Shipboard Power Systems Design and Verification Fundamentals E-Book

Mohammed M. Islam

• Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
• Kategorie: Wissenschaft und neue Technologien
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 478

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2018

Beschreibung

The only book that covers fundamental shipboard design and verification concepts from individual devices to the system level

Shipboard electrical system design and development requirements are fundamentally different from utility-based power generation and distribution requirements. Electrical engineers who are engaged in shipbuilding must understand various design elements to build both safe and energy-efficient power distribution systems. This book covers all the relevant technologies and regulations for building shipboard power systems, which include commercial ships, naval ships, offshore floating platforms, and offshore support vessels.

In recent years, offshore floating platforms have been frequently discussed in exploring deep-water resources such as oil, gas, and wind energy. This book presents step-by-step shipboard electrical system design and verification fundamentals and provides information on individual electrical devices and practical design examples, along with ample illustrations to back them.

In addition, Shipboard Power Systems Design and Verification Fundamentals:

• Presents real-world examples and supporting drawings for shipboard electrical system design
• Includes comprehensive coverage of domestic and international rules and regulations (e.g. IEEE 45, IEEE 1580)
• Covers advanced devices such as VFD (Variable Frequency Drive) in detail

This book is an important read for all electrical system engineers working for shipbuilders and shipbuilding subcontractors, as well as for power engineers in general.

Leseprobe

IEEE Press

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Piscataway, NJ 08854

IEEE Press Editorial Board

Ekram Hossain,

Editor in Chief

Giancarlo Fortino

Andreas Molisch

Linda Shafer

David Alan Grier

Saeid Nahavandi

Mohammad Shahidehpour

Donald Heirman

Ray Perez

Sarah Spurgeon

Xiaoou Li

Jeffrey Reed

Ahmet Murat Tekalp

Shipboard Power SystemsDesign and VerificationFundamentals

Mohammed M. Islam

Published by Standards Information Network

This edition first published 2018

© 2018 the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc.

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The rights of Mohammed M. Islam to be identified as the author of this work have been asserted in accordance with law.

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Library of Congress CataloginginPublication Data

Names: Islam, Mohammed M., author.

Title: Shipboard power systems design and verification fundamentals / Mohammed M. Islam.

Description: Hoboken, NJ : John Wiley & Sons, 2018. | Includes index. | Identifiers: LCCN 2018002475  (print) | LCCN 2018005907 (ebook) | ISBN 9781119084273 (pdf) | ISBN 9781119084143 (epub) |  ISBN 9781118490006 (cloth)

Subjects: LCSH: Ships – Electric equipment – Design and construction. | Ships – Electronic  equipment – Design and construction.

Classification: LCC VM471 (ebook) | LCC VM471 .I75 2018 (print) | DDC 623.87--dc23

LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2018002475

Cover image: ©Dovapi/Gettyimages

Cover design by Wiley

Dedicated to my wife, Raihana Islam

CONTENTS

Preface

Chapter 1 Overview

1.0 Introduction

1.1 Shipboard Power System Design Fundamentals

1.2 Ship Design Requirements

1.3 ETO Certification: Meece

1.4 Legacy System Design Development and Verification

1.5 Shipboard Electrical System Design Verification and Validation (V&V)

1.6 IEEE 45 Dot Standards: Recommended Practice for Shipboard Electrical Installation

1.7 Other Rules and Regulations, and Standards in Support of IEEE 45 Dot Standards

1.8 Shipboard Ungrounded Power System

1.9 Shipboard Electrical Design Basics

1.10 Electrical Design Plan Submittal Requirements

1.11 ABS Rules for Building and Classing Steel Vessels

1.13 Shipboard Electrical Safety Considerations

1.13 High-Resistance Grounding Requirements for Shipboard Ungrounded Systems (See Chapter 9 for Details)

1.14 Shipboard Electrical Safety Considerations

1.15 Propulsion Power Requirements (IEEE Std 45-2002, Clause 7.4.2)

1.16 IMO-Solas Electric Propulsion Power Redundancy Requirements

1.17 Regulatory Requirements for Emergency Generator

1.18 USCG Dynamic Positioning (DP) Guidelines

1.19 IEC/ISO/IEEE 80005-1-2012: Utility Connections in Port—High Voltage Shore Connection (HVSC) Systems—General Requirements

1.20 Mil Standard 1399 Medium Voltage Power System Characteristics

1.21 Shipboard Power Quality and Harmonics (See Chapter 7 for Detail Requirements)

1.22 USCG Plan Submittal Requirements

1.23 ABS Rules for Building and Classing Steel Vessels (Partial Listing)

1.24 Design Verification and Validation

1.25 Remarks for VFD Applications Onboard Ship

Chapter 2 Electrical System Design Fundamentals and Verifications

2.0 Introduction

2.1 Design Basics

2.2 Marine Environmental Condition Requirements for the Shipboard Electrical System Design

2.3 Power System Characteristics: MIL-STD-1399 Power Requirements

2.4 ABS Type Approval Procedure (Taken From ABS Directives)

2.5 Shipboard Electrical Power System Design Basics

2.6 Shipboard Electrical Standard Voltages

2.7 Voltage and Frequency Range (MIL-STD-1399)

2.8 Ungrounded System Concept (ANSI and IEC)

2.9 Concept Design

2.10 Design Features Outlined in

2.11 Protective Device–Circuit Breaker Characteristics

2.12 Fault Current Calculation and Analysis Requirement

2.13 Adjustable Drive Fundamentals

2.14 Fundamentals of ASD Noise Management

2.15 Electrical Noise Management (See Chapter 7 for Additional Details)

2.16 Motor Protection Solutions: DV/DT Motor Protection Output Filter

Chapter 3 Power System Design, Development, and Verification

3.0 Introduction: Design, Development, and Verification Process

3.1 Typical Design and Development of Power Generation and Distribution (See Figure 3.1)

3.2 Failure Mode and Effect Analysis (FMEA): Design Fundamentals

3.3 Failure Mode and Effect Analysis (FMEA) Electric Propulsion System Diesel Generator: Design Fundamentals

3.4 Design Verification: General

3.5 Ship Service Power System Design: System-Level Fundamentals (Figure 3.2)

3.6 Single Shaft Electric Propulsion (Figure 3.3)

3.7 Electrical Generation and Distribution with Detail Design Information (Figure 3.4)

3.8 Electric Propulsion and Power Conversion Unit for Ship Service Distribution (Figure 3.5)

3.9 6600 V and 690 V Adjustable Speed Application with High-Resistance Grounding-1 (Figure 3.6)

3.10 MV and 690 V Adjustable Speed Application with High-Resistance Grounding (Figure 3.7)

3.11 Fully Integrated Power System Design with Adjustable Speed Drive (Figure 3.8)

3.12 Variable Frequency Drive (VFD) Voltage Ratings and System Protection

3.13 Example 460 V, Three-Phase, Full Wave Bridge Circuit Feeding">Example 460 V, Three-Phase, Full Wave Bridge Circuit Feeding Into a Capacitive Filter to Create a 650 VDC Power Supply

3.14 Special Cable and Cable Termination Requirements for Variable Frequency Drive Application

3.15 Harmonic Management Requirements for Variable Frequency Drive Application

3.16 Switchgear Bus Bar Ampacity, Dimension, and Space Requirements

3.17 Meece (Management of Electrical and Electronics Control Equipment) Course Outline Requirements: USCG

Chapter 4 Power Generation and Distribution

4.0 Introduction

4.1 Generation System Requirements

4.2 IEEE Std 45-2002, ABS-2002 and IEC for Generator Size and Rating Selection

4.3 ABS-2002 Section 4-8-2-3.1.3 Generator Engine Starting from Dead Ship Condition (Extract)

4.4 Additional Details of Sizing Ship Service Generators

4.5 Typical Generator Prime Mover

4.7 Generator: Typical Purchase Specification (Typical Electrical Propulsion System)

Chapter 5 Emergency Power System Design and Development

5.0 Introduction

5.1 USCG 46 CFR Requirements: 112.05 (Extract Only)

5.2 IEEE STD 45-2002, Clause 6.1, General (Extract)

5.3 Emergency Source of Electrical Power: ABS 2010, 5.1.1 Requirement

5.4 ABS Emergency Generator Starting Requirement (ABS Rule for Passenger Vessels)

5.5 Typical Emergency Generation and Distribution System

5.6 Emergency Generator and Emergency Transformer Rating: Load Analysis (Sample Calculation)

5.7 Emergency Power Generation and Distribution with Ship Service Power and Distribution System

5.8 Emergency Transformer 450 V/120 V (Per ABS)

5.9 Emergency Generator Starting Block Diagram

5.10 Emergency Generation and Distribution Design Verification

5.11 No-Break Emergency Power Distribution

Chapter 6 Protection and Verification

6.0 Introduction: Protection System Fundamentals

6.1 Protective Device: Glossary

6.2 Power System Protections

6.3 Power System: Procedure for Protective Device Coordination

6.4 Fault Current Calculation Guidelines (Per USCG Requirements)

6.5 Overall Protection Synopsis

6.6 ANSI Electrical Device Numbering (for Device Number Details Refer to ANSI C.37.2)

6.7 Fault Current Calculations (Per USCG Requirements CFR 111-52-3(B) & (C))

6.8 Details for Figure 6.3 Typical EOL for MV Generator Protection System: Split Bus with Two Bustie Breakers

6.9 Details for Figure 6-4: Typical EOL for MV Generator Protection System: Split Bus with Two Bustie Breakers

6.10 Details for Figure 6.5 Typical for Transformer Protection Schematic

6.11 Details for Figure 6.10: Typical EOL for MV VFD Transformer Protection Schematic

6.12 Power System Dynamic Calculations

6.13 Protective Relay Coordination and Discrimination Study

Chapter 7 Power Quality: Harmonics

7.0 Introduction

7.1 Solid-State Devices Carrier Frequency

7.2 MIL-STD-1399 Requirements

7.3 IEEE STD 519 Requirements (1992 and 2014 Versions)

7.4 Calculate the RMS Harmonic Voltage Due to the Respective Harmonic Current

7.5 Current Harmonic Matters

7.6 Harmonic Numbering

7.7 DNV Regulation: Harmonic Distortion

7.8 Examples of Typical Shipboard Power System Harmonic Current Calculations

7.9 Choice of 18-Pulse Drive versus 6-Pulse Drive with Active Harmonic Filter

7.10 Typical Software to Calculate Total Harmonic Distortion and Filter Applications

7.11 Harmonic Recommendations (IEEE 45.1 Partial Extract)

7.12 Harmonic Silencing and ARC Prevention (Curtsey of Applied Energy)

7.13 Applicable Power Quality Standards Include

Chapter 8 Shipboard Cable Application and Verification

8.0 Introduction: Shipboard Cable Application

8.1 Cable Size Calculation Fundamentals

8.2 Shipboard Cable for ASD and VFD Applications

8.3 Cable Requirements Per Ieee Std 45

8.4 Cable Shielding Guide Per IEEE Std 1143

8.5 Cable: Physical Characteristics

8.6 Cable Insulation: Typical

8.7 Cable Ampacity

8.8 Commercial Shipboard Cable Circuit Designation

8.9 Example 1: Low-Voltage 600 V/1000 V IEC Cable Details

8.10 Example 2: Mv Voltage 8 KV/10 KV

8.11 Example 3: Vfd Cable LV (600 V/100) and MV VOLTAGE (8 KV/10 KV)

8.12 Ground Conductor Size

8.13 Develop Math to Calculate the Ground Conductor for Parallel Run

8.14 Cable Designation Type (Typical Ship Service Cable Symbol or Designation)

8.15 Cable Color Code: Shipboard Commercial Cable

8.16 ASD (VFD) Cable Issues for Shipboard Application

8.17 ABS Steel Vessel Rule: Part 4, Chapter 8, Section 4: Shipboard Cable Application

8.18 Grounding Conductor Size: for Cable Rated 2 KV or Less for Single Run

Chapter 9 Grounding, Insulation Monitoring Design, and Verification

9.0 Introduction

9.1 System Grounding Per IEEE 45

9.2 Selection of High-Resistance Grounding (HRG) System

9.3 IEEE 142 Ground Detection Requirements

9.4 IEC Requirements: Insulation Monitoring System

9.5 System Capacitance to Ground Charging Current Calculation (Taken From IEEE 142 Figs. 1.6 and 1.9)

9.6 Total System Capacitance Calculation

9.7 Calculate Capacitive Charging Current: (for a Typical Installation)

9.8 Capacitive Charging Current Calculation: Sample Calculation

9.9 Grounding Resistor Selection Guideline Per IEEE STD 32-1972

9.10 Grounding Resistor Duty Rating

9.11 Zigzag Grounding Transformers: IEEE STD 142 Section 1.5.2

9.12 Rating and Testing Neutral Grounding Resistors: IEEE STD 32-1972

9.13 Voltage Stabilizing Ground Reference (VSGR) Phaseback for Ground Detection (Curtsey of Applied Energy)

9.14 HRG Versus VSGR

9.15 Shipboard Ground Detection System Recommendations

References

Chapter 10 Shore Power LV and MV Systems

10.0 Introduction

10.1 LV Shore Power System

10.2 MV (HV) Shore Power System

10.3 Low-Voltage Shore Power System

10.4 Four-Wire Grounded System LV Shore Power Connections

10.5 Medium-Voltage Shore Power System (MV)

10.6 Extract from IEC/ISO/IEEE 80005-1 Part 1: High-Voltage Shore Connection (HVSC) Systems HV Shore Power Requirements (Shore to Ship Power Quality and Protection Requirements)

