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- Kategorie: Wissenschaft und neue Technologien
- Serie: R. Attri instrumentation design series (Seismic)
- Sprache: Englisch
This book is a collection of three papers authored by Dr. Raman K Attri between 1999 to 2001. The book presents early-career scientific work by the author as a scientist at a research organization. The book provides a theoretical and conceptual understanding of concepts and principles for detection and measurements of the seismic signals. The earthquake phenomenon is one of the most unpredictable and often devastating natural events. Sophisticated and advanced technologies are being used for monitoring the seismic activities across the world and efforts are being put in place to develop prediction models. The theory behind the design of sensors, instrumentation and monitoring system is usually not known to electronics and software engineers upfront. The papers included in this book provide such basic guidance to electronics and software design engineers and equip them with the key computational and algorithmic principles based on the underlying theory of seismic activities. These design techniques are fundamental to designing sophisticated seismic instrumentation and earthquake monitoring systems.
The first paper presents a simplified mathematical framework of the seismic events and backend computational software logic that will enable software engineers to develop a customized seismic analysis and computation software.
The second paper presents a simplified description of various earthquake parameters of interest to a seismologist and how these complex parameters are computed using equations.
In the third paper, a visionary concept is presented to integrate geo-scientific instrumentation equipment such as seismic measurement systems to information technology network that would create a centralized web-enabled database that would allow transmitting the data acquired by geographically distributed but networked observatories to better predict or alert about the phenomena like earthquakes.
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Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2018
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SEISMIC INSTRUMENTATION DESIGN
Selected Research Papers on Basic Concepts
R. Attri Instrumentation Design Series (Seismic)
Dr. Raman K. Attri
Copyrights © 2018 Speed To Proficiency Research: S2Pro©. All rights reserved.
No part of this publication may be reproduced, distributed, or transmitted in any form or by any means, including photocopying, recording, or other electronic or mechanical methods, without the prior written permission of the publisher, except in the case of brief quotations embodied in critical reviews and certain other noncommercial uses permitted by copyright law. Write to the publisher/author for seeking explicit permission for any reproduction, inclusion or usage in another publication. Provide an appropriate reference/citation to this publication when posting brief excerpts or quotations from this text on social media channels.
ISBN: 978-981-11-9751-2 (e-book)
ISBN: 978-981-14-0347-7 (paperback)
First published: 2005
Revised: 2018
Edition: 2nd
Lead author: Raman K. Attri
Published by Speed To Proficiency Research: S2Pro©
Published at Singapore
Printed in the United States of America
National Library Board, Singapore Cataloguing in Publication Data:
Names: Attri, Raman K., 1973-
Title: Seismic instrumentation design : selected research papers on basic concepts / Dr Raman K. Attri.
Description: 2nd edition. | Singapore : Speed To Proficiency Research, [2018] | Series: R. Attri instrumentation design series (Seismic) | Includes bibliographic references.
Identifiers: OCN 1066231381 | | ISBN 978-981-14-0347-7 (paperback) | ISBN 978-981-11-9751-2 (e-book)
Subjects: LCSH: Seismology--Instruments--Design and construction.
Classification: DDC 551.220287--dc23
Speed To Proficiency Research: S2Pro©
A research and consulting forum
Singapore 560463
https://www.speedtoproficiency.com
To my mother, father, sister and brother who underwent several financial and emotional hardships while supporting my journey to become an engineer and scientist. Humble dedication to such long-lasting hopes of poor parents and siblings for a better tomorrow.
R. Attri Instrumentation Design Series (Seismic)
CONTENTS
SEISMIC INSTRUMENTATION DESIGN
CONTENTS
ABOUT THE BOOK
A NOTE TO READERS
CITATION DETAILS
ABBREVIATIONS
PAPER 1: BACKEND FRAMEWORK AND SOFTWARE APPROACH TO COMPUTE EARTHQUAKE PARAMETERS FROM SIGNALS RECORDED BY SEISMIC INSTRUMENTATION SYSTEM
I. INTRODUCTION
II. SEISMIC RECORDING & ANALYSIS CHAIN
III. SOFTWARE APPROACH TO SEISMIC ANALYSIS
IV. COMPUTING TIMING PARAMETERS USING SOFTWARE LOGIC
A. Identifying Arrival Time for P and S-Waves Using Software Logic
B. Computing S-P Time Interval Using Software Logic
C. Computation of Coda Length Duration Using Software Logic
V. COMPUTING LOCATION PARAMETERS USING SOFTWARE LOGIC
A. Using S-P Time Interval to Find Epicentral Distance (Location of Earthquake) Through Software Logic
B. Computing Epicentral Distance Using Lookup Tables in Software Logic
C. Computing Focal Depth Using Software Logic
VI. COMPUTING MAGNITUDE PARAMETERS USING SOFTWARE
A. Computing Ritchet Scale Magnitude Using Software Logic
B. Computation of Coda Length Magnitude
VII. COMPUTATION OF SEISMIC ENERGY USING SOFTWARE
A. Backend Mathematical Framework
B. Software Implementation
VIII. CONCLUSION
IX. REFERENCES
PAPER 2: A SIMPLIFIED OVERVIEW: HOW ARE THE EARTHQUAKE PARAMETERS COMPUTED FROM THE RECORDED SEISMIC SIGNALS?
X. INTRODUCTION TO SEISMOLOGICAL STUDIES
XI. EARTHQUAKE MECHANISM: A BRIEF PREAMBLE
XII. INSTRUMENTATION FOR RECORDING OF SEISMIC WAVES
XIII. PARAMETERS OF SEISMIC VIBRATIONS
A. Location Parameters
B. Timing Parameters
C. Ground Motion
D. Magnitude Parameters
XIV. LOCATING EARTHQUAKE USING SOFTWARE APPROACH
XV. CONCLUSION
XVI. REFERENCES
PAPER 3: GSIS: A CONCEPTUAL MODEL FOR WEB-BASED INTEGRATION OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY WITH GEOSCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTATION
XVII. INTRODUCTION
XVIII. EXISTING SEISMIC MONITORING SYSTEM
XIX. LIMITATION IN EXISTING NETWORKED SYSTEM
XX. INTEGRATION OF CURRENT SYSTEM TO INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
XXI. CONCEPTUAL ARCHITECTURE OF GSIS SYSTEM
XXII. GSIS: KEY DRIVING FACTORS FOR SUCCESSFUL IMPLEMENTATION
XXIII. WORKING OF GSIS
A. Communication Between Nodes & Servers
B. Seismic Database Generation
C. User Access to GSIS Over Internet
D. Web-Based GSIS User Interface
E. Modes of Information Browsing at GSIS
F. Information Download from GSIS
XXIV. CONCLUSION
XXV. REFERENCES
PAPER 4: SOFTWARE TOOL FOR SEISMIC DATA RECORDER AND ANALYSER
INDEX
ABOUT THE AUTHOR
ABOUT THE BOOK
This book is a collection of three papers authored by Dr. Raman K Attri between 1999 to 2001. The book presents early-career scientific work by the author as a scientist at a research organization. The book provides a theoretical and conceptual understanding of concepts and principles for detection and measurements of the seismic signals. The earthquake phenomenon is one of the most unpredictable and often devastating natural events. Sophisticated and advanced technologies are being used for monitoring the seismic activities across the world and efforts are being put in place to develop prediction models. The theory behind the design of sensors, instrumentation and monitoring system is usually not known to electronics and software engineers upfront. The papers included in this book provide such basic guidance to electronics and software design engineers and equip them with the key computational and algorithmic principles based on the underlying theory of seismic activities. These design techniques are fundamental to designing sophisticated seismic instrumentation and earthquake monitoring systems.
The first paper presents a simplified mathematical framework of the seismic events and backend computational software logic that will enable software engineers to develop a customized seismic analysis and computation software.
The second paper presents a simplified description of various earthquake parameters of interest to a seismologist and how these complex parameters are computed using equations.
In the third paper, a visionary concept is presented to integrate geo-scientific instrumentation equipment such as seismic measurement systems to information technology network that would create a centralized web-enabled database that would allow transmitting the data acquired by geographically distributed but networked observatories to better predict or alert about the phenomena like earthquakes.
A NOTE TO READERS
The research papers in this series were authored between 1999 to 2001. As such these papers should be read remembering the time frame in which those were written. Though the basics of design are universal, the author has made no claim regarding the contemporariness of the concepts. While the book presents the most fundamental and universally applicable basic principles in electronics, new advances in electronics and software design should be considered when using or extending the designs discussed in this book.
Each paper was written for different aspects of the overall system design and has been used in this book as-it-is. A substantial overlap, repetitions of text and redundancies are thus imperative to make each paper read of its own.
CITATION DETAILS
The collection can be cited as:
Attri, RK 2018, Seismic Instrumentation Design: Selected Research Papers on Basic Concepts, R.Attri Instrumentation Design Series (Seismic), ISBN 978-981-11-9751-2, 2nd edn, Speed To Proficiency Research: S2Pro©, Singapore.
This series contains these seven papers, which can be individually cited as:
Attri, RK 2018/2005, ‘Backend Framework and Software Approach to Compute Earthquake Parameters from Signals Recorded by Seismic Instrumentation System,’ R. Attri Instrumentation Design Series (Seismic), Paper No. 1, Seismic Instrumentation Design: Selected Research Papers on Basic Concepts, ISBN 978-981-11-9751-2, 2nd edn, pp. 1-25, Speed To Proficiency Research: S2Pro©, Singapore.
Attri, RK 2018/2001, ‘A simplified Overview: How are the Earthquake Parameters Computed from the Recorded Seismic Signals?’, R.Attri Instrumentation Design Series (Seismic), Paper No. 2, Seismic Instrumentation Design: Selected Research Papers on Basic Concepts, ISBN 978-981-11-9751-2, 2nd edn, pp. 27-52, Speed To Proficiency Research: S2Pro©, Singapore.
Attri, RK 2018/1999, ‘GSIS: A Conceptual Model for Web-based Integration of Information Technology with Geoscientific Instrumentation,’ R.Attri Instrumentation Design Series (Seismic), Paper No. 3, Seismic Instrumentation Design: Selected Research Papers on Basic Concepts, ISBN 978-981-11-9751-2, 2nd edn, pp. 53-75, Speed To Proficiency Research: S2Pro©, Singapore.
Author’s previous research work on snow hydrology can be cited as:
Kumar, S, Attri, RK, Sharma, BK & Shamshi, MA, 2000, 'Software Tool for Seismic Data Recorder and Analyser', IETE Journal of Education, vol. 41, No. 1-2, pp. 23-30, https://doi.org/10.1080/09747338.2000.11415718, available at https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/09747338.2000.11415718, https://www.researchgate.net/publication/277592177
ABBREVIATIONS
EMF
Electro-magnetic force
FTP
File Transfer Protocol
GSIS
Geo-Scientific Information System
GUI
Graphical user interface
HTML
Hyper-Text Markup Language
IRIS
Incorporated Research Institutions for Seismology
ISP
Internet Service Provider
IT
Information Technology
LTA
Long-term average
LAN
Local Area Network
MSDOS
Microsoft Disk Operating System
MDQP
Multi-dimensional query Processor
PEM
Pre-event minutes
PET
Post-event time
PPP
Point Protocol
RTMS
Real-Time monitoring system
SLIP
Serial Line Internet Protocol
STA
Short-term average
RDBMS
Relational Database management System
WAN
Wide Area Network
BACKEND FRAMEWORK AND SOFTWARE APPROACH TO COMPUTE EARTHQUAKE PARAMETERS FROM SIGNALS RECORDED BY SEISMIC INSTRUMENTATION SYSTEM
RAMAN K. ATTRI
Ex-Scientist (Geo-Scientific Instrumentation)
Central Scientific Instruments Organization INDIA
Abstract: Digital data acquisition systems empower computation of seismic parameters and its interpretation from the recorded earthquake signal. This enables a seismologist to compute all the relevant parameters automatically. Futuristic applications require extensive software development to implement seismic prediction and forecasting models. While developing such models, software developer prefers to write their own in-house analysis & modeling software with complete control over the required computations and models. This paper presents a simplified mathematical framework of the seismic events and backend computational software logic & algorithm to provide a simple framework for software engineers develop customized seismic analysis & computation software.
Index Terms: Earthquake signals, Seismic Instrumentation, Earthquake monitoring, Software approach to seismic measurements, seismic parameters
I. INTRODUCTION
THE seismological study is closely linked with implementing right kind of the seismic instrumentation for recording these earthquakes, interpreting them, storing their history over the years. Software systems enhance the power of such instrumentation by performing the major job of signal analysis, complex computation of parameters, data interpretation, fetching inference, statistical trend analysis of seismic activity at a place of interest over the years. In association with instrumentation systems, the complex software system deployment sometime ensures right forecasting and generating warning systems for an earthquake. This makes the job of a seismologist more accurate, objective, automated and quick.
Although a range of off-the-shelf software is available in the market, however, those sometimes fail to address the needs of futuristic modeling. For a seismologist to develop a prediction model, they need software to compute the basic seismic parameters and a framework upon which they can develop their prediction or forecasting model [6]. Software developers typically are not seismologists and are not aware of the complex mathematics behind the geophysical activities. This paper describes the simplified backend software approach to enable such developers to develop a software framework to compute and interpret seismic parameters. This paper outlines basic logic/ algorithmic approaches build on mathematically equations integrated into software algorithms to correlate data points in seismic signal together to
II. SEISMIC RECORDING & ANALYSIS CHAIN
When an earthquake occurs, it generates an expanding wavefront from the earthquake hypocenter at a speed of several kilometers per second [22]. Generally, it takes few second for theses waves front to travel thousands of kilometers [20]. A wavefront expansion is shown in Fig. 1. This wavefront consists of two unique waves: One P-wave which comes earlier due to its faster speed and another S-wave front which comes later due to the little slower speed of travel [16]. The P-wave front is released first by the earthquake reach the seismic station (shown as ‘A’) and S-wave front soon follow the P-wave front.
Fig. 1. The expanding circles indicate the expanding wavefronts at every subsequent second after the earthquake is originated at hypocenter. S-wave front following the P-wave front in an actual earthquake
Thus, we get two unique wave peaks on the recording instruments, each corresponding to its wavefront. A typical waveform recorded on a true earthquake helped by a seismic sensor is shown in Fig. 2 [6].
Fig. 2. A typical seismic signal recorded during an earthquake has two distinct peaks spaced with an interval. The first peak corresponds to P-wave and the second peak corresponds to S-wave. The S-wave is the seismic after-shock which causes more impact and consists of peaks.
It can be seen that the signal contains a lot of residual background noise and high peaks of the earthquake event. Normally an amplifier with a wide dynamic gain/range (> 120 dB) must faithfully amplify the signal from the sensor [13].
Earthquakes are monitored with a network of seismometers on the earth's surface. Since no single instrument can operate over a wide bandwidth and dynamic range, therefore, a set of instruments for different bandwidth are needed to operate in conjunction [12]. The ground motion at each seismometer is amplified and recorded electronically at a central recording site. As the wavefront expands from the earthquake, it reaches more distant seismic stations [22]. Seismic data obtained from many stations must be correlated. The data in digital format is downloaded from the system to a PC helped by interfacing software. This raw data plays an important role in further seismic analysis, interpretation and prediction modeling.
