Pseudo Random Signal Processing E-Book

Hans-Jurgen Zepernick

• Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
• Kategorie: Wissenschaft und neue Technologien
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 675

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2013

Beschreibung

In recent years, pseudo random signal processing has proven to be a critical enabler of modern communication, information, security and measurement systems. The signal’s pseudo random, noise-like properties make it vitally important as a tool for protecting against interference, alleviating multipath propagation and allowing the potential of sharing bandwidth with other users.

Taking a practical approach to the topic, this text provides a comprehensive and systematic guide to understanding and using pseudo random signals. Covering theoretical principles, design methodologies and applications, Pseudo Random Signal Processing: Theory and Application:

• sets out the mathematical foundations needed to implement powerful pseudo random signal processing techniques;
• presents information about binary and nonbinary pseudo random sequence generation and design objectives;
• examines the creation of system architectures, including those with microprocessors, digital signal processors, memory circuits and software suits;
• gives a detailed discussion of sophisticated applications such as spread spectrum communications, ranging and satellite navigation systems, scrambling, system verification, and sensor and optical fibre systems.

Pseudo Random Signal Processing: Theory and Applicationis an essential introduction to the subject for practising Electronics Engineers and researchers in the fields of mobile communications, satellite navigation, signal analysis, circuit testing, cryptology, watermarking, and measurement. It is also a useful reference for graduate students taking courses in Electronics, Communications and Computer Engineering.

Leseprobe

Contents

Preface

List of abbreviations

List of common symbols

1 Introduction

1.1 PROLOGUE

1.2 ELEMENTS OF PSEUDO RANDOM SIGNAL PROCESSING

1.3 OUTLINE OF THE BOOK

2 Characterization of signals and sequences

2.1 CLASSIFICATION OF SIGNALS AND SEQUENCES

2.2 TRANSFORMATIONS OF SIGNALS AND SEQUENCES

2.3 CORRELATION MEASURES

2.4 POWER SPECTRAL DENSITY

2.5 PSEUDO RANDOM SIGNALS AND SEQUENCES

3 Mathematical foundations

3.1 ALGEBRAIC STRUCTURES

3.2 POLYNOMIALS OVER FINITE FIELDS

4 Binary pseudo random sequences

4.1 CLASSIFICATION

4.2 MAXIMAL-LENGTH SEQUENCES

4.3 BINARY SEQUENCES WITH GOOD AUTOCORRELATION

4.4 BINARY SEQUENCES WITH SPECIAL CROSSCORRELATION

5 Nonbinary pseudo random sequences

5.1 CLASSIFICATION

5.2 INTERFERENCE-FREE WINDOW SEQUENCES

5.3 COMPLEX-VALUED SEQUENCES

5.4 POLYPHASE SEQUENCES WITH SPECIAL CORRELATIONS

6 Generating pseudo random signals

6.1 LINEAR AUTONOMOUS AUTOMATA

6.2 GENERATING MAXIMAL-LENGTH SEQUENCES

6.3 TRANSFORMATIONS OF MAXIMAL-LENGTH SEQUENCES

6.4 COMBINATIONS OF MAXIMAL-LENGTH SEQUENCES

6.5 PSEUDO RANDOM SIGNAL PROCESSING WITH MICROPROCESSORS AND MEMORY CIRCUITS

7 Applications of pseudo random signal processing

7.1 SPREAD SPECTRUM COMMUNICATIONS

7.2 RANGING AND NAVIGATION SYSTEMS

7.3 SCRAMBLING

7.4 AUTOMATIC TESTING AND SYSTEM VERIFICATION

7.5 CRYPTOLOGY

7.6 OTHER APPLICATIONS

Bibliography

Index

Copyright © 2005

John Wiley & Sons Ltd, The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex PO19 8SQ, England

Telephone [phone]

Email (for orders and customer service enquiries): [email protected]

Visit our Home Page on www.wiley.com

All Rights Reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning or otherwise, except under the terms of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 or under the terms of a licence issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency Ltd, 90 Tottenham Court Road, London WIT 4LP, UK, without the permission in writing of the Publisher. Requests to the Publisher should be addressed to the Permissions Department, John Wiley & Sons Ltd, The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex PO19 8SQ, England, or emailed to [email protected], or faxed to ([phone].

Designations used by companies to distinguish their products are often claimed as trademarks. All brand names and product names used in this book are trade names, service marks, trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective owners. The Publisher is not associated with any product or vendor mentioned in this book.

This publication is designed to provide accurate and authoritative information in regard to the subject matter covered. It is sold on the understanding that the Publisher is not engaged in rendering professional services. If professional advice or other expert assistance is required, the services of a competent professional should be sought.

Other Wiley Editorial Offices

John Wiley & Sons Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, USA

Jossey-Bass, 989 Market Street, San Francisco, CA 94103-1741, USA

Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH, Boschstr. 12, D-69469 Weinheim, Germany

John Wiley & Sons Australia Ltd, 42 McDougall Street, Milton, Queensland 4064, Australia

John Wiley & Sons (Asia) Pte Ltd, 2 Clementi Loop #02-01, Jin Xing Distripark, Singapore 129809

John Wiley & Sons Canada Ltd, 22 Worcester Road, Etobicoke, Ontario, Canada M9W 1L1

Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats. Some content that appears in print may not be available in electronic books.

British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library

ISBN-13 978-0-470-86657-3 (HB)ISBN-10 0-470-86657-8 (HB)

Preface

Pseudo random signal processing has emerged from space and military applications with a history of research and development in these areas spanning a period of more than 40 years. The main focus in these applications was on signal formats and processing techniques that can ensure signal integrity, especially immunity against jamming attacks. The evolution of digital mobile radio systems and the increasing demand for positioning systems along with the advances in integrated circuit complexity have resulted in frequent use of pseudo random signal processing as a viable technique for many civilian and commercial applications. Especially with the introduction of cellular mobile radio systems, pseudo random signal processing has received increased attention during the course of the late 1980s. The numerous features of these processing techniques that are important for cellular radio include the ability to eliminate or alleviate multipath propagation, the resistance to interference, and the potential of sharing allocated bandwidth with other users or even sharing it as an overlay with other communication systems. More recently, successful applications in commercial satellite navigation systems and third-generation mobile communication systems have proven the concepts of pseudo random signal processing as being an important and critical enabler of modem communication and information systems. In addition, the methodology of pseudo random signal processing has evolved into fields such as acoustics, biomedicine, and sensor systems, to mention just a few of the specialized application areas. It can be expected that an in-depth knowledge of pseudo random signal processing will provide the basis for the development of many new applications in communication, information, and computer technologies, in both the short and long term.

The objective of this book is to provide an important transition from covering the mathematical foundations to conveying the powerful engineering concepts of pseudo random signal processing. In particular, the far-reaching signal processing principles will serve as the connecting link between theory and practice. The book is intended to provide comprehensive coverage of the theoretical foundations of pseudo random signal processing, which makes it timeless and independent of the actual state of the art in circuit and system technology. The reader will also gain insights into the increasingly sophisticated applications of the described techniques in modem communication and information technologies such as mobile radio systems, navigation systems, scrambling, circuit testing, cryptology, and a number of selected specialized applications. The combination of theory and practice makes the book attractive as a practically oriented introduction to researchers and it provides essential reading for practicing engineers.

The book is based on our experience in the area of pseudo random signal processing obtained from numerous research projects, teaching senior graduate courses at universities, and delivering short courses to industry. The book is based on a course entitled “Digital Signal Structures,” which has been taught by Adolf Finger. It also draws upon material from the senior graduate courses “Advanced Communications” and “Error Control Coding,” which have been taught by Hans-Jürgen Zepernick. These courses are aimed at students in their final year of studies to provide insights into the areas of advanced communications theory and how it can be utilized in practice.

