Smart Grid E-Book

Janaka B. Ekanayake

• Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
• Kategorie: Wissenschaft und neue Technologien
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 365

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2012

Beschreibung

Electric power systems worldwide face radical transformation with the need to decarbonise electricity supply, replace ageing assets and harness new information and communication technologies (ICT). The Smart Grid uses advanced ICT to control next generation power systems reliably and efficiently. This authoritative guide demonstrates the importance of the Smart Grid and shows how ICT will extend beyond transmission voltages to distribution networks and customer-level operation through Smart Meters and Smart Homes. Smart Grid Technology and Applications: * Clearly unravels the evolving Smart Grid concept with extensive illustrations and practical examples. * Describes the spectrum of key enabling technologies required for the realisation of the Smart Grid with worked examples to illustrate the applications. * Enables readers to engage with the immediate development of the power system and take part in the debate over the future Smart Grid. * Introduces the constituent topics from first principles, assuming only a basic knowledge of mathematics, circuits and power systems. * Brings together the expertise of a highly experienced and international author team from the UK, Sri Lanka, China and Japan. Electrical, electronics and computer engineering researchers, practitioners and consultants working in inter-disciplinary Smart Grid RD&D will significantly enhance their knowledge through this reference. The tutorial style will greatly benefit final year undergraduate and master's students as the curriculum increasing focuses on the breadth of technologies that contribute to Smart Grid realisation.

Leseprobe

Contents

Cover

Title Page

Copyright

About the Authors

Preface

Acknowledgements

List of Abbreviations

1: The Smart Grid

1.1 Introduction

1.2 Why implement the Smart Grid now?

1.3 What is the Smart Grid?

1.4 Early Smart Grid initiatives

1.5 Overview of the technologies required for the Smart Grid

Part I: Information and Communication Technologies

2: Data Communication

2.1 Introduction

2.2 Dedicated and shared communication channels

2.3 Switching techniques

2.4 Communication channels

2.5 Layered architecture and protocols

3: Communication Technologies for the Smart Grid

3.1 Introduction

3.2 Communication technologies

3.3 Standards for information exchange

4: Information Security for the Smart Grid

4.1 Introduction

4.2 Encryption and decryption

4.3 Authentication

4.4 Digital signatures

4.5 Cyber security standards

Part II: Sensing, Measurement, Control and Automation Technologies

5: Smart Metering and Demand-Side Integration

5.1 Introduction

5.2 Smart metering

5.3 Smart meters: An overview of the hardware used

5.4 Communications infrastructure and protocols for smart metering

5.5 Demand-side integration

6: Distribution Automation Equipment

6.1 Introduction

6.2 Substation automation equipment

6.3 Faults in the distribution system

6.4 Voltage regulation

7: Distribution Management Systems

7.1 Introduction

7.2 Data sources and associated external systems

7.3 Modelling and analysis tools

7.4 Applications

8: Transmission System Operation

8.1 Introduction

8.2 Data sources

8.3 Energy management systems

8.4 Wide area applications

8.5 Visualisation techniques

Part III: Power Electronics and Energy Storage

9: Power Electronic Converters

9.1 Introduction

9.2 Current source converters

9.3 Voltage source converters

10: Power Electronics in the Smart Grid

10.1 Introduction

10.2 Renewable energy generation

10.3 Fault current limiting

10.4 Shunt compensation

10.5 Series compensation

11: Power Electronics for Bulk Power Flows

11.1 Introduction

11.2 FACTS

11.3 HVDC

12: Energy Storage

12.1 Introduction

12.2 Energy storage technologies

12.3 Case study 1: Energy storage for wind power

12.4 Case study 2: Agent-based control of electrical vehicle battery charging

Color Plate

Index

This edition first published 2012 © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Smart grid : technology and applications / Janaka Ekanayake … [et al.]. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-470-97409-4 (cloth) 1. Smart power grids. I. Ekanayake, J. B. (Janaka B.) TK3105.S677 2012 621.31–dc23 2011044006

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.

Print ISBN: 978-0-470-97409-4

About the Authors

Janaka Ekanayake received his BSc Eng Degree in Electrical and Electronic Engineering from the University of Peradeniya, Sri Lanka, in 1990 and his PhD in Electrical Engineering from the University of Manchester Institute of Science and Technology (UMIST), UK in 1995. He is presently a Senior Lecturer at Cardiff University, UK. Prior to that he was a Professor in the Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Peradeniya. His main research interests include power electronic applications for power systems, renewable energy generation and its integration. He is a Chartered Engineer, a Fellow of the IET, a Senior Member of IEEE, and a member of the IESL. He has published more than 30 papers in refereed journals and has also co-authored three books.

Kithsri M. Liyanage is attached to the Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Peradeniya, Sri Lanka, as a Professor. He obtained his BSc Eng from the University of Peradeniya in 1983 and his Dr Eng from the University of Tokyo in 1991. He was a Visiting Scientist at the Department of Electrical Engineering, the University of Washington, from 1993 to 1994 and a Visiting Research Fellow at the Advanced Centre for Power and Environmental Technology, the University of Tokyo, Japan, from 2008 to 2010. He has authored or co-authored more than 30 papers related to Smart Grid applications and control since 2009. His research interest is mainly in the application of ICT for the realisation of the Smart Grid.

