Reverberation Chambers E-Book

Stephen J. Boyes

• Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
• Kategorie: Wissenschaft und neue Technologien
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 340

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2015

Beschreibung

This book covers important and timely issues in Reverberation Chambers (RCs) and their applications to EMC and Antenna measurements. Developed specifically for university students, researchers, practicing industrial engineers and designers who work with antennas in radio frequency (RF) engineering, EMC, radar, and radio communications. This book will provide the reader with a firm theoretical and practical understanding of the RCs operation, allowing them to undertake practical antenna and EMC measurement work with confidence and accuracy. The book is built on many years of research by the authors that encompass many of the new advances in antenna design.

Leseprobe

Table of Contents

Cover

Title Page

About the Authors

Acknowledgements

1 Introduction

1.1 Background

1.2 This Book

References

2 Reverberation Chamber Cavity Theory

2.1 Introduction

2.2 Cavity Modes and Electromagnetic Fields

2.3 Mode Stirring Techniques

2.4 Plane Wave Angle of Arrival

2.5 Average Mode Bandwidths

2.6 Chamber Quality (

Q

) Factor

2.7 Statistical Forms

2.8 Line of Sight Elements

2.9 Reverberation Chamber as a Radio Propagation Channel

References

3 Mechanical Stirrer Designs and Chamber Performance Evaluation

3.1 Introduction

3.2 Paddle Design Methodology

3.3 Numerical Analysis

3.4 Comments on Practical Validation

3.5 Measurement Parameters for Validation

3.6 Measurement Results

3.7 Summary

References

4 EMC Measurements inside Reverberation Chambers

4.1 Introduction to EMC

4.2 EMC Standards

4.3 EMC Measurements and Tests

4.4 EMC Measurements Inside Reverberation Chambers

4.5 Comparison of Reverberation Chamber and Other Measurement Facilities for EMC Measurements

4.6 Conclusions

Acknowledgements

References

5 Single Port Antenna Measurements

5.1 Introduction

5.2 Definitions and Proof: Antenna Efficiency

5.3 Definitions: Textile Antennas

5.4 Measurement Procedures

5.5 Free Space Measurement Investigation

5.6 On-Body Antenna Measurements

5.7 Theoretical and Simulated Evidence

5.8 Measurement Uncertainty

5.9 Summary

References

6 Multiport and Array Antennas

6.1 Introduction

6.2 Multi-port Antennas for MIMO Applications

6.3 Measurement Parameters

6.4 Diversity Gain from Cumulative Distribution Functions (CDF)

6.5 Diversity from Correlation

6.6 Channel Capacity

6.7 Embedded Element Efficiency

6.8 Definitions: Conventional Array Antenna Measurements

6.9 Measurement Parameters

6.10 Deduction of Characterisation Equation

6.11 Measurement Results

6.12 Measurement Uncertainty

6.13 Summary

References

7 Further Applications and Developments

7.1 Shielding Effectiveness Measurements

7.2 Antenna Radiation Efficiency Measurements without a Reference Antenna

7.3 Antenna Diversity Gain Measurements without a Reference Antenna

7.4 Wireless Device and System Evaluation

7.5 Other Reverberation Chambers and the Future

7.6 Summary

References

Appendix A: Deduction of Independent Samples

References

Appendix B: Multivariate Normality Test for SIMO Channels

Appendix C: Surface Current Nature

Appendix D: BS EN 61000-4-21 Standard Deviation Results

Index

End User License Agreement

List of Tables

Chapter 02

Table 2.1 The first five resonant modes in University of Liverpool RC.

Table 2.2 The number of modes and plane waves in University of Liverpool RC.

Table 2.3 Statistical forms measurement details.

Table 2.4 Measurement parameters for

K

factor parallel investigation.

Table 2.5 Doppler stirrer rotation times.

Chapter 03

Table 3.1 Parameters for investigation on number of cuts.

Table 3.2 Parameters for periodicity investigation.

Table 3.3 Parameters for effect of cut shape investigation 1.

Table 3.4 Parameters for effect of cut shape investigation 2.

Table 3.5 Parameters for the complex nature of cuts.

Table 3.6 Parameters for the variation in paddle dimensions.

Table 3.7 Parameters for the practical investigation.

Table 3.8 Paddle dimensions.

Chapter 04

Table 4.1 Basic Standard IEC 61000.

Table 4.2 Conducted emission limits.

Table 4.3 Radiated emission limits.

Table 4.4 Sampling requirements (

f

s

is the starting frequency, or LUF).

Table 4.5 Field uniformity tolerance requirements.

Table 4.6 Comparison between RC and AC immunity tests [17].

Chapter 05

Table 5.1 Measurement parameters for textile antenna efficiency investigation.

Chapter 06

Table 6.1 Measurement parameters for MIMO investigation.

List of Illustrations

Chapter 02

Figure 2.1 Rectangular cavity principle axis.

Figure 2.2 Mode numbers vs frequency for the University of Liverpool RC.

Figure 2.3 Mode density/MHz vs frequency in the University of Liverpool RC.

Figure 2.4 Normalised

E

y

field distribution in University of Liverpool RC at 200 MHz.

Figure 2.5 Normalised

E

y

field distribution in University of Liverpool RC at 400 MHz.

Figure 2.6 Normalised

E

y

field distribution in University of Liverpool RC at 600 MHz.

Figure 2.7 Normalised

E

y

field distribution in University of Liverpool RC at 800 MHz.

Figure 2.8 Normalised

E

y

field distribution in University of Liverpool RC at 1000 MHz.

Figure 2.9 Example of mechanical stirrer design.

Figure 2.10 Plane wave angle of arrival. (a) 200–225 MHz, (b) 400–410 MHz and (c) 900–905 MHz.

Figure 2.11 Measured average mode bandwidths in University of Liverpool RC.

Figure 2.12 Measured

Q

factor in University of Liverpool RC from Equation (2.39).

Figure 2.13 Measured

Q

factor in University of Liverpool RC from average mode bandwidths.

Figure 2.14 CDF of measured magnitudes vs theoretical Rayleigh distribution at 600 MHz.

Figure 2.15 CDF of measured magnitudes vs theoretical Rayleigh distribution at 800 MHz.

Figure 2.16 PDF of measured magnitudes vs theoretical Rayleigh distribution at 600 MHz.

Figure 2.17 PDF of measured magnitudes vs theoretical Rayleigh distribution at 800 MHz.

Figure 2.18 CDF of measured complex samples vs theoretical normal distribution at 600 MHz.

Figure 2.19 CDF of measured complex samples vs theoretical normal distribution at 800 MHz.

Figure 2.20 PDF of measured complex samples vs theoretical normal distribution at 600 MHz.

Figure 2.21 PDF of measured complex samples vs theoretical normal distribution at 800 MHz.

Figure 2.22 CDF of measured power vs theoretical exponential distribution at 600 MHz.

Figure 2.23 CDF of measured power vs theoretical exponential distribution at 800 MHz.

Figure 2.24 PDF of measured power vs theoretical exponential distribution at 600 MHz.

Figure 2.25 PDF of measured power vs theoretical exponential distribution at 800 MHz.

Figure 2.26 CDF of measured phase vs theoretical uniform distribution at 600 MHz.

Figure 2.27 CDF of measured phase vs theoretical uniform distribution at 800 MHz.

Figure 2.28 PDF of measured phase vs theoretical uniform distribution at 600 MHz.

Figure 2.29 PDF of measured phase vs theoretical uniform distribution at 800 MHz.

Figure 2.30 Measurement set up for Rician

K

factor tests.

Figure 2.31 Non-line of sight Rician

K

factor from 100 to 1000 MHz.

Figure 2.32 Rician

K

factor measurement set-up 1000 to 6000 MHz.

Figure 2.33 Rician

K

factor measurement set-up 1000 to 6000 MHz.

Figure 2.34 Rician

K

factor results 1000 to 6000 MHz.

Figure 2.35 Scatter plot for directional receiver from 1000 to 6000 MHz.

Figure 2.36 Scatter plot for omnidirectional receiver from 1000 to 6000 MHz.

Figure 2.37 RMS Doppler shifts (Hz) from 800 to 2400 MHz.

Chapter 03

Figure 3.1 Modal density in low and high frequency domain.

Figure 3.2 (a) Standard (solid) paddles and (b) cuts made on paddle.

Figure 3.3 Numerical set-up showing standard paddles.

Figure 3.4 Numerical investigation on number of cuts. (a) Two cuts and (b) six cuts.

Figure 3.5 Eigenfrequency shifts (MHz) vs number of cuts.

Figure 3.6 Non-periodic investigation 1, varying just length of cuts.

Figure 3.7 Eigenfrequency shifts (MHz) varying just length of cuts vs number of modes.

Figure 3.8 Non-periodic investigation 2, varying both length and width of cuts.

Figure 3.9 Eigenfrequency shifts (MHz) varying both length and width of cuts vs number of modes.

Figure 3.10 Effect of cut shape investigation 1: Triangular meander line.

Figure 3.11 Eigenfrequency shifts (MHz) for rectangular and triangular meander line shapes vs number of modes.

Figure 3.12 Effect of cut shape investigation 2: Helical meander line.

Figure 3.13 Eigenfrequency shifts (MHz) for rectangular and helical meander line shapes vs number of modes.

Figure 3.14 Transmitting antenna location.

Figure 3.15 Complex nature of cuts.

Figure 3.16 Close-up of complex nature of cuts.

Figure 3.17 Eigenfrequency shifts (MHz) for complex and original rectangular meander line.

Figure 3.18 Eigenfrequency shifts (MHz) for complex and standard (no cuts) paddles.

Figure 3.19 Complex cuts with differing paddle heights.

Figure 3.20 Eigenfrequency shifts (MHz) for complex paddles with different dimensions.

Figure 3.21 Standard deviation measurement set-up.

Figure 3.22 Standard deviation comparison in unloaded chamber.

Figure 3.23 Polarisation imbalance (dB) for standard paddles.

Figure 3.24 Polarisation imbalance (dB) for new designs.

Figure 3.25 Rician

K

factor comparison in unloaded chamber.

Figure 3.26 Number of independent samples comparison in unloaded chamber.

Figure 3.27 Standard deviation comparison in loaded chamber.

Figure 3.28 Polarisation imbalance (dB) for standard paddles in loaded chamber.

Figure 3.29 Polarisation imbalance (dB) for new designs in loaded chamber.

Figure 3.30 Rician

K

factor comparison in loaded chamber.

Figure 3.31 Number of independent samples’ comparison in loaded chamber.

Chapter 04

Figure 4.1 The main EMC activities.

Figure 4.2 The basic components of an EMC coupling problem.

Figure 4.3 Conducted emission limits.

Figure 4.4 Radiated emission limits.

Figure 4.5 A typical layout for conducted emission measurements.

Figure 4.6 A typical layout for radiated emission measurements.

Figure 4.7 A typical RC for EMC measurements.

Figure 4.8 Standard deviation of data for

E

-field components of Eight probes.

Figure 4.9 A computer and a WiFi router were chosen as the EUT.

Figure 4.10 Measurement set-up. (a) For calibration. (b) For emission measurement. (c) Photo of the EUT and antennas inside the RC.

Figure 4.11 Received power. (a) At one step and (b) the average.

Figure 4.12 IEEE802.11b channels http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_WLAN_channels

Figure 4.13 The final measured radiated power.

Figure 4.14 A typical measured and predicted OATS 3 m horizontal polarisation electric field response.

Figure 4.15 Radiated emission measurements. (a) EUT in an AC. (b) Comparison of measured electric fields in an RC and an AC.

Figure 4.16 Comparison between RC and AC maximum induced current on the DUT.

Chapter 05

Figure 5.1 Single band textile antenna radiating elements, ShieldIt radiating element (left) and Copper radiating element (right).

Figure 5.2 Single band textile antenna ground planes, ShieldIt ground plane (left) and Copper ground plane (right).

Figure 5.3 On-body reference measurement set-up.

Figure 5.4 FLSL 0510 free space measured and simulated radiation efficiency (%).

Figure 5.5 FLSL 0510 free space measured and simulated total radiation efficiency (%).

Figure 5.6 FLSL 0510 free space measured and simulated reflection coefficients (dB).

Figure 5.7 SHSL 0510 free space measured and simulated radiation efficiency (%).

Figure 5.8 SHSL 0510 free space measured and simulated total radiation efficiency (%).

Figure 5.9 SHSL 0510 free space measured and simulated reflection coefficients (dB).

Figure 5.10 Averaged power converted to decibel scale showing ‘power drop’.

Figure 5.11 Chest (0 mm) body worn measurement set-up.

Figure 5.12 Free space and on-body chest (0 mm) radiation efficiency (%).

Figure 5.13 Free space and on-body chest (0 mm) total radiation efficiency (%).

Figure 5.14 (0 mm) Measurement set-up for alternative orientation.

Figure 5.15 (0 mm) Measurement results for parallel and normal on-body orientations.

Figure 5.16 (0 mm) Reflection coefficient measurement set-up.

Figure 5.17 Copper textile free space and chest (0 mm) measured reflection coefficients (dB).

Figure 5.18 ShieldIt textile free space and on-body chest (0 mm) efficiencies (%).

Figure 5.19 ShieldIt textile free space and chest (0 mm) measured reflection coefficients (dB).

Figure 5.20 Measurement set-up for bent elbow investigation.

Figure 5.21 Copper textile bent elbow reflection coefficients (dB) and efficiencies (%).

Figure 5.22 Measurement set-up for back investigation.

Figure 5.23 Copper textile back (0 mm) reflection coefficients (dB) and efficiencies (%).

Figure 5.24 ShieldIt back (0 mm) reflection coefficients (dB) and efficiencies (%).

Figure 5.25 Measurement set-up for the chest (20 mm) investigation.

Figure 5.26 Copper textile chest (20 mm) reflection coefficients (dB) and efficiencies (%).

Figure 5.27 SHSL 0510 chest (20 mm) reflection coefficients (dB) and efficiencies (%).

Figure 5.28 Simulated radiation efficiency and radiated power on muscle emulated material.

Figure 5.29 Simulated electric field magnitude at 10 mm depth inside muscle emulated material.

Figure 5.30 Measured Rician

K

factor in free space and at different on-body locations for single band antennas.

Figure 5.31 Measured Rician

K

factor for different human subjects.

Figure 5.32 Measurement uncertainties (linear and decibel) for single band investigation.

Chapter 06

Figure 6.1 Dual feed PIFA with co-polarised feeds.

Figure 6.2 Dual feed PIFA with cross-polarised feeds.

Figure 6.3 Etching technique to provide isolation between the two feeds.

Figure 6.4 Three-dimensional simulated radiation patterns for co-polarised PIFA: (a) Feed 1 and (b) Feed 2.

Figure 6.5 Three-dimensional simulated radiation patterns for cross-polarised PIFA: (a) Feed 1 and (b) Feed 2.

Figure 6.6 Principle of selection combining.

Figure 6.7 Diversity gain from CDF for co-polarised PIFA.

Figure 6.8 Diversity gain from CDF for cross-polarised PIFA.

Figure 6.9 Measured and simulated correlation for co-polarised PIFA.

Figure 6.10 Measured and simulated correlation for cross-polarised PIFA.

Figure 6.11 Measured and simulated diversity gain from correlation for co-polarised PIFA.

Figure 6.12 Measured and simulated diversity gain from correlation for cross-polarised PIFA.

Figure 6.13 Measured and theoretical channel capacity as a function of SNR.

Figure 6.14 (a) Simulated

S

-parameters for co-polarised PIFA and (b) measured

S

-parameters for co-polarised PIFA.

Figure 6.15 (a) Simulated

S

-parameters for cross-polarised PIFA and (b) measured

S

-parameters for cross-polarised PIFA.

Figure 6.16 Measured and simulated total embedded element efficiency for co-polarised PIFA.

Figure 6.17 Measured and simulated total embedded element efficiency for cross-polarised PIFA.

Figure 6.18 (a) Front view of five element ORA prototype and (b) side view of five element ORA prototype.

Figure 6.19 Measurement set-up: (a) power divider connections and (b) array mounting.

Figure 6.20 Power divider measurement.

Figure 6.21 Power divider transmission coefficients vs frequency.

Figure 6.22 Power divider total insertion loss vs frequency.

Figure 6.23 Measured reflection coefficient (dB) with power divider.

Figure 6.24 Measured array efficiencies with and without de-embedding.

Figure 6.25 All excited array measurement uncertainty.

Chapter 07

Figure 7.1 The set-up for the SE measurement using the basic frequency-stirred reverberation chamber technique.

Figure 7.2 SE obtained from four different reverberation chamber approaches for an aperture consisting of grid of holes.

Figure 7.3 The measurement set-up for one-antenna approach using the RC.

Figure 7.4 Radiation efficiency: a comparison of three different approaches for Antenna A in Ref. [9].

Figure 7.5 The measurement set-up for the modified two-antenna method.

Figure 7.6 The measured radiation efficiency of the Antenna 1 connected with different attenuators. (a) 0 dB attenuation and (b) 30 dB attenuation [10].

Figure 7.7 CDF plots of both branches and the combined signal using the proposed method in Ref. [12].

Figure 7.8 Comparison of the power delay profile measured in an RC for different amounts of loading to the power delay profile measured in an oil refinery in the United States.

Appendix 1

Figure A.1 PDF form of autocorrelation function.

Figure A.2 Autocorrelation as a function of number of permuted vectors.

Figure A.3 Autocorrelation as a function of 10 permuted vectors.

Appendix 2

Figure B.1 Lilliefors test decision on normality for co-polarised PIFA feed 1.

Figure B.2 Scatter plot for co-polarised PIFA feed 1.

Figure B.3 Lilliefors test decision on normality for co-polarised PIFA feed 2.

Figure B.4 Scatter plot for co-polarised PIFA feed 2.

Figure B.5 Lilliefors test decision on normality for cross-polarised PIFA feed 1.

Figure B.6 Scatter plot for cross-polarised PIFA feed 1.

Figure B.7 Lilliefors test decision on normality for cross-polarised PIFA feed 2.

Figure B.8 Scatter plot for cross-polarised PIFA feed 2.

Appendix 3

Figure C.1 Induced surface current at 115 MHz: (a) standard paddle vertical polarisation, (b) standard paddle horizontal polarisation, (c) new paddle vertical polarisation and (d) new paddle horizontal polarisation.

Figure C.2 Induced surface current at 150 MHz: (a) standard paddle vertical polarisation, (b) standard paddle horizontal polarisation, (c) new paddle vertical polarisation and (d) new paddle horizontal polarisation.

Figure C.3 Induced surface current at 200 MHz: (a) standard paddle vertical polarisation, (b) standard paddle horizontal polarisation, (c) new paddle vertical polarisation and (d) new paddle horizontal polarisation.

Figure C.4 Induced surface current at 400 MHz: (a) standard paddle vertical polarisation, (b) standard paddle horizontal polarisation, (c) new paddle vertical polarisation and (d) new paddle horizontal polarisation.

Appendix 4

Figure D.1 Standard deviation (dB) for three Cartesian field components from standard stirrer design in an unloaded chamber.

Figure D.2 Standard deviation (dB) for total electric field from standard stirrer design in an unloaded chamber.

Figure D.3 Standard deviation (dB) for three Cartesian field components from standard stirrer design in a loaded chamber.

Figure D.4 Standard deviation (dB) for total electric field from standard stirrer design in a loaded chamber.

Figure D.5 Standard deviation (dB) for three Cartesian field components from new stirrer design in an unloaded chamber.

Figure D.6 Standard deviation (dB) for total electric field from new stirrer design in an unloaded chamber.

Figure D.7 Standard deviation (dB) for three Cartesian field components from new stirrer design in a loaded chamber.

Figure D.8 Standard deviation (dB) for total electric field from new stirrer design in a loaded chamber.

Guide

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Table of Contents

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REVERBERATION CHAMBERS

THEORY AND APPLICATIONS TO EMC AND ANTENNA MEASUREMENTS

Stephen J. Boyes

Defence Science & Technology Laboratory, Fort Halstead, UK

Yi Huang

The University of Liverpool, UK

This edition first published 2016 © 2016 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Boyes, Stephen J., author. Reverberation chambers : theory and applications to EMC and antenna measurements / Stephen J. Boyes, Yi Huang.  pages cm Includes bibliographical references and index.

 ISBN 978-1-118-90624-8 (cloth)1. Antennas (Electronics)–Design and construction–Technique. 2. Electromagnetic measurements. 3. Radio frequency oscillators. 4. Electromagnetic compatibility. I. Huang, Yi, (Electrical engineer), author. II. Title. TK7871.6.B69 2016 621.382′4–dc23

2015033560

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.