The book is aimed at academics and students in the areas of electrical, electronic, and computer engineering as well as scientists and practicing engineers in research and development. It is suitable for a wide audience working in the fields of telecommunications, information technology, and computer science. The book is accessible to readers with at least an undergraduate electrical engineering or computer science background in signals and systems, communications, and electronics. The book is written at an advanced level and will enable the reader to access the more specialized technical articles and textbooks.

We are grateful to the many researchers whose original contributions form the foundations of pseudo random signal processing and who basically have made this book possible. We would also like to thank the anonymous reviewers who provided constructive suggestions and valuable comments that guided us in the early stages to shape the content of the book into its present form.

We would like to extend warm thanks to our students from Europe, the United States, Asia, and Australia, whose questions have helped us to refine the presentation. Special thanks go to our doctoral students and post-doctoral research fellows for the intellectual stimulation they have provided over the years. We would like to thank our friends and colleagues for many helpful discussions and support during the course of writing this book. We also wish to express our deep gratitude to Dr. Manora Caldera and Dr. Helmut Wiehl for proof-reading various parts of the manuscript and their valuable comments and suggestions which have helped us to improve the book.

Finally, we wish to thank the editorial and publishing team of John Wiley & Sons for their enormous assistance in the preparation of this book. In particular, we are very grateful to Birgit Gruber, Sarah Corney, Kathryn Sharples, Claire Twine, Simone Taylor, Emily Bone, and Wendy Hunter for guiding us safely through all the phases of the book project and for their professional work.

