Small Cell Networks E-Book

Holger Claussen

• Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
• Kategorie: Wissenschaft und neue Technologien
• Serie: IEEE Press Series on Network Management
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 938

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2017

Beschreibung

The first and only up-to-date guide offering complete coverage of HetNets--written by top researchers and engineers in the field Small Cell Networks: Deployment, Management, and Optimization addresses key problems of the cellular network evolution towards HetNets. It focuses on the latest developments in heterogeneous and small cell networks, as well as their deployment, operation, and maintenance. It also covers the full spectrum of the topic, from academic, research, and business to the practice of HetNets in a coherent manner. Additionally, it provides complete and practical guidelines to vendors and operators interested in deploying small cells. The first comprehensive book written by well-known researchers and engineers from Nokia Bell Labs, Small Cell Networks begins with an introduction to the subject--offering chapters on capacity scaling and key requirements of future networks. It then moves on to sections on coverage and capacity optimization, and interference management. From there, the book covers mobility management, energy efficiency, and small cell deployment, ending with a section devoted to future trends and applications. The book also contains: * The latest review of research outcomes on HetNets based on both theoretical analyses and network simulations * Over 200 sources from 3GPP, the Small Cell Forum, journals and conference proceedings, and all prominent topics in HetNet * An overview of indoor coverage techniques such as metrocells, picocells and femtocells, and their deployment and optimization * Real case studies as well as innovative research results based on both simulation and measurements * Detailed information on simulating heterogeneous networks as used in the examples throughout the book Given the importance of HetNets for future wireless communications, Small Cell Networks: Deployment, Management, and Optimization is sure to help decision makers as they consider the migration of services to HetNets. It will also appeal to anyone involved in information and communication technology.

Leseprobe

IEEE Press445 Hoes Lane Piscataway, NJ 08854

IEEE Press Editorial BoardTariq Samad, Editor in Chief

Giancarlo Fortino

Xiaoou Li

Ray Perez

Dmitry Goldgof

Andreas Molisch

Linda Shafer

Don Heirman

Saeid Nahavandi

Mohammad Shahidehpour

Ekram Hossain

Jeffrey Nanzer

Zidong Wang

SMALL CELLNETWORKS

Deployment,Management, andOptimization

Holger Claussen

David López-Pérez

Lester Ho

Rouzbeh Razavi

Stepan Kucera

Copyright © 2017 by The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. All rights reserved.

Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey. Published simultaneously in Canada.

No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning, or otherwise, except as permitted under Section 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without either the prior written permission of the Publisher, or authorization through payment of the appropriate per-copy fee to the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc., 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, [phone], fax [phone], or on the web at www.copyright.com. Requests to the Publisher for permission should be addressed to the Permissions Department, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, [phone], fax [phone], or online at http://www.wiley.com/go/permission.

Limit of Liability/Disclaimer of Warranty: While the publisher and author have used their best efforts in preparing this book, they make no representations or warranties with respect to the accuracy or completeness of the contents of this book and specifically disclaim any implied warranties of merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose. No warranty may be created or extended by sales representatives or written sales materials. The advice and strategies contained herein may not be suitable for your situation. You should consult with a professional where appropriate. Neither the publisher nor author shall be liable for any loss of profit or any other commercial damages, including but not limited to special, incidental, consequential, or other damages.

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data is available.