Jianzhong Wu received his BSc, MSc and PhD in 1999, 2001 and 2004 respectively, from Tianjin University, China. He was an Associate Professor in Tianjin University, and then moved to the University of Manchester as a research fellow in 2006. Since 2008, he has been a lecturer at the Cardiff School of Engineering. His main research interests include Energy Infrastructure and Smart Grids. He has a track record of undertaking a number of EU and other funded projects. He is a member of the IET, the IEEE and the ACM. He has published more than 30 papers and co-authored one book.

Akihiko Yokoyama received his BS, MS and PhD in 1979, 1981 and 1984 respectively, from the University of Tokyo, Japan. Since 2000, he has been a Professor in the Department of Electrical Engineering, the University of Tokyo. He has been a Visiting Scholar at the University of Texas at Arlington and the University of California at Berkeley. His main research interests include power system analysis and control and Smart Grids. He is a Senior Member of the Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan (IEEJ), the Japan Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (JSIAM), the IEEE and a member of CIGRE.

Nick Jenkins was at the University of Manchester (UMIST) from 1992 to 2008. He then moved to Cardiff University where he is now Professor of Renewable Energy. His previous career had included 14 years industrial experience, of which five years were in developing countries. While at Cardiff University he has developed teaching and research activities in electrical power engineering and renewable energy. He is a Fellow of the IET, the IEEE and the Royal Academy of Engineering. He is a Distinguished Member of CIGRE and from 2009 to 2011 was the Shimizu Visiting Professor to the Atmosphere and Energy Program at Stanford University, USA.

Preface

Electric power systems throughout the world are facing radical change stimulated by the pressing need to decarbonise electricity supply, to replace ageing assets and to make effective use of rapidly developing information and communication technologies (ICTs). These aims all converge in the Smart Grid. The Smart Grid uses advanced information and communication to control this new energy system reliably and efficiently. Some ICT infrastructure already exists for transmission voltages but at present there is very little real-time communication either to or from the customer or in distribution circuits.

The Smart Grid vision is to give much greater visibility to lower voltage networks and to enable the participation of customers in the operation of the power system, particularly through Smart Meters and Smart Homes. The Smart Grid will support improved energy efficiency and allow a much greater utilisation of renewables. Smart Grid research and development is currently well funded in the USA, the UK, China, Japan and the EU. It is an important research topic in all parts of the world and the source of considerable commercial interest.

The aim of the book is to provide a basic discussion of the Smart Grid concept and then, in some detail, to describe the technologies that are required for its realisation. Although the Smart Grid concept is not yet fully defined, the book will be valuable in describing the key enabling technologies and thus permitting the reader to engage with the immediate development of the power system and take part in the debate over the future of the Smart Grid.

This book is the outcome of the authors’ experience in teaching to undergraduate and MSc students in China, Japan, Sri Lanka, the UK and the USA and in carrying out research. The content of the book is grouped into three main technologies:

1. Part I Information and communication systems (Chapters 2–4)

2. Part II Sensing, measurement, control and automation (Chapters 5–8)

3. Part III Power electronics and energy storage (Chapters 9–12).

These three groups of technologies are presented in three Parts in this book and are relatively independent of each other. For a course module on an MEng or MSc in power systems or energy Chapters 2-4, 5-7 and 9-11 are likely to be most relevant, whereas for a more general module on the Smart Grid, Chapters 2–5 and Chapters 9 and 12 are likely to be most appropriate.

The technical content of the book includes specialised topics that will appeal to engineers from various disciplines looking to enhance their knowledge of technologies that are making an increasing contribution to the realisation of the Smart Grid.

Acknowledgements

We would like to acknowledge contributions from colleagues and individuals without whom this project will not be a success. Particular thanks are due to Toshiba, S&C Electric Europe Ltd., Tokyo Electric Power Co., Japan Wind and Tianda Qiushi Power New Technology Co. Ltd. for generously making available a number of photographs. Also we would like to thank John Lacari for checking the numerical examples; Jun Liang, Lee Thomas, Alasdair Burchill, Panagiotis Papadopoulos, Carlos Ugalde-Loo and Iñaki Grau for providing information for Chapters 5, 11 and 12; Mahesh Sooriyabandara for checking some chapters; and Luke Livermore, Kamal Samarakoon, Yan He, Sugath Jayasinghe and Bieshoy Awad who helped in numerous ways.