Chapter 11 Smart Ship System Design (S3D) and Verification

11.0 Introduction

11.1 Virtual Prototyping for Electrical System Design

11.2 Electrical Power System Smart Ship System Design Failure Mode and Effect Analysis

11.3 Marine Technology Society (MTS) Guidelines for DP Vessel Design Philosophy: Guidelines for Modu DP System and Commercial Ships

11.4 Additional Marine Technology Society (MTS) Requirements Applicable for Ship Design: USCG Recognized MTS Requirements

11.5 Condition-Based Maintenance

11.6 FMEA Objectives: S3D Concept

11.7 Additional S3D Process Safety Features

Chapter 12 Electrical Safety and Arc Flash Analysis

12.0 Introduction

12.1 Injuries Result from Electrical-Current Shorts

12.2 General Safety Tips for Working with or Near Electricity

12.3 ARC Flash Basics

12.4 Fundamentals of Electrical Arc and Arc Flash

12.5 Definitions Related to ARC Flash (Derived from NFPA 70E NEC, NFPA 70E, and IEEE STD 1580 for Shipboard Electrical Installations)

12.6 Causes of Electric ARC

12.7 Incident Energy

12.8 Incident Energy at ARC Flash Protection Boundary

12.9 The Flash Protection Boundary

12.10 Electrical Hazards: ARC Flash with Associated Blast and Shock

12.11 Shock Hazard

12.12 Hazard/Risk Categories (Derived from NFPE-70E)

12.13 Shipboard Electrical Safety Compliance Chart per NFPA 70E 2012 Table 130.7.C.9

12.14 ARC Flash: OSHA Requirements (29 CFR 1910.333)

12.15 ARC Flash: National Electrical Code (NEC) Requirements

12.16 Arc Flash: NFPA 70E 2012 Requirements

12.17 Arc Flash Boundary: NFPA 70E

12.18 Low-Voltage (50 V–1000 V) Protection (NFPA 70E 130.3 (A1))

12.19 Medium-Voltage (1000 V and Above) (NFPA 70E 130.3 (A2))

12.20 Arc Flash: IEEE 1584 Requirements and Guidelines

12.21 Arc Flash: Circuit Breaker Time Currect Coordination—Overview

12.22 ARC Flash Calculation Analysis and Spreadsheet Deliverables

12.23 Methods of Developing Analysis

12.24 Fault Current Analysis to Ensure Power System Component Protection Characteristics

12.25 Fault Current Calculation: Approximation for Arc Flash Analysis

12.26 Shipboard Fault Current Calculation Guidelines (per USCG Requirements)

12.27 Example Shipboard Fault Current Calculations (per USCG Requirements CFR 111-52-3(B) & (C))

12.28 Shipboard Power System Short-Circuit Current Calculation (Refer to US Navy Design Data Sheet 300-2 for Details)

12.29 Fault Current and ARC Flash Analysis as Required by NFPA 70E

12.30 Fault Current and ARC Flash Analysis Guide by IEEE 1584

12.31 Electrical Safety and ARC Flash Labeling (NFPA 70E)

12.32 Arc Flash Protection-Boundary

12.33 Sample ARC Flash Calculations: Spreadsheet—Excel Type

12.34 Low-Voltage (50 V–1000 V) Protection (NFPA 70E 130.3 (A1))

12.35 Medium Voltage (1000 V and Above) (NFPA 70E 130.3 (A2))

12.36 IEEE 1584-Based Arc Flash Calculations

12.37 Sample Shipboard ARC Flash Calculation Project

12.38 Fast-Acting Arc Management System: ARC Flash Mitigating Hardware Driven Time

12.39 Guidelines for Shipboard Personnel

Notes

Glossary

Index

End User License Agreement

List of Tables

Chapter 1

Table 1.1

Table 1.2

Table 1.3

Table 1.4

Table 1.4a

Table 1.5

Chapter 2

Table 2.1

Table 2.2

Table 2.3

Table 2.4

Table 2.5

Table 2.6

Table 2.7

Table 2.8

Table 2.9

Table 2.10

Table 2.10a

Table 2.11

Table 2.12

Chapter 3

Table 3.1

Table 3.2

Table 3.3

Table 3.4

Table 3.5

Table 3.6

Table 3.7

Table 3.8

Table 3.9

Chapter 4

Table 4.1

Table 4.2

Table 4.3

Chapter 5

Table 5.1

Chapter 6

Table 6.1

Table 6.2

Table 6.3

Table 6.4

Table 6.5

Table 6.6

Table 6.7

Table 6.8

Table 6.9

Table 6.10

Chapter 7

Table 7.1

Table 7.2

Table 7.3

Table 7.4

Table 7.5

Table 7.6

Table 7.7

Table 7.8

Table 7.9

Table 7.10

Table 7.11

Table 7.12

Table 7.13

Table 7.14

Chapter 8

Table 8.1

Table 8.25

Table 8.2

Table 8.3

Table 8.4

Table 8.5

Table 8.6

Table 8.7

Table 8.8

Table 8.10

Table 8.11

Table 8.12

Table 8.13

Chapter 9

Table 9.1

Table 9.2

Chapter 11

Table 11.1

Chapter 12

Table 12.1

Table 12.2

Table 12.3

Table 12.4

Table 12.5

Table 12.6

Table 12.7

Table 12.8

Table 12.9

Table 12.10

Table 12.11

Table 12.12

Table 12.13

Table 12.14

List of Illustrations

Chapter 1

Figure 1.1 Typical EOL with Ship Service and Emergency Generator.

Figure 1.2 Typical EOL with Electric Propulsion and other VFD Services.

Figure 1.3 Typical EOL with All Electric Services and Emergency Generator.

Figure 1.4 Typical EOL with All Electric Services.

Figure 1.5 Typical Ship Variations for Commercial, USCG, Navy, and Offshore.

Figure 1.6 Typical EOL with Detail Distribution System.

Figure 1.7 Typical 3-4 Wire Distribution System.

Figure 1.8 Typical Shipboard Power System Coordination Curves.

Figure 1.9 Typical Shipboard Power System ARC Flash Label.

Chapter 2

Figure 2.1 Typical Electrical One-Line Diagram with Medium-Voltage Distribution with Electric Propulsion and Type-I Distribution.

Figure 2.2 Shipboard 3-Wire Ungrounded System with Capacitive Grounds.

Figure 2.3 NEC Sample Protection Features.

Figure 2.5 Typical Coordination of Protective Devices.

Chapter 3

Figure 3.1 Typical 6600 V Power Generation and Distribution to a Main Lube Oil Pump Motor.

Figure 3.2 Typical Main Generators and Emergency Generator with Propulsion, Ship Service Distribution Switchboard, and Emergency Switchboard.