Hans-Jürgen ZepernickAdolf Finger

List of abbreviations

3GPP

Third-generation partnership project

AACF

Aperiodic autocorrelation function

ACCF

Aperiodic crosscorrelation function

ACF

Autocorrelation function

ACL

Asynchronous connectionless

ADSL

Asymmetric digital subscriber line

AMPS

Advanced mobile phone service

AO

Auto-optimal

ASIC

Application-specific integrated circuit

ATM

Asynchronous transfer mode

AU

Astronomical unit

AWGN

Additive white Gaussian noise

BCD

Binary-coded decimal

BCH

Bose–Chaudhuri–Hocquenghem

BER

Bit error rate

B-ISDN

Broadband integrated services digital network

BIST

Built-in self-test

BOC

Binary offset carrier

BOT

Broadcast online television

BPF

Bandpass filter

BPSK

Binary phase shift keying

BS

Base station

CA

Conditional access

CCD

Charge-coupled device

CCD-PNMF

CCD pseudo noise matched filter

CCF

Crosscorrelation function

CD

Collision detection

CDMA

Code-division multiple-access

CIW

Container identification word

CMOS

Complementary metal oxide semiconductor

CO

Cross-optimal

CQI

Channel-quality indication

CS

Commercial service

CSMA

Carrier sense multiple-access

CSMA-CD

CSMA with collision detection

CSS

Content scrambling system

CUT

Circuit-under-test

CVBS

Composite video blanking and synchronization

CW

Control word

DAB

Digital audio broadcast

DAC

Digital-to-analog converter

DC

Direct current

DECT

Digital enhanced cordless telecommunications

DEMUX

Demultiplexer

DES

Data encryption standard

DGPS

Differential GPS

DH

Data high

DK

Distribution key

DLL

Delay-lock loop

DMT

Discrete multi-tone

DPCCH

Dedicated physical control channel

DPDCH

Dedicated physical data channel

DS

Direct-sequence

DS-CDMA

Direct-sequence code-division multiple-access

DSL

Digital subscriber line

DSP

Digital signal processing

DSR

Digital satellite radio

DSS

Distributed sample scrambling

DSSS

Direct-sequence spread spectrum

DVB

Digital video broadcast

DVD

Digital versatile disc

ECL

Emitter coupled logic

EEG

Electroencephalograph

EGNOS

European geostationary navigation overlay service

EK

Entitlement key

EOE

Equivalent odd and even

EPROM

Erasable programmable read-only memory

ESA

European Space Agency

ETSI

European Telecommunications Standards Institute

EU

European Union

EUVE

Extreme Ultraviolet Explorer

FBG

Fiber Bragg grating

FBI

Feedback information

FCC

Federal Communications Commission

FCSR

Feedback with carry shift register

FDD

Frequency-division duplex

FDMA

Frequency-division multiple-access

FFH

Fast frequency hopping

FH

Frequency hopping

FH-CDMA

Frequency hopping CDMA

FHS

Frequency hop synchronization

FHSS

Frequency hopping spread spectrum

FLL

Frequency-lock loop

FM

Frequency modulation

FPGA

Field programmable logic gate array

FSK

Frequency shift keying

FSS

Frame synchronous scrambling

FZC

Frank–Zadoff–Chu

Gbps

Gigabits per second

GLONASS

Global navigation satellite system

GMW

Gordon–Mills–Welch

GPS

Global positioning system

GRO

Gamma Ray Observatory

GSM

Global system for mobile communication

GSRx

Ground station reference receiver

HARQ

Hybrid automatic repeat request

HARQ-ACK

HARQ acknowledgment

HBI

Horizontal blanking interval

HDSL

High-bit-rate digital subscriber line

HEC

Header error control

HPA

High-power amplifier

HPSK

Hybrid PSK

HS-DPCCH

High-speed dedicated physical control channel

HS-PDSCH

High-speed dedicated physical downlink shared channel

IEEE

Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers

IE

Intermediate frequency

IFW

Interference-free window

IR

Infrared

IS-95

Interim Standard 95

ISDN

Integrated services digital network

ISI

Intersymbol interference

ISM

Industrial, scientific, and medical

ITU

International Telecommunications Union

LA

Large-area

LAB

Logic array block

LAP

Lower address part

LAS

Large-area synchronous

LC

Linear complexity

LED

Light-emitting diode

LEO

Low earth orbit

LFSR

Linear feedback shift register

LORAN

Long-range navigation

LPF

Lowpass filter

LS

Loosely synchronous codes

LSB

Least significant bit

LSE

Least sidelobe energy

LTI

Linear time-invariant

LUT

Look-up table

MAC

Medium access control

MAI

Multiple access interference

MASER

Microwave amplification by stimulated emission of radiation

MC

Multi-carrier

MCC

Master control center

MC-CDMA

Multi-carrier CDMA

MEO

Medium earth orbit

MF

Merit factor

MFSK

M

-ary FSK

MLSSA

Maximal-length sequence system analyzer

MPDU

MAC sublayer protocol data unit

MPEG

Moving Pictures Experts Group

MS

Mobile station

MSAC

Mean-square out-of-phase aperiodic autocorrelation

MSAS

MT sat-based augmentation system

MSB

Most significant bit

MSCC

Mean-square aperiodic crosscorrelation

MSPD

Maximum peak-to-side-peak distance

MSPR

Maximum peak-to-side-peak ratio

MT-CDMA

Multi-tone CDMA

MUI

Multi-user interference

MUX

Multiplexer

NASA

National Aeronautics and Space Administration

NAVSTAR

Navigation system time and ranging

NCO