ISBN: 978-1-118-85434-1

CONTENTS

ABOUT THE AUTHORS

FOREWORD

ACRONYMS

PART I INTRODUCTION

1 Small Cells—The Future of Cellular Networks

1.1 Introduction

1.2 The Industry Challenge

1.3 Are Small Cells the Answer?

1.4 A Brief History of Small Cells

1.5 Small Cell Challenges and Outline of the Book

References

2 100× Capacity Scaling of Cellular Networks

2.1 Introduction

2.2 System Model

2.3 Network Densification

2.4 Higher Frequency Bands

2.5 Multi-antenna Techniques and Beamforming

2.6 Scheduling

2.7 Energy Efficiency

2.8 What Is Different in Ultra-Dense Small Cell Deployments

2.9 Summary and Conclusions

References

3 Automation of Cellular Networks

3.1 Introduction

3.2 Self-Organizing Network Use Cases and Standardization

3.3 Intelligent Techniques for Self-Organizing Networks

3.4 Case Studies

3.5 Summary and Conclusions

References

PART II COVERAGE AND CAPACITY OPTIMIZATION

4 Frequency Assignment and Access Methods

4.1 Introduction

4.2 Frequency Assignment Approaches

4.3 Access Methods

4.4 Co-channel Operation of Residential Femtocells

4.5 Multi-carrier Soft-Reuse

4.6 Summary and Conclusions

References

5 Coverage and Capacity Optimization for Indoor Cells

5.1 Introduction

5.2 Initial Configuration of Coverage

5.3 Coverage Optimization of Residential Femtocells

5.4 Coverage Optimization of Femtocell Groups

5.5 Summary and Conclusions

References

6 Coverage and Capacity Optimization for Outdoor Cells

6.1 Introduction

6.2 Cell Range Expansion

6.3 Cell Range Expansion Bias Optimization

6.4 Coverage Optimization by Using Switched Multi-element Antenna Systems

6.5 Summary and Conclusions

Appendix 6.A: Proof of Theorem 1

Appendix 6.B: Proof of Theorem 2

Appendix 6.C: Proof of Theorem 3

Appendix 6.D: Derivation of REB for a Desired Coverage Radius

Notes

References

PART III INTERFERENCE MANAGEMENT

7 Frequency-Domain Inter-cell Interference Coordination: Frequency-Domain Inter-cell Interference Coordination

7.1 Introduction

7.2 Carrier Aggregation in LTE-Advanced

7.3 Protocol Architecture and Implementation Aspects

7.4 HetNet Deployments

7.5 Summary and Conclusions

Notes

References

8 Time-Domain Inter-cell Interference Coordination: Time-Domain Inter-cell Interference Coordination

8.1 Introduction

8.2 Almost Blank Subframes

8.3 Configuration and Optimization

8.4 Non-linear Relaxation Approach

8.5 Stochastic Relaxation Approach

8.6 Summary and Conclusions

Notes

References

9 The Sector Offset Configuration

9.1 Introduction

9.2 Macrocell Tier with Horizontal Sector Offset Configuration

9.3 Macrocell Tier with Horizontal and Vertical Sector Offset Configuration

9.4 Small Cell Tier with Sector Offset Configuration

9.5 Scenario and System Model

9.6 Performance Comparison for Macrocell-Only Scenario

9.7 Performance Comparison for HetNet Scenario

9.8 Summary and Conclusions

Notes

References

10 Control Channel Inter-cell Interference Coordination

10.1 Introduction

10.2 Concept of Orthogonally Filled Subframes

10.3 Formal Definition

10.4 Implementation

10.5 Performance Evaluation

10.6 Summary and Conclusions

Notes

References

11 Uplink-Oriented Optimization in Heterogeneous Networks

11.1 Introduction

11.2 3G CDMA Heterogeneous Networks

11.3 4G LTE Heterogeneous Networks

11.4 Summary and Conclusions

Notes

References

PART IV MOBILITY MANAGEMENT AND ENERGY EFFICIENCY

12 Mobility Management

12.1 Introduction

12.2 The Handover Process

12.3 Radio Link failure, Handover Failure and Unnecessary Handovers

12.4 Mobility Challenges in Heterogeneous Networks

12.5 Mobility Performance in Heterogeneous Networks

12.6 Mobility Optimization in Heterogeneous Networks

12.7 Mobility State Estimation

12.8 Summary and Conclusions

References

13 Dormant Cells and Idle Modes

13.1 Introduction

13.2 Potential Energy Saving gains of Deploying Small Cells