List of Abbreviations

2-D2-dimensional3-D3-dimensional3G3rd Generation mobile systems3GPP3rd Generation Partnership ProjectACLAsynchronous Connectionless LinkADCAnalogue to Digital Conversion or ConverterADMDAfter Diversity Maximum DemandADSLAsymmetric Digital Subscriber LineADSSAll-Dielectric Self-SupportingAESAdvanced Encryption StandardAGCAutomatic Generation ControlAMAutomated MappingAMMAutomatic Meter ManagementAMRAutomatic Meter ReadingARIMAAutoregressive Integrated Moving AverageARIMAXAutoregressive Integrated Moving Average with exogenous variablesARMAAutoregressive Moving AverageARMAXAutoregressive Moving Average with exogenous variablesARPANETAdvanced Research Projects Agency NetworkASDsAdjustable Speed DrivesASKAmplitude Shift KeyingAVCAutomatic Voltage ControlBESBattery Energy StorageBEVBattery Electric VehiclesBPLBroadband over Power LineCBCircuit BreakerCCConstant CurrentCICustomer InterruptionsCIMCommon Information ModelCISCustomer Information SystemCMLCustomer Minutes LostCOSEMCompanion Specification for Energy MeteringCSCCurrent Source ConverterCSC-HVDCCurrent Source Converter High Voltage DCCSMA/CDCarrier Sense Multiple Access/Collision DetectCTCurrent TransformerCTIComputer Telephony IntegrationCVConstant VoltageCVTCapacitor Voltage TransformersDACDigital to Analogue ConverterDARPADefense Advanced Research Project AgencyDBDemand BiddingDCCDiode-Clamped ConverterDERDistributed Energy ResourcesDESData Encryption StandardDFIGDoubly Fed Induction GeneratorsDGDistributed GenerationDLCDirect Load ControlDMSDistribution Management SystemDMSCDistribution Management System ControllerDNODistribution Network OperatorsDNSDomain Name ServerDRDemand ResponseDSBDemand-Side BiddingDSIDemand-Side IntegrationDSLDigital Subscriber LinesDSMDemand-Side ManagementDSPDigital Signal ProcessorDSRDemand-Side ResponseDVRDynamic Voltage RestorerEDGEEnhanced Data Rates for GSM EvolutionEMIElectromagnetic InterferenceEMSEnergy Management SystemESSExtended Service SetEUEuropean UnionEVElectric VehiclesFACTSFlexible AC Transmission SystemsFCLFault Current LimitersFCSFrame Check SequenceFFDFull Function DeviceFMFacilities ManagementFPCFull Power ConverterFSIGFixed Speed Induction GeneratorFSKFrequency Shift KeyingFTPFile Transfer ProtocolGEOGeostationary OrbitGGSNGateway GPRS Support NodeGISGas Insulated SubstationsGISGeographic Information SystemGPRSGeneral Packet Radio ServiceGPSGlobal Positioning SystemGSMGlobal System for Mobile CommunicationsGTOGate Turn-off (Thyristor)HANHome-Area NetworkHDLCHigh-Level Data Link ControlHMIHuman Machine InterfaceHTTPHypertext Transfer ProtocolHVACHeating, Ventilation, Air ConditioningHVDCHigh Voltage DCICTInformation and Communication TechnologyIEDIntelligent Electronic DeviceIGBTInsulated Gate Bipolar TransistorIGCTInsulated Gate Commutated ThyristorIPInternet ProtocolIPFCInterline Power Flow ControllerIPngIP Next GenerationIPsecInternet Protocol SecurityITEInformation Technology EquipmentKDCKey Distribution CentreLANLocal Area NetworkLCDLiquid Crystal DisplaysLEDLight Emitting DiodesLLCLogical Link ControlLMULine Matching UnitLOLPLoss of Load ProbabilityM2CMulti-Modular ConverterMASMulti Agent SystemMDMessage DigestMDMMetre Data Management systemMETIMinistry of Economy, Trade and IndustryMGCCMicroGrid Central ControllersMMSManufacturing Message SpecificationMOSFETMetal Oxide Semiconductor Field Effect TransistorMPLSMulti Protocol Label SwitchingMPPTMaximum Power Point TrackingMSBMost Significant BitMTSOMobile Telephone Switching OfficeNANNeighbourhood Area NetworkNERC CIPNorth America Electric Reliability Corporation – Critical Infrastructure ProtectionNOPNormally Open PointNPCNeutral-Point-ClampedOCGTOpen Cycle Gas TurbinesOFDMOrthogonal Frequency MultiplexingOFDMAOrthogonal Frequency Division Multiple AccessOLTCsOn-Load Tap ChangersOMSOutage Management SystemOPGWOPtical Ground WiresPCMPulse Code ModulationPDCPhasor Data ConcentratorPETPolyethylene TerephathalatePGAProgrammable Gain AmplifierPHEVPlug-in Hybrid Electric VehiclesPLCPower Line CarrierPLLPhase Locked LoopPMUPhasor Measurement UnitsPSKPhase Shift KeyingPSSPower System StabilisersPSTNPublic Switched Telephone NetworkPVPhotovoltaicPWMPulse Width ModulationRFDReduced Function DeviceRMURing Main UnitRTURemote Terminal UnitSAPSession Announcement ProtocolSCADASupervisory Control and Data AcquisitionSCