RF and Microwave Engineering E-Book

Frank Gustrau

• Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
• Kategorie: Wissenschaft und neue Technologien
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 466

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2012

Beschreibung

This book provides a fundamental and practical introduction to radio frequency and microwave engineering and physical aspects of wireless communication

In this book, the author addresses a wide range of radio-frequency and microwave topics with emphasis on physical aspects including EM and voltage waves, transmission lines, passive circuits, antennas, radio wave propagation. Up-to-date RF design tools like RF circuit simulation, EM simulation and computerized smith charts, are used in various examples to demonstrate how these methods can be applied effectively in RF engineering practice.

Design rules and working examples illustrate the theoretical parts. The examples are close to real world problems, so the reader can directly transfer the methods within the context of their own work. At the end of each chapter a list of problems is given in order to deepen the reader’s understanding of the chapter material and practice the new competences. Solutions are available on the author’s website.

Key Features:

• Presents a wide range of RF topics with emphasis on physical aspects e.g. EM and voltage waves, transmission lines, passive circuits, antennas
• Uses various examples of modern RF tools that show how the methods can be applied productively in RF engineering practice
• Incorporates various design examples using circuit and electromagnetic (EM) simulation software
• Discusses the propagation of waves: their representation, their effects, and their utilization in passive circuits and antenna structures
• Provides a list of problems at the end of each chapter
• Includes an accompanying website containing solutions to the problems (http:\\www.fh-dortmund.de\gustrau_rf_textbook)

This will be an invaluable textbook for bachelor and masters students on electrical engineering courses (microwave engineering, basic circuit theory and electromagnetic fields, wireless communications). Early-stage RF practitioners, engineers (e.g. application engineer) working in this area will also find this book of interest.

Leseprobe

Table of Contents

Title Page

Copyright

Dedication

Preface

List of Abbreviations

List of Symbols

Chapter 1: Introduction

1.1 Radiofrequency and Microwave Applications

1.2 Frequency Bands

1.3 Physical Phenomena in the High Frequency Domain

1.4 Outline of the Following Chapters

References

Chapter 2: Electromagnetic Fields and Waves

2.1 Electric and Magnetic Fields

2.2 Maxwell's Equations

2.3 Classification of Electromagnetic Problems

2.4 Skin Effect

2.5 Electromagnetic Waves

2.6 Summary

2.7 Problems

References

Further Reading

Chapter 3: Transmission Line Theory and Transient Signals on Lines

3.1 Transmission Line Theory

3.2 Transient Signals on Transmission Lines

3.3 Eye Diagram

3.4 Summary

3.5 Problems

References

Further Reading

Chapter 4: Transmission Lines and Waveguides

4.1 Overview

4.2 Coaxial Line

4.3 Microstrip Line

4.4 Stripline

4.5 Coplanar Line

4.6 Rectangular Waveguide

4.7 Circular Waveguide

4.8 Two-Wire Line

4.9 Three-Conductor Transmission Line

References

Chapter 5: Scattering Parameters

5.1 Multi-Port Network Representations

5.2 Normalized Power Waves

5.3 Scattering Parameters and Power

5.4 S-Parameter Representation of Network Properties

5.5 Calculation of S-Parameters

5.6 Signal Flow Method

5.7 S-Parameter Measurement

5.8 Problems

References

Further Reading

Chapter 6: RF Components and Circuits

6.1 Equivalent Circuits of Concentrated Passive Components

6.2 Transmission Line Resonator

6.3 Impedance Matching

6.4 Filter

6.5 Transmission Line Filter

6.6 Circulator

6.7 Power Divider

6.8 Branchline Coupler

6.9 Rat Race Coupler

6.10 Directional Coupler

6.11 Balanced-to-Unbalanced Circuits

6.12 Electronic Circuits

6.13 RF Design Software

6.14 Problems

References

Further Reading

Chapter 7: Antennas

7.1 Fundamental Parameters

7.2 Standard Types of Antennas

7.3 Mathematical Treatment of the Hertzian Dipole

7.4 Wire Antennas

7.5 Planar Antennas

7.6 Antenna Arrays

7.7 Modern Antenna Concepts

7.8 Problems

References

Further Reading

Chapter 8: Radio Wave Propagation

8.1 Propagation Mechanisms

8.2 Basic Propagation Models

8.3 Path Loss Models

8.4 Problems

References

Further Reading

Appendix A

A.1 Coordinate Systems

A.2 Logarithmic Representation

Index

First published under the title Hochfrequenztechnik by Carl Hanser Verlag

© Carl Hanser Verlag GmbH & Co. KG, Munich/FRG, 2011

All rights reserved.

Authorized translation from the original German language published by Carl Hanser Verlag GmbH & Co. KG, Munich.FRG.

This edition first published 2012

© 2012 John Wiley & Sons Ltd, Chichester, UK

Registered office

John Wiley & Sons Ltd, The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex, PO19 8SQ, United Kingdom

For details of our global editorial offices, for customer services and for information about how to apply for permission to reuse the copyright material in this book please see our website at www.wiley.com.

The right of the author to be identified as the author of this work has been asserted in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, except as permitted by the UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, without the prior permission of the publisher.

MATLAB© is a trademark of The MathWorks, Inc. and is used with permission. The MathWorks does not warrant the accuracy of the text or exercises in this book. This book's use or discussion of MATLAB© software or related products does not constitute endorsement or sponsorship by The MathWorks of a particular pedagogical approach or particular use of the MATLAB© software.

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Gustrau, Frank.

[Hochfrequenztechnik. English]

RF and microwave engineering : fundamentals of wireless communications / Frank Gustrau.

p. cm.

Includes bibliographical references and index.

ISBN 978-1-119-95171-1 (pbk.)

1. Radio circuits. 2. Microwave circuits. 3. Wireless communication systems–Equipment and supplies. I. Title.

TK6560.G8613 2012

621.382–dc23

2012007565

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.

Paper ISBN: 9781119951711

Preface

This textbook aims to provide students with a fundamental and practical understanding of the basic principles of radio frequency and microwave engineering as well as with physical aspects of wireless communications.

In recent years, wireless technology has become increasingly common, especially in the fields of communication (e.g. data networks, mobile telephony), identification (RFID), navigation (GPS) and detection (radar). Ever since, radio applications have been using comparatively high carrier frequencies, which enable better use of the electromagnetic spectrum and allow the design of much more efficient antennas. Based on low-cost manufacturing processes and modern computer aided design tools, new areas of application will enable the use of higher bandwidths in the future.

If we look at circuit technology today, we can see that high-speed digital circuits with their high data rates reach the radio frequency range. Consequently, digital circuit designers face new design challenges: transmission lines need a more refined treatment, parasitic coupling between adjacent components becomes more apparent, resonant structures show unintentional electromagnetic radiation and distributed structures may offer advantages over classical lumped elements. Digital technology will therefore move closer to RF concepts like transmission line theory and electromagnetic field-based design approaches.

Today we can see the use of various radio applications and high-data-rate communication systems in many technical products, for example, those from the automotive sector, which once was solely associated with mechanical engineering. Therefore, the basic principles of radio frequency technology today are no longer just another side discipline, but provide the foundations to various fields of engineering such as electrical engineering, information and communications technology as well as adjoining mechatronics and automotive engineering.

The field of radio frequency and microwave covers a wide range of topics. This full range is, of course, beyond the scope of this textbook that focuses on the fundamentals of the subject. A distinctive feature of high frequency technology compared to classical electrical engineering is the fact that dimensions of structures are no longer small compared to the wavelength. The resulting wave propagation processes then lead to typical high frequency phenomena: reflection, resonance and radiation. Hence, the centre point of attention of this book is wave propagation, its representation, its effects and its utilization in passive circuits and antenna structures.

What I have excluded from this book are active electronic components—like transistors—and the whole spectrum of high frequency electronics, such as the design of amplifiers, mixers and oscillators. In order to deal with this in detail, the basics of electronic circuit design theory and semiconductor physics would be required. Those topics are beyond the scope of this book.

If we look at conceptualizing RF components and antennas today, we can clearly see that software tools for Electronic Design Automation (EDA) have become an essential part of the whole process. Therefore, various design examples have been incorporated with the use of both circuit simulators and electromagnetic (EM) simulation software. The following programs have been applied:

ADS (Advanced Design System) from Agilent Technologies;

Empire from IMST GmbH;

EMPro from Agilent Technologies.

As the market of such software products is ever changing, the readers are highly recommended to start their own research and find the product that best fits their needs.

At the end of each chapter, problems are given in order to deepen the reader's understanding of the chapter material and practice the new competences. Solutions to the problems are being published and updated by the author on the following Internet address:

http://www.fh-dortmund.de/gustrau_rf_textbook

Finally, and with great pleasure, I would like to say thank you to my colleagues and students who have made helpful suggestions to this book by proofreading passages or initiating invaluable discussions during the course of my lectures. Last but not the least I express gratitude to my family for continuously supporting me all the way from the beginning to the completion of this book.

Frank Gustrau

Dortmund, Germany

List of Abbreviations

3GPP

Third Generation Partnership Project

Al

2

O

3

Alumina

Balun

Balanced-Unbalanced

CAD

Computer Aided Design

DC

Direct Current

DFT

Discrete Fourier Transform

DUT

Device Under Test

EM

ElectroMagnetic

EMC

ElectroMagnetic Compatibility

ESR

Equivalent Series Resistance

FDTD

Finite-Difference Time-Domain

FEM

Finite Element Method

FR4

Glass reinforced epoxy laminate

GaAs

Gallium arsenide

GPS

Global Positioning System

GSM

Global System for Mobile Communication

GTD

Geometrical Theory of Diffraction

GUI

Graphical User Interface

HPBW

Half Power Beam Width

ICNIRP

International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection

IFA

Inverted-F Antenna

ISM

Industrial, Scientific, Medical

ITU

International Communications Union

LHCP

Left-Hand Circular Polarization

LHEP

Left-Hand Elliptical Polarization

LNA

Low-Noise Amplifier

LOS

Line of Sight

LTE

Long Term Evolution

LTI

Linear Time-Invariant

MIMO

Multiple-Input Multiple-Output

MMIC

Monolithic Microwave Integrated Circuits

MoM

Method Of Moments

NA

Network Analyser

NLOS

Non Line of Sight

PA

Power Amplifier

PCB

Printed Circuit Board

PEC

Perfect Electric Conductor

PML

Perfectly Matched Layer

PTFE

Polytetraflouroethylene

Radar

Radio Detection and Ranging

RCS

Radar Cross-Section

RF

Radio Frequency

RFID

Radio Frequency Identification

RHCP

Right-Hand Circular Polarization

RHEP

Right-Hand Elliptical Polarization

RMS

Root Mean Square

SAR

Specific Absorption Rate

SMA

SubMiniature Type A

SMD

Surface Mounted Device

TEM

Transversal Electromagnetic

UMTS

Universal Mobile Telecommunication System

UTD

Uniform Theory of Diffraction

UWB

Ultra-WideBand

VNA

Vector Network Analyser

VSWR

Voltage Standing Wave Ratio

WLAN

Wireless Local Area Network

List of Symbols

Latin Letters

Greek Letters

Physical Constants

μ

0

  4π · 10

−7

Vs/(Am)

  Permeability of free space

ε

0

  8.854 · 10

−12

As/(Vm)

  Permittivity of free space

c

0

  2.99792458 · 10

8

m/s

  Speed of light in vacuum

e

  1.602 · 10

−19

C

  Elementary charge

Z

F0

  120 π Ω ≈ 377 Ω

  Characteristic impedance of free space

Chapter 1

Introduction

This chapter provides a short overview on widely used microwave and RF applications and the denomination of frequency bands. We will start out with an illustrative case on wave propagation which will introduce fundamental aspects of high frequency technology. Then we will give an overview of the content of the following chapters to facilitate easy orientation and quick navigation to selected issues.

1.1 Radiofrequency and Microwave Applications

Today, at home or on the move, every one of us uses devices that employ wireless technology to an increasing extent. Figure 1.1 shows a selection of wireless communication, navigation, identification and detection applications.

Figure 1.1 (a) Examples of wireless applications (b) RF components and propagation of electromagnetic waves.

In the future we will see a growing progression of the trend of applying components and systems of high frequency technology to new areas of application. The development and maintenance of such systems requires an extensive knowledge of the high frequency behaviour of basic elements (e.g. resistors, capacitors, inductors, transmission lines, transistors), components (e.g. antennas), circuits (e.g. filters, amplifiers, mixers) including physical issues such as electromagnetic wave propagation.

High frequency technology has always been of major importance in the field of radio applications, recently though RF design methods have started to develop as a crucial factor with rapid digital circuits. Due to the increasing processing speed of digital circuits, high frequency signals occur which, in turn, create demand for RF design methods.

In addition, the high frequency technology's proximity to electromagnetic field theory overlaps with aspects of electromagnetic compatibility (EMC). Setups for conducted and radiated measurements, which are used in this context, are based on principles of high frequency technology. If devices do not comply with EMC limits in general a careful analysis of the circumstances will be required to achieve improvements. Often, high frequency issues play a major role here.

Table 1.1 shows a number of standard RF and microwave applications and their associated frequency bands [13]. The applications include terrestrial voice and data communication, that is cellular networks and wireless communication networks, as well as terrestrial and satellite based broadcasting systems. Wireless identification systems (RFID) within ISM bands enjoy increasing popularity among cargo traffic and logistics businesses. As for the field of navigation, GPS should be highlighted, which is already installed in numerous vehicles and mobile devices. Also in the automotive sector, radar systems are used to monitor the surrounding aresa or serve as sensors for driver assistance systems.