13.3 Distributed Idle Mode Procedure for Small Cell Base Stations

13.4 Centralized Idle Mode Procedure for Small Cell Base Stations

13.5 Summary and Conclusions

References

PART V SMALL CELL DEPLOYMENT

14 Backhaul for Small Cells

14.1 Introduction

14.2 Wireless Backhaul

14.3 Wired Backhaul

14.4 Cost

14.5 Summary and Conclusions

References

15 Optimization of Small Cell Deployment

15.1 Introduction

15.2 Overview of the Small Cell Site Selection Process

15.3 UE Traffic Demand Map Generation

15.4 Small Cell Deployment Optimization

15.5 Summary and Conclusions

References

PART VI FUTURE TRENDS AND APPLICATIONS

16 Ultra-Dense Networks

16.1 Introduction

16.2 The Attocell

16.3 Challenges in Attocell Deployments and Operation

16.4 Simulation of an Attocell Deployment

16.5 Simulations of Mobility

16.6 Future Enhancements

16.7 Summary and Conclusions

References

17 HetNet Applications

17.1 Introduction

17.2 Localized and Personalized Push Services

17.3 Proximity and Presence Detection

17.4 Indoor Localization

17.5 Home Automation

17.6 Local Access Control

17.7 Summary and Conclusions

References

A SIMULATING HETNETS

A.1 Introduction

A.2 Network Layout Modeling

A.3 Antenna Gain Modeling

A.4 Path-Loss Modeling

A.5 Environment Loss Modeling

A.6 Shadow Fading Modeling

A.7 Multi-path Fading Gain Modeling

A.8 Received Signal Strength and Quality Modeling

A.9 Throughput Modeling

A.10 User Equipment Location and Traffic Modeling

A.11 Mobility Modeling

A.12 Summary and Conclusions

References

INDEX

IEEE Press Series on: Networks and Services Management

EULA

List of Tables

Chapter 2

Table 2.1

Table 2.2

Table 2.3

Chapter 3

Table 3.1

Table 3.2

Chapter 4

Table 4.1

Table 4.2

Chapter 5

Table 5.1

Table 5.2

Table 5.3

Chapter 7

Table 7.1

Table 7.2

Chapter 8

Table 8.1

Table 8.2

Table 8.3

Table 8.4

Chapter 9

Table 9.1

Table 9.2

Table 9.3

Table 9.4

Chapter 10

Table 10.1

Table 10.2

Table 10.3

Table 10.4

Chapter 11

Table 11.1

Table 11.2

Table 11.3

Chapter 12

Table 12.1

Table 12.2

Chapter 13

Table 13.1

Table 13.2

Chapter 14

Table 14.1

Table 14.2

Table 14.3

Chapter 15

Table 15.1

Table 15.2

Table 15.3

Chapter 16

Table 16.1

A

Table A.1

Table A.2

Table A.3

Table A.4

Table A.5

Table A.6

Table A.7

Table A.8

Table A.9

Table A.10

Guide

Cover

Table of Contents

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I

II

ABOUT THE AUTHORS

Dr. Holger Claussen is the leader of the Small Cells Research Department of Nokia Bell Labs located in Ireland and the United States. In this role, he and his team are innovating in all areas related to future evolution, deployment, and operation of small cell networks to enable exponential growth in mobile data traffic. His research in this domain has been commercialized in Nokia’s (formerly Alcatel-Lucent’s) Small Cell product portfolio and continues to have significant impact. He received the 2014 World Technology Award in the individual category Communications Technology for innovative work of the “greatest likely long-term significance”. Prior to this, Holger was the head of the Autonomous Networks and Systems Research Department at Bell Labs Ireland, where he directed research in the area of self-managing networks to enable the first large-scale femtocell deployments from 2009 onward. Holger joined Bell Labs in 2004, where he began his research in the areas of network optimization, cellular architectures, and improving energy efficiency of networks. Holger received his Ph.D. degree in signal processing for digital communications from the University of Edinburgh, UK, in 2004. He is the author of more than 100 publications and 120 filed patent families. He is a fellow of the World Technology Network, a senior member of the IEEE, and a member of the IET.

Dr. David López-Pérez is a member of technical staff in the Small Cells Research Department of Nokia Bell Labs in Ireland. Prior to this, David received B.Sc. and M.Sc. degrees in telecommunication from Miguel Hernandez University, Spain, in 2003 and 2006, respectively, and Ph.D. degree in wireless networking from the University of Bedfordshire, UK, in 2011. David was also an RF engineer with Vodafone, Spain, from 2005 to 2006, and a research associate with King's College London, UK, from 2010 to 2011. David has authored the book Heterogeneous Cellular Networks: Theory, Simulation and Deployment (Cambridge University Press, 2012), as well as more than 100 book chapters, journal articles, and conference papers, all in recognized venues. He also holds more than 35 patent applications. David received the Ph.D. Marie-Curie Fellowship in 2007 and the IEEE ComSoc Best Young Professional Industry Award in 2016. He was also a finalist for the Scientist of the Year prize in the Irish Laboratory Awards in 2013 and 2015. He is an editor of IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications since 2016 and he was awarded Exemplary Reviewer of IEEE Communications Letters in 2011. He is or has also been a guest editor of a number of journals, for example, IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications and IEEE Communication Magazine.

Dr. Lester Ho is a distinguished member of technical staff in the Small Cells Research department of Nokia Bell Labs in Ireland. He obtained his B.Eng. degree in electronic engineering in 1999, and his Ph.D. degree on self-organizing wireless networks in 2003, both from the University of London. He joined Bell Labs, which was then part of Lucent Technologies, in 2003, where he performed research in various topics in wireless communications, particularly in small cells, self-organizing networks, and network optimization techniques, many of which can be found in commercial deployments today. He has over 40 patents granted, as well as more than 40 publications in journals, conference papers, and book chapters. He is a senior member of the IEEE, and the recipient of the Eckermann-TJA Prize in 2008, and a finalist for the Scientist of the Year prize in the Irish Laboratory Awards in 2014.

Dr. Rouzbeh Razavi received a master’s degree with distinction in information systems and a Ph.D. in computer science, both from the University of Essex, UK. He is currently a faculty member in the Department of Management and Information Systems at the Kent State University, OH, USA. Prior to this, Dr. Razavi was a director in the Group Decision Sciences at the Commonwealth Bank of Australia in New York. Before joining the Commonwealth Bank of Australia, Rouzbeh served as a senior research data scientist at SAP and as a member of technical staff in the Small Cells Research Department of Nokia Bell Labs in Ireland for several years. He has been supervising a number of Ph.D. students and post-doctoral researchers and has published more than 60 technical papers in peer-reviewed journals and conferences. In addition, he has authored five book chapters and filed more than 30 patent applications. Rouzbeh is a senior member of the IEEE and recipient of best paper awards from two international conferences.

Dr. Stepan Kucera is a member of technical staff in the

FOREWORD

Over just the last 3 decades communication networks have evolved from simply delivering voice over copper wires to a set of fixed locations (homes, businesses, phone booths, etc.) to connecting over 3.7 billion people wirelessly to a seemingly infinite amount of information accessible in any location, anywhere and at any time.

Despite this remarkable transformation, today we are on the brink of another networking revolution wherein not only all people, but also all machines, systems, processes and devices will be wirelessly connected, with optimised access to a near-unlimited pool of computing and processing resources. This will allow people and automata to digitise, communicate with, and control much of the physical world, which, in turn, will allow a manifest simplification of many aspects of work or personal life. In essence, this simplification by automation will augment human perception and capabilities, to increase the ability to perform tasks and, in effect, to save time.

