate response to prevent these unexpected and feared events, and to be able to control them in the best way possible when they do occur, it is important to master quality risk management techniques. Risk management begins with risk prevention, the focus of this book.
In order to understand the problem of system maturity as a whole, before addressing the actual techniques used, it is necessary to put it in context. This context is provided by the quality standards for the systems.