Number-controlled oscillator

NLES

Navigation land earth station

OCQPSK

Orthogonal complex quadrature phase shift keying

OFDM

Orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing

OOK

On–off keying

OQPSK

Offset quadrature phase shift keying

OS

Open services

OSI

Open system interconnection

OVSF

Orthogonal variable spreading factor

PACF

Periodic autocorrelation function

PAL

Phase alternate line

PAR

Peak-to-average ratio

PCCF

Periodic crosscorrelation function

PCM

Pulse code modulation

PCPCH

Physical common packet channel

PCS

Personal communications system

PD

Photo diode

PDF

Probability density function

PHY

Physical layer

PLA

Programmable logic array

PLCP

Physical layer convergence protocol

PLD

Programmable logic device

PLL

Phase-lock loop

PN

Pseudo noise

PPDU

PLCP protocol data unit

PRACH

Physical random access channel

PRBS

Pseudo random bit sequence

PRC

Pseudo random code

PRN

Pseudo random noise

PRPG

Pseudo random pattern generator

PROM

Programmable read-only memory

PRS

Public regulated services

PSC

Primary synchronization code

P-SCH

Primary SCH

PSD

Power spectral density

PSDU

PLCP service data unit

PSK

Phase shift keying

QAM

Quadrature amplitude modulation

QoS

Quality-of-service

QPSK

Quadrature phase shift keying

RAM

Random access memory

RARASE

Recursion-aided RASE

RASE

Rapid acquisition by sequential estimation

RF

Radio frequency

RIMS

Ranging and monitoring station

RNSS

Radio navigation satellite system

ROM

Read-only memory

RSA

Rivest–Shamir–Adleman

SA

Selective availability

SAR

Search and rescue

SAW

Surface acoustic wave

SCH

Synchronization channel

SDH

Synchronous digital hierarchy

SDU

Service data unit

SFD

Start frame delimiter

SFH

Slow frequency hopping

SIG

Special interest group

SK

Service key

SNR

Signal-to-noise ratio

SOH

Section overhead

SOL

Safety-of-life

S/P

Serial-to-parallel

SS

Spread spectrum

S-SCH

Secondary SCH

SSS

Self-synchronous scrambling

STM

Synchronous transport module

TD-CDMA

Time-division CDMA

TDD

Time-division duplex

TDL

Tau-dither loop

TDMA

Time-division multiple-access

TDRSS

Tracking and data relay satellite system

TFC

Transport format combination

TFCI

Transport format combination indicator

THSS

Time hopping spread spectrum

TIA

Telecommunications Industry Association

TPC

Transmit power control

TPG

Test pattern generator

TTL

Transistor-transistor logic

TV

Television

UAP

Upper address part

UHF

Ultra high frequency

UMTS

Universal mobile telecommunications system

U-NII

Unlicensed national information infrastructure

UTRA

UMTS terrestrial radio access

VBI

Vertical blanking interval

VCO

Voltage controlled oscillator

VDSL

Very high-bit-rate digital subscriber line

VEP

Visual evoked potential

VHDL

Very high-speed integrated circuit hardware description language

WAAS

Wide area augmentation system

WCDMA

Wideband CDMA

WLAN

Wireless local area network

WPAN

Wireless personal area network

WSS

Wide-sense stationary

XNR

Exclusive-NOR

ZC

Zadoff–Chu

ZCZ

Zero correlation zone

List of common symbols

1

Introduction

1.1 PROLOGUE

The performance of modem communication and information systems is influenced by the potential of the available integrated circuits and by the efficiency of the algorithms chosen for the actual signal processing. The tremendous advances in integrated circuit technology facilitate the implementation of increasingly sophisticated signal processing algorithms. This has resulted in strong interactions between theoretical concepts and technological developments, which in turn have produced a wide range of practical applications.

This general trend applies in particular to the fields of pseudo random signals and sequences, which constitute an important element of efficient signal processing in almost every modem communication and information system. These types of signals and sequences are strictly deterministic in nature but offer similar characteristics as random signals. The strong mathematical structure associated with pseudo random signals not only provides a solid foundation for systematic signal set design but also guides the development of extremely powerful signal processing techniques. The distinct benefits of pseudo random signal processing compared to standard processing techniques include a very robust immunity to hostile jamming and a superior operation against several forms of unintentional interference. These advantages have been exploited first for military applications, where a secure, reliable, and robust communication link is of major concern. Later, with the advent of multi-user communications along with rapid advances in technology, more intricate pseudo random signal processing techniques were introduced to the civilian and commercial fields. In the meantime, implementation costs for these techniques have been largely reduced and this allows the many attractive features of pseudo random signal processing to be used extensively in practice.