In order to accomplish this remarkable human transformation, over the next 10 years the capacity of the enabling networks will have to increase by a factor of 100×. To enable such growth, fundamental changes in the way we design, deploy, and operate future networks are required. Future networks will have to be built from a dense array of small cells to allow the massive re-use of the limited low frequency spectrum (<6GHz frequency) and the widespread use of limited-range high frequency (>6GHz) spectrum. In turn, these small cells will have to be connected via an ultra-fast, and low latency backhaul network to a massively-distributed `cloud' of servers, that will host the set of critical `life-enabling' applications, and provide real time analytics, with the requisite privacy and security protections. This book focuses on describing the creation and deployment of these small cells, and the many associated challenges in terms of network design, deployment and optimisation.

The authors of this book have played a pioneering role in the fundamental understanding of small cells and heterogeneous networks, and invented many of the key technologies that underpin small cells. For example, they have pioneered scalable network architectures, and self-configuration and optimisation techniques that have allowed small cells to be deployed with high efficiency and sustainable economics. As a result, for the first time, cellular small cell networks can now be simply deployed without extensive (and expensive) planning, manual configuration or a specialised field force. Their work has paved the way for the commercial small cell deployments, which now number more than 13 million cells, exceeding already the number of conventional macrocells worldwide by more than a factor of 2. Today, it is recognised that small cells are an essential component of future networks, and will form the foundation of all ultra-high capacity (>1Gbps) wireless networks going forward.

This book provides a comprehensive view of the network evolution towards future networks where the majority of capacity will be provided by small cells. It begins by describing the fundamental challenges of enabling a 100× scaling of cellular capacity, and key requirements such as full network automation to enable cost effective deployment and operation. The authors then discuss critical technical elements such as frequency assignment and access methods, coverage and capacity optimisation, interference management, mobility management, energy efficiency and idle modes, backhaul, deployment planning, the management of ultra-dense and heterogeneous networks, and future ultra-high capacity applications. Finally, they provide the detailed model and methodology for simulating and evaluating small cell networks that is used throughout the book.

The innovations described in this book will have a lasting impact on how future wireless networks are architected, deployed and used, not only in the near term (legacy 3G and current 4G networks), but as an essential part of the next generation 5G networks that will be deployed in 2020 and beyond. Researchers, network designers and operators will find this book provides invaluable insights and an in-depth understanding of the foundation of future networks – networks that will form a new digital fabric that will redefine human existence and transform societies and economics. As such, this book will allow the reader to not only understand the past and present, but also the future – and that is undoubtedly time well spent!