Figure 3.3 Typical 6600 V System Electrical One-Line Diagram for Propulsion with Single Shaft.

Figure 3.4 Detail Design of Low Voltage Distribution.

Figure 3.5 Detail Design of Medium Voltage Propulsion with MG Set for Clean Power.

Figure 3.6 Typical Electrical One-Line Diagram for Shipboard MV and 690 V Adjustable Speed Application with (HRG) High Resistance Grounding-1.

Figure 3.7 Typical electrical One-Line Diagram for Shipboard MV and 690 V Adjustable Speed Application with High-Resistance Grounding With Active Filter System.

Figure 3.8 6600 V Generation, 690 V Distribution, 480 V Distribution, and 480 V Emergency Generation and Distribution.

Chapter 4

Figure 4.1 Typical Shipboard Power Generation and Distribution-1.

Figure 4.2 Typical All Electric Shipboard Power Generation and Distribution-2.

Figure 4.4 Electrical One-Line Diagram, Electrical Propulsion System (R2 Redundancy).

Figure 4.3 Ship Service Electric Generator for 460 V Generation and 450 V Distribution typical.

Chapter 5

Figure 5.1 Typical Emergency Generator Distribution with Ship Service Power Generation.

Figure 5.2 Typical Electrical One-Line Diagram for Emergency Distribution.

Figure 5.3 Emergency Transformer 480 V/120 V (Per ABS).

Figure 5.4 Emergency Generator Starting System Block Diagram.

Figure 5.5 No Break 450 V, 3-Phase Power Generation and Distribution.

Chapter 6

Figure 6.1 Simplified EOL Version-1 Showing Details of Table 6.1

Figure 6.2 Simplified EOL Showing Details Table 6.1 Version-2.

Figure 6.3 Simplified EOL Version-3 Details of Table 6.1

Figure 6.4 Simplified EOL for Short-Circuit Calculation.

Figure 6.5 Typical MV Generator Protection Scheme for One Bustie Breaker.

Figure 6.6 Typical EOL for MV Generator Protection System: Spilt Bus with Two Bustie Breakers.

Figure 6.7 Typical MV Generator Protection Schematic.

Figure 6.8 Typical MV Transformer (Delta-WYE) Protection Schemetic.

Figure 6.9 Typical MV Transformer (Delta-WYE) Protection Schemetic.

Figure 6.10 Typical MV Transformer VFD FEED Protection Schemetic.

Figure 6.11 Typical Circuit Breaker Coordination and Protection.

Figure 6.12 Typical Shipboard Motor Protection-1.

Figure 6.13 Typical Shipboard Motor Protection-1.

Figure 6.14 Typical Shipboard Motor Protection-1.

Figure 6.15 Typical Shipboard Motor Protection-1.

Figure 6.16 Typical Shipboard Motor Protection-1.

Chapter 7

Figure 7.1 Typical Shipboard Power System with Adjustable Speed Drives –Typical.

Figure 7.2 Harmonicguard® Solution Center (Courtesy of TCI; www.transcoil.com).

Figure 7.3 Typical Data Entry for Harminc Management Solutions.

Figure 7.4 Typical Results of Harmonic Management with Active Filter and Reactor Option.

Figure 7.5 Phaseback Schematic Diagram -1 (Curtsey of Applied Energy).

Figure 7.6 Phaseback Schematic Diagram-2 (Curtsey of Applied Energy).

Chapter 8

Figure 8.1 Typical MV Three Conductor Power Cable (Adapted).

Figure 8.2 Typical Power System MV Three Conductor VFD Cable Details Without Armor (adapted).

Figure 8.3 Typical Power System MV Single Conductor VFD Cable Details with Armor (Adapted).

Figure 8.4 Typical VFD Cable Schematics Showing Generator to Motor (Sample-1).

Figure 8.5 Typical Power System Cable (Sample-2).

Figure 8.6 Typical Power System MV Single Conductor VFD Cable Details.

Figure 8.7 Typical Power Cable Deck Penetration.

Chapter 9

Figure 9.1 Typical Shipboard Ground Detection System for Ungrounded Generation and Distribution (Type-1).

Figure 9.2 Typical Shipboard Ground Detection System for Ungrounded Generation and Distribution (Type-2).

Figure 9.3 Typical Ungrounded Distribution Vector Diagram with Single-Phase Grounded (Type-1).

Figure 9.4 Typical Ungrounded System Generator Neutral Grounding and Bus Zigzag Transformer Grounding.

Figure 9.5 Typical High-Resistance Ground Detection System for Shipboard Power System.

Figure 9.6 Single Line to Ground Fault on a Low-Resistance Grounding System for Marine Ungrounded System (Taken From IEEE-142 Figs. 1.6 and 1.9).

Figure 9.7 Typical Shipboard 480 V Ground Detection System.

Figure 9.8 Typical Electrical One-Line Diagram for System Capacitance Calculation.

Figure 9.9 IEEE 142 (Figure 1.10 Scheme for Detecting a Ground Fault on a Low-Resistance Grounding System for a Marine Ungrounded System).

Figure 9.10 IEEE 142 (Figure 1.14(1) Zigzag grounding transformer: (a) core winding (b) system connection for Marine Ungrounded System).

Figure 9.11 6.6 KV System with HRG Showing Voltage Vectors (Version-2).

Figure 9.12 2400 V System with HRG Ground Detection: Normal Operational Condition.

Figure 9.13 690 V System with HRG Ground Detection: Normal and Faulted Conditions.

Figure 9.14 480 V System with Voltage Stabilizing Unit.

Figure 9.15 Voltage Stabilizing Ground Refernce: Phaseback Shown One Phase Grounded.

Chapter 10

Figure 10.1 230 V Ungrounded System with Two Shore Power.

Figure 10.2 Typical 450 V Ungrounded System with One Shore Power.

Figure 10.3 Typical Ungrounded LV System Shore Power Connection Details with Instrumentation.

Figure 10.4 Typical Ungrounded 208 V System Shore Power Connection Details.

Figure 10.5 Typical 4-Wire Grounded LV System Shore Power Connections.

Figure 10.6 480 V One Shore with Cable Identification.

Figure 10.7 480 V Three Shore with Three Dedicated Circuit Breakers and Separate Feeders.

Figure 10.8 480 V Three Shore with One Dedicated Circuit Breaker and Three Separate Feeders.

Figure 10.9 480 V Shore with One Dedicated Circuit Breaker and Four Separate Feeders for Four Receptacles.

Figure 10.10 Medium-Voltage Shore Power with 300 AMP Plugs and Receptacles Type-1.

Figure 10.11 Medium-Voltage Shore Power with 300 AMP Plugs and Receptacles Type-2.

Figure 10.12 Medium-Voltage Shore Power with Two 300 AMP Plugs and Receptacles Type-3.

Figure 10.13 Typical MV Shore Power for Cargo Ship and RORO Passenger Ship per IEC/ISO/IEEE-80005-1.

Figure 10.14 Typical MV Shore Power for Cargo Ship and RORO Passenger Ship per IEC/ISO/IEEE-80005-1.

Figure 10.15 Typical MV Shore Power for Cargo Ship and RORO Passenger Ship Per IEC/ISO/IEEE-80005-1.

Figure 10.16 Typical MV Shore Power for Cargo Ship and RORO Passenger Ship per IEC/ISO/IEEE-80005-1.

Figure 10.17 Typical MV Shore Power for Cargo Ship and RORO Passenger Ship per IEC/ISO/IEEE-80005-1.

Figure 10.18 Typical MV Shore Power for Cargo Ship and RORO Passenger Ship per IEC/ISO/IEEE-80005-1.

Figure 10.19 Medium-Voltage Shore Power Schematics for RORO Cargo and Passenger Ships per IEC/ISO/IEEE-80005-1.

Figure 10.20 Medium-Voltage Shore Power Schematics for Container Ship per IEC/ISO/IEEE-80005-1.

Chapter 11

Figure 11.1 S3D Concept Paradigm-1.

Figure 11.2 S3D Concept Paradigm-2.

Figure 11.3 Ship Smart System Design (S3D) Paradigm-3.

Figure 11.4 Ship Smart System Design (S3D) Paradigm-4.

Figure 11.5 Typical Concept EOL for S3D-1.

Figure 11.6 Typical Concept EOL For S3D-2.

Chapter 12

Figure 12.1 Electric Arcing Basics.

Figure 12.2 Arcing Approach Limit.

Figure 12.3 Arc Flash Boundary Sample-1.

Figure 12.4 Arc Flash Boundary Sample-2.

Figure 12.5 Arc Flash Boundary Sample-3.

Figure 12.6 Protective Device Coordination for Arc Flash.

Figure 12.7 Protective Device Setting Basics.

Figure 12.8 Protective Device Coordination.

Figure 12.9 Protective Device Coordination-Typical.

Figure 12.10 Protective Device Setting Options-1.

Figure 12.11 Protective Device Setting Options-2.

Figure 12.12 Recommended AC Flash Warning for Ship.

Figure 12.13 Explanaton of the Arc Flash Sign.

Figure 12.14 Arc Flash Danger Sign.

Figure 12.15 Optical Sensor Schematics for Arc Protection System.

Guide

Cover

Table of Contents

Preface

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Preface

Shipboard electrical system design and development fundamentals have changed from traditional low-voltage to medium-voltage generation and distribution due to higher power requirements. Power electronics application is playing a major role, including adjustable speed propulsion drives and variable frequency drive for ship service auxiliary applications. The guidelines for shipboard use of medium-voltage adjustable speed drive (ASD) require further amplification. This book provides step-by-step details of widely accepted design applications for shipboard electrical engineering design fundamentals. These fundamentals are somewhat different for different class such as commercial ships, military ships, and offshore floating vessels. The design fundamentals of electrical power generation prime movers, the requirements of the distribution system, and the transition to various services, must meet safety requirements. These design and development fundamentals are presented to use as a guide for any new design. Additionally, design and verification of the design with multiple options is also a requirement, as modeling and simulation with hardware in the loop has become a norm at the fundamental design level. An attempt has been made to initiate design verification at a very early stage of design and carry it through to the detail design, procurement, installation, and commissioning stages.

The adjustable speed drive also contributes to major system-level electrical noise such as harmonics and transient instability. Harmonic requirements and guidelines such as IEEE 519 and IEEE 1584 play a vital role for industrial application. However, for the ungrounded shipboard power system one must be careful as to the use of IEEE 519 and IEEE 1584. The concept of complying with requirements for harmonic mitigation must be supported by the fact that the equipment will perform in a safe manner so that operators are safe, electrical power system coordination is properly engineered, and the transient aspect of the entire shipboard power system is managed very much within the required design boundary. Lack of verification of design fundamentals often leads to unsafe electrical systems. If the design is not properly integrated, at some point in the design and development phase additional corrective measures may be necessary to optimize it. However, the design solution may not be implemented due to practical constraints. At the preliminary or detail design phase, it is easy to demonstrate that the system will meet the requirement to enhance capability by using a system-level simulation such as a physics-based solution. A physics-based simulation such as Smart Ship System Design (S3D) is introduced to initiate an iterative process to prove the design concept with alternative choices and then select the one best suited for specific application.

The design and development of the shipboard power system is presented here as it began in the early 1970s; prior to that, the baseline shipboard power system design had been the same for many years. Electrical design and development changes accelerated when shipboard auxiliary systems of mechanical and hydraulic systems were being replaced with electrical systems. The author has gone through the real design challenge of developing an integrated electrical power system while designing a USCG Healy Icebreaker electrical propulsion medium-voltage distribution system. This involved the development of a medium-voltage system for shipboard adjustable speed propulsion for the Healy Icebreaker and medium-voltage generation and distribution for tankers. The design and development process was a challenge, such as, for example, to apply a 6-pulse versus a 12-pulse propulsion drive for the Healy Icebreaker and then quantify the total harmonic distortion (THD) of the electric propulsion system during the worst operational conditions.

The ship electrical system grounding requirement has become very challenging as the shipboard power system has taken a major shift from low-voltage ungrounded generation and distribution with a simple ground detection system to high-resistance grounding along with complex power generation and distribution requirements. This book addresses the medium-voltage distribution system with a resistance grounding system and then the impact of resistance grounding in view of ASD utilization-related grounding issues. The book provides multiple popular designs with resistance grounding, with variations to make designers aware of the implications of a concept which may or may not be considered an optimal design.

The shipboard electrical power system with high voltage and high power generation poses many challenging issues, such as complex, system-level protection coordination, sophisticated grounding requirements for ungrounded systems, special types of cable to deal with voltage surge and transients, harmonics, and special power filters for harmonic management.

At the system level of design and development, it has been recognized that a system with ASD may not maintain Class-I type power; the use of the Uninterruptable Power System (UPS) at higher power is being used. However, UPSs also bring solid state power electronic-related challenges.

The shipboard low voltage ungrounded power system ground detection and monitoring system is usually a simple detection system with lights for monitoring voltage variations. The IEC has developed completely different recommendations from the ground detection light with the understanding that the legacy system does not contribute to the management of real grounding danger, as the system leads to arcing and then bolted fault. The IEC requirement is to monitor and intervene as the electrical system starts making the transition from symmetric to asymmetric behavior. In case any ground is detected in the ungrounded electric system on ships, corrective action must be fast enough to protect the system from an arcing fault, explosion, and related equipment failures.

When a technological breakthrough challenges the real-life engineering application, sometimes failure may be encountered, which is the process of design and development. There must be a cause and effect analysis of the failure to get to the root cause and then take immediate corrective action. The corrective action process can be excruciating; however, finding a comprehensive and permanent solution is a must. Sometimes, multiple solutions may be adapted with multiple layers of protection to have a permanent solution. Whatever the design and development process is, the designer must have a thorough understanding of the solution being adopted.

This evolving engineering process of accepting technology's spiraling development is a normal developmental phenomenon. When a technology is accepted for development, it is considered to be working at present; however, it cannot be guaranteed for the future. As the technology is used, it becomes a candidate for standardization. Such is the case for IEEE 45-related standards for shipboard electrical power systems.

The selection of cable for an adjustable speed drive application is also a fundamental challenge of the IPS ship design application. This book provides in-depth analysis of cable-application challenges with recommended solutions.

As offshore-industry-related vessels embark on ASD-, VFD-, and AFE-type electrical installations, the challenging issues for the ships are also applicable.

The “all electric ship” concept of power generation and distribution with propulsion ASD and auxiliary system with VFD provide many operational advantages such as propeller torque delivery at any desired RPM and auxiliary system control at any speed. However, those controllers contribute other undesireable issues which the designer must understand and take appropriate measure. Some of these issues are:

– Electrical noise such as harmonics

– Understanding of VFD drive application, harmonic generation, harmonic calculation, harmonic management, special cable requirements, and special cable installation requirements

– Grounding matters at the generation level

– Grounding matters at the distribution level

– Grounding matters at the equipment level

– Single point grounding matters for MV and LV systems

– Medium voltage system protection and coordination

– Failure mode and its effect

The terminologies used for the design and development of VFD-related equipment mainly follow IEC standards. IEC terminologies and symbols are different from ANSI terminology and symbols. It is very important to understand the difference between IEC and ANSI standard electrical devices. These differences are identified along with examples, for the benefit of design engineers.

Grounding terminologies are different between ANSI and IEC standards. The IEC standard has PE, SG, and many other symbols associated with grounding. Those symbols create major confusion for design engineers.

This book provides guidelines emphasizing the safety and security of electrical and electronic equipment installation, equipment selection, and system coordination. The responsibility for implementing these recommendations belongs to everyone dealing with shipboard electrical equipment and electrical systems, such as electrical engineers, electrical designers, electrical cable pullers, electrical equipment installers, shipboard equipment and system testers, and troubleshooters.

At any voltage level, electricity is deadly. Traditionally, shipboard electrical voltage ratings have been 12 V, 24 V, 110 V, and 460 V for grounded and ungrounded installations. Until recently, the 460 V level was high for shipboard installation. In recent years the voltage level has risen to 4100 V, 6600 V, 11,000 V, and 13,800 V. The power requirement has increased from a few megawatts to hundreds of megawatts. Power generation and distribution at different voltages and at hundreds of megawatts have become a big challenge. IEEE Std 45 recommendations are a supplement to American Bureau of Shipping (ABS) rules and US Coast Guard (USCG) regulations for commercial ships. In the endeavor to standardize international rules and regulations, and with the advent of information technology, we have access to an enormous amount of technical information related to shipbuilding innovations, rules, regulations, and standards. Information technology has helped tremendously to make necessary information available at the click of a mouse. The responsibility to gain knowledge of available shipbuilding rules, regulations, and recommendations around the globe and adapt the most appropriate ones must be carried out at a very fast pace. The adaptation of the very process of technical innovation is also a universal challenge of building a bridge from present to future shipbuilding in order to meet tomorrow's demand.

The concept of IEEE Std 45 arose with the same objective as that of the National Electric Code® (NEC®). Acceptable standards are needed because no two persons will view something in the same way, interpret it in the same way, and implement it in the same way. These standards are critical in applying technology, which is a time-domain domino scenario by the very nature of innovation. As we build for the future, we have to live with the present. We must write down the most probabilistic aspect of an idea and agree to follow it. The accepted norm of today may not be the norm of tomorrow; however, it is appropriate today because it works to an accepted level and meets safety requirements.

Industry experts have contributed many years of experience in the shipboard electrical engineering field. Their task, however, has been presented with a significant challenge due to the global cooperation initiative, namely harmonization and globalization. IEEE Std 45 is in compliance with the NEC, the National Electrical Manufacturers’ Association (NEMA), the Underwriters Laboratories (UL), the American Association of Testing and Material (ASTM), the American Bureau of Shipping (ABS) Rules, the Code of Federal Register (CFR) of the United States Department of Transportation, and various military specifications. The very process of equipment specification, manufacturing, installation, and testing has attained solid ground by the repeated revision of existing standards and the addition of new ones. IEC standards are also applicable for shipboard installation. The United States is a signatory to the IEC standards through the United States National Committee of the International Electrotechnical Commission, administered by the American National Standards Institute (ANSI). IEC standards differ from US standards in numerous ways, such as voltage level, unit of measurement, equipment rating, ambient rating, enclosure type, and equipment location classification. One must understand the differences to ensure applicability and interchangeability and combine the use of US standard equipment with IEC standard equipment. Most US standards committees have agreed to adopt IEC standards to supplement and change US standards. The IEEE Std 45 committee has also agreed to adopt IEC standards by directly replacing or modifying existing standards. These changes must be clearly understood in order to ensure that the safety and security of life and equipment are not compromised.

Smart Ship System Design (S3D) has been introduced as a new design environment with physics-based simulation and virtual prototyping of overall ship design, which is then compared with real system interaction for electrical power generation, distribution, protection, and automation.

There are many electrical one-line diagrams presented for design engineers who will be able to analyze different aspects of shipboard electrical distribution systems and then select the most appropriate one for application. If any one of the electrical one-line diagrams falls beyond the requirements of a regulatory body, the required correction must be made to ensure compliance.

This handbook is based on author's many years of ship building design experience and many years of experience in developing electrical standard for shipbuilding. The author wishes to thank all the individuals who have encouraged and contributed to the preparation of this book. The author also wishes to thank all IEEE 45 DOT standard working-group members for sharing technical know-how and expertise over the years, and technical experts in the marine field whose works may have been quoted in this handbook.

MOHAMMED (MONI) ISLAM

Chapter 1Overview

1.0 INTRODUCTION

The shipboard electrical system design process consists of concept design, preliminary design, detail design, design development, design verification, installation, and commissioning. Shipboard power-system design and development is an engineering art that requires many years of engineering experience, specifically, designing electrical systems with experienced engineers. Shipboard electrical system design and development has become very challenging due to complex electrical power generation and distribution requirements including higher voltage, high power, and adjustable speed propulsion drives. The ship propulsion system has changed from direct mechanical drive to an electric motor with an adjustable speed drive. The across the line starters for auxiliary systems are being replaced with adjustable frequency/speed drive. Solid-state power electronics are being programmed to perform necessary ASD functions. However, solid-state devices and functionality also have some drawbacks, such as electrical noise. Most of the power electronic application-related hardware for shipboard application is migrated from well-established, shore-based industrial applications. There are subtle differences where industrial-based equipment is not suitable for shipboard applications. The shipboard power-system design process needs to be validated by methodical analysis with pros and cons. Sometimes the design process must go through a physics-based simulation process including hardware in the loop simulation to ensure that the design is optimized. The modeling and simulation of a shipboard electrical system provides many design options so that optimal design can be adapted for a custom shipboard design application. This book describes the following design and development process:

Basic design process, verification, and validation

Modeling and simulation-based design and verification

Smart ship system design (S3D)

Shipboard electrical power generation and distribution requirements are guided by rules, regulations, standards, and established recommendations by authorities having jurisdiction in the design and development field. Power-system design engineers are to follow these guidelines to design required systems and get the design approved by the authority having approval jurisdiction. The shipboard low-voltage power system includes 1000 V, 690 V, 480 V, 230 V, and 120 V at 60 Hz and DC power at the voltage range from 12 V to 48 V, etc. The medium-voltage system includes all voltages from 1000 V to 35 kV AC as applicable for specific application. This book covers up to 15 kV maximum (11 kV or 13.8 kV nominal per MIL-STD-1399-300 and MIL-STD-680).

The shipboard power system consists of ship service power, emergency power, and propulsion power.

Shipboard power demand has evolved from a few megawatts to hundreds of megawatts. The voltage level has also been upgraded to 690 V, 2400 V, 4160 V, 6600 V, and beyond. Variable frequency drive or adjustable speed drive technology has become a dominant feature to mitigate propulsion-related higher voltage and high-power demand. The transition of proven VFD or ASD applications from industrial application to ship application has created many challenges.

The transition from low-voltage to medium-voltage generation and distribution may not have fathomed the requirements of grounded and ungrounded systems. The current practice of designing shipboard power generation and distribution systems may reflect a combination of both industrial and maritime applications.

Design engineers must understand the difference between industrial and ship applications of high voltage and high power. Design engineers must address these problems as uniform across all applications including shipbuilding; however, they should not arbitrarily consider the same solutions, as shipboard power generation and distribution fundamentals are different. For example, the harmonic noise problem can be addressed in general for all applications, but harmonic problem solution criteria for ships are different from those of other applications.

This handbook provides detail design and development of shipboard power generation and distribution based on low-voltage power generation and distribution, which has been well defined, as well as the medium-voltage system.

Model-based design has been presented to establish design variations and then the selection process starting from the concept design:

Optimize the performance of the shipboard power system

Optimize the functionality of the shipboard electrical network

Define the requirements of electrical power equipment

Define and coordinate the protective devices

Reduce power losses

Quantify harmonics contents and then systematically apply a harmonic management program to achieve an acceptable level

Arc flash analysis and the establishment of a Hazard Risk Category (HRC)

1.1 SHIPBOARD POWER SYSTEM DESIGN FUNDAMENTALS

In general, a shipboard power system is ungrounded with delta distribution. The ground detection system is provided to detect ground in the system so that the ground is lifted as soon as possible. Single-phase ground is detectable, but will let the system continue to operate on the other two healthy phases. However, second ground fault, phase to phase will create arcing, which must be monitored and lifted as soon as possible. Three-system fault, which is also called bolted fault, must be detected as fast as possible and then the protective system must isolate the bolted fault to avoid any kind of explosion.

Power generation and distribution as well as solid-state devices operate with some ground reference. The basic requirements of a shipboard ungrounded system may be violated. The resistance grounding system using a wye-delta transformer with wye neutral connected to a ground with resistor also establishes a ground reference point in the ungrounded power system. The resistance grounded system and ungrounded low-voltage distribution system create a ground loop in the entire power system. The ungrounded power system ground plane in ideal conditions is a zero-voltage reference point. However, the combination of all ground paths in a shipboard power system may create the zero ground point other than zero plane to an unacceptable level.

The use of the delta-delta transformer has been changed over to ungrounded delta-wye or grounded delta-wye. The delta-wye configuration is not acceptable for shipboard installation as it can propagate electric noise with the wye distribution. The delta-delta is recommended as both primary and secondary will help to circulate electric noise within the winding. The delta-wye will circulate noise all over the distribution system due to the wye configuration. Again, it is very difficult to maintain zero ground reference in a wye distribution system. The grounded wye distribution system creates a ground plan coupled with an ungrounded zero reference point.

There are some special cases where a grounded wye distribution system is allowed due to operator safety reasons, such as an electrical workshop where the operator may use handheld electrical tools.

1.2 SHIP DESIGN REQUIREMENTS

Ship design USCG regulations, ABS rules, IEEE recommendations and IEC standards are used as appropriate. However, there are fundamental differences that must be taken under consideration. For example, the electrical grounding is “earthing” in the IEC standard. The three “A, B, C” phases are identified as “U, V, W,” or “R, S, T,” etc. These are very confusing, but the design and development expert must be familiar with them simply because IEC standards are equally recognized by US rules and regulations.

1.3 ETO CERTIFICATION: MEECE

The shipboard engine room watch-keeping Electro-Technical Officer (ETO) is required to go through training as evidence of competency. One of the competency training courses, “Management of Electrical and Electronic Control Equipment” (MEECE), is outlined in Chapter 13.

Each candidate for endorsement as an Electro-Technical Officer (ETO) on ships powered by main propulsion machinery of 750 kW/1,000 HP or more must provide evidence of having achieved the standard of competence specified in Table A-III/6 of the STCW Code (USCG 46 CFR 11.335(a)(2)). The table in this enclosure is adopted from Table A-III/6 of the STCW Code (found in Enclosure (4)) to assist the candidate and the assessor in the demonstration of competency.

1.4 LEGACY SYSTEM DESIGN DEVELOPMENT AND VERIFICATION

Figure 1.1 Typical EOL with Ship Service and Emergency Generator.

Figure 1.2 Typical EOL with Electric Propulsion and other VFD Services.

1.5 SHIPBOARD ELECTRICAL SYSTEM DESIGN VERIFICATION AND VALIDATION (V&V)

1.5.1 Verification and Validation (V&V) Overview

Shipboard electrical system design and development should have appropriate verification methods associated with them. Design verification must be traceable to a point that qualitative failure analysis (QFA) and design verification test procedure (DVTP) could be tied to each system as a deliverable.

The design verification and validation process must be traceable to operational scenarios so they are consistent with the Concept of Operations (CONOPS) of the ship.

1.5.2 Verification

Verification may be at the equipment level, system level, or system-of-system level.

The design verification method should include the following:

Longhand calculation for preliminary design

Modeling and simulation

System-level engineering analysis

Complete system review

Concept of operation development

Fundamentals QFA & DVTP

Compliance certification

Figure 1.3 Typical EOL with All Electric Services and Emergency Generator.

Figure 1.4 Typical EOL with All Electric Services.

Figure 1.5 Typical Ship Variations for Commercial, USCG, Navy, and Offshore.

1.5.2a Acceptance of Verification

Verification of the Support System involves verifying that each of the Support System Constituent Capabilities satisfy its relevant specification and that the Support System overall satisfies the requirements defined in the Support System Functional Baseline.

1.5.3 Validation

Validation of design should be conducted using scenarios that are consistent with the concept of operation. Because of the complexity of the systems that are being addressed and the significant time and effort required to conduct a comprehensive V&V program, the likelihood of completing a V&V program without the need for rework is low.

It is important that all test environments and equipment used during the V&V phases are controlled and validated to confirm that they will meet their objectives. If however the design development is verifiable as to the fact that the system has developed with a proven history of performance then it can be used, as prototype use may not require additional design verification.

1.5.4 Differences Between Verification and Validation: Shipboard Electrical System Design and Development Process

It is possible that an electrical design will pass the verification process but will fail when validated. It can happen that the design and development is in accordance with the specification, but the specification's shortcomings will lead to an overall nonfunctional ship or nonfunctional system. Therefore, as the design fundamentals are reviewed, proper verification and validation should be done to capture shortcomings and see appropriate corrective measures are taken.

The fundamentals of successful design are:

– regulatory body approval for the overall design

– individual equipment selection also with proven successful operation in the shipboard environment. Sometimes the equipment of a system works fine in the land-based installation but fails in the shipboard installation. Therefore it is mandatory to select marine duty equipment for shipboard installation.

The proliferation of VFD application has introduced many drawbacks and created many mishaps. Those drawbacks will be discussed for better understanding as to the overall design requirements and responsibilities.

Figure 1.6 Typical EOL with Detail Distribution System.

Table 1.1Typical Verification and Validation Table

Criteria

Verification

Validation

Definition

The process of evaluating electrical system design and development work deliverable products (not the actual final product procurement) of a development phase to determine whether they meet the specified requirements for the phase of development. The phases may be concept design, preliminary design or detail design.

The process of evaluating electrical system design development deliverables during or at the end of the development process to determine whether they satisfy the specified overall shipbuilding requirements.

Objective

To ensure that the design and development product is being developed (built) according to the requirements and design specifications. In other words, to ensure that work products meet their specified requirements.

To ensure that the product actually meets the customer's needs, and that the specifications were correct in the first place. In other words, to demonstrate that the product fulfills its intended use when placed in its intended environment.

Question

Are we designing and developing right for a functional ship?

Are we building the right ship?

Evaluation Items

Plans, Requirement Specs, Design Specs, Code, Test Cases

The actual functional ship.

Example-1

The requirement is to provide electric propulsion with 6-pulse drive. The drive selection verifies that the 6-pulse propulsion drive has been purchased and the system design has been developed accordingly.

The validation process has proved that though the procurement has met the customer requirement, it will not function as intended or will produce objectionable electrical noise which will contaminate the entire electrical system leading to a nonfunctional ship.

Example-2

Plans, Requirement Specs, Design Specs, Code, Test Cases

1.6 IEEE 45 DOT STANDARDS: RECOMMENDED PRACTICE FOR SHIPBOARD ELECTRICAL INSTALLATION

The IEEE 45 standard development working group decided to further subgroup the standard with IEEE 45 DOT standards. This is to accommodate additional features of electrical installations on ships.

Therefore the IEEE 45 DOT standard subgroupings are:

IEEE 45 – Recommended Practice for Electrical Installations on Shipboard: Base Document (under development)

IEEE 45.1 – Shipboard Design and Development

IEEE 45.2 – Shipboard Controls and Automation

IEEE 45.3 – Shipboard System Engineering

IEEE 45.4 – Marine Sectors and Functions

IEEE 45.5 – Shipboard Electrical Safety Considerations

IEEE 45.6 – Shipboard Electrical Testing

IEEE 45.7 – Shipboard AC Switchboards

IEEE 45.8 – Shipboard Cable Installations

1.7 OTHER RULES AND REGULATIONS, AND STANDARDS IN SUPPORT OF IEEE 45 DOT STANDARDS

NEC – National Electrical Code

NFPA 70-E

IEEE 1662

IEEE 1580 – Standard for Shipboard Cable Construction

IEEE 1580.1 – Standard for Shipboard Bus-Pipe Installations

IEEE/IEC/ISO 80005.1 – Standard for MV Ship-to-Shore Power System

1.8 SHIPBOARD UNGROUNDED POWER SYSTEM

Figure 1.7 Typical 3-4 Wire Distribution System.

1.9 SHIPBOARD ELECTRICAL DESIGN BASICS

This book covers electrical power system detailed design and development for commercial ships such as cruise ships, cargo ships, tankers, related support vessels, offshore industry-related floating platforms, and all other support vessels. Some military vessel ship designs are also included to establish basic design fundamental differences as to redundancy requirements and zonal distributions. These design requirements and fundamentals are with the understanding of the following:

– Regulatory requirements

– Operational requirements

– Redundancy requirements

– Understanding of emergency requirements as to power generation as well as emergency load distribution

– Understanding the causes of a blackout (dead ship) situation. The blackout situation for all electric ship-related power generation and distribution is more complex than for the ship with nonelectric propulsion.

– Electric propulsion-related power generation and distribution requirements have been taken to adapt medium voltage power generation, due to the fact that ample power is available to change a hydraulic system or mechanical system to an electric system with variable drive operation

– The grounding requirements are different than the traditional low-voltage distribution though both systems are three-wire ungrounded systems

– A vital auxiliary must be properly classified as one design may be different than the other due to operational requirements

– There are regulatory requirements of vital auxiliary-related redundant services and operational requirements that directly contribute to the design and development

In general, a shipboard electrical system is ungrounded with few exceptions. The ungrounded system is only there is no dedicated neutral line in the distribution system. However, there always exists a capacitive ground path. This phenomenon needs to be explained with grounding and bonding. For better understanding, grounding and bonding will be called “G.” Otherwise, the neutral line will be called “N.” Nonlinear solid-state power applications usually create rapid changes to voltage and current while transferring energy to the load. These changes cause high-frequency current to flow to the ground. This is considered electrical noise.

There are many good features of electric drive-related applications onboard ships and platforms. However, many features may contribute electric noise, such as harmonics, transients, and grounding at the equipment level and system level. The design engineer must understand those issues so that causes and effects are properly analyzed during concept design and detail design. Recent VFD-related failure reports warrant better understanding, better design, and then overall design management. Electrical propulsion and auxiliary service requirements for the use of variable frequency drive have contributed to recent operational challenges due to critical operational issues.