DR. MARCUS WELDON

CTO of Nokia and President of Nokia Bell Labs

ACRONYMS

3G

third-generation

3GPP

Third-Generation Partnership Project

4G

fourth-generation

5G

fifth-generation

AAA

authentication, authorisation and accounting

ABS

almost blank subframe

ACK

acknowledgment

ADC

analog-to-digital converter

AGG

aggressor cell

ANR

automatic neighbor relation

AoA

angle of arrival

API

application programming interface

AR

augmented reality

AWGN

additive white Gaussian noise

BER

bit error rate

BLER

block error rate

BS

base station

CA

closed access

CaCo

carrier component

CAG

carrier aggregation

CAPEX

capital expenditure

CCE

control channel element

CCO

coverage and capacity optimization

CDF

cumulative distribution function

CDMA

code division multiple access

CESM

capacity effective SINR mapping

CFI

control format indicator

CGI

cell global identity

CIF

carrier indicator field

CIO

cell individual offset

CIR

channel impulse response

COC

cell outage compensation

COD

cell outage detection

CoMP

coordinated multi-point

CP

cycle prefix

CPICH

common pilot channel

CQI

channel quality indicator

C-RAN

cloud radio access network

CRE

cell range expansion

C-RNTI

cell radio network temporary identifier

CRS

cell-specific reference symbol

CRT

cell re-selection threshold

CSG

closed subscriber group

CSI

channel state information

CSI-RS

channel state information-reference signals

CSO

cell selection offset

CV

cross-validation

DAC

digital-to-analog converter

DC

direct current

DC-HSPA

dual-carrier high-speed packet access

DCI

downlink control information

DFT

discrete Fourier transform

DFTS

discrete Fourier transform spread

DHCP

dynamic host control protocol

DL

downlink

DRS

discovery reference signal

DRX

discontinuous reception

DSL

digital subscriber line

DSLAM

digital subscriber line access multiplexer

DSP

digital signal processor

DT

decision tree

DTX

discontinuous transmission

EA

evolutionary algorithm

EESM

exponential effective SINR mapping

eICIC

enhanced inter-cell interference coordination

ELF

evolutionary learning of fuzzy rules

EMR

electromagnetic radiation

eNodeB

evolved NodeB

EPB

equal path-loss boundary

EPC

evolved packet core

EPDCCH

enhanced physical downlink control channel

EPS

evolved packet system

ESB

equal downlink received signal strength boundary

E-UTRA

evolved UTRA

FARL

fuzzy-assisted reinforcement learning

FCC

Federal Communications Commission

FDD

frequency division duplexing

FDTD

finite-difference time-domain

FFR

fractional frequency reuse

FFT

fast Fourier transform

FPC

fractional power control

FPGA

field-programmable gate array

FTP

file transfer protocol

FTTx

fiber to the x

GA

genetic algorithm

GBR

guaranteed bitrate

GCI

global cell identity

GNSS

global navigation satellite system

GP

genetic programming

GPON

gigabit passive optical network

GPS

global positioning system

GSM

global system for mobile communication

GTP

GPRS tunnel protocol

GTP-U

GPRS tunnel protocol—user plane

HARQ

hybrid automatic repeat request

HCN

heterogeneous cellular network

HetNet

heterogeneous network

HiFi

high-fidelity

HII

high-interference indicator

HO

handover

HOF

handover failure

HSB

hotspot boundary

HSDPA

high-speed downlink packet access

HSPA

high-speed packet access

HVAC

heating, ventilating, and air conditioning

ICIC

inter-cell interference coordination

ICT

information communication technology

IDFT

inverse discrete Fourier transform

IE

information element

IEEE

Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers

IFA

Inverted-F-antennas

IFFT

inverse fast Fourier transform

IIR

infinite impulse response

IOI

interference overload indicator

IP

Internet protocol

ISD

inter-site distance

ITU

International Telecommunication Union

JFI

Jain’s fairness index

KPI

key performance indicator

KNN

k

-nearest neighbors

LDA

linear discriminant analysis

LOS

line-of-sight

LPC

logical PDCCH candidate

LSAS

large-scale antenna system

LTE

long-term evolution

LTE-A

long-term evolution advanced

LUT

look-up table

MAC

medium access control

MBMS

multicast-broadcast multimedia service

MBSFN

multicast-broadcast single-frequency network

MCB

main circuit board

MCS

modulation and coding scheme

MCSR

multi-carrier soft reuse

MDT

minimization of drive tests

MEA

multi-element antenna

MeNodeB

Master eNodeB

MIESM

mutual information effective SINR mapping

MIMO

multiple-input multiple-output

MLB

mobility load balancing

MME

mobility management entity

MNO

mobile network operator

MPC

multi-path components

MR

measurement report

MRC

maximal ratio combining

MRO

mobility robustness optimization

MRT

maximum ratio transmission

MSE

mobility state estimation

MUE

macrocell user equipment

MU-MIMO

multi-user MIMO

MVNO

mobile virtual network operators

NACK

negative acknowledgment

NAS

nonaccess stratum

NB

Naive Bayes

NGMN

next-generation mobile networks

NLOS

non-line-of-sight

NN

nearest neighbor

OAM

operation, administration, and maintenance

ODA

omni-directional antenna

ODU

optical distribution unit

OFDM

orthogonal frequency division multiplexing

OFDMA

orthogonal frequency division multiple access

OFS

orthogonally filled subframe

OLT

optical line termination

OPEX

operational expenditure

OTT

over-the-top

PAPR

peak-to-average power ratio

PBCH

physical broadcast channel

PC

power control

PCB

printed circuit board

PCC

primary carrier component

PCell

primary cell

PCFICH

physical control format indicator channel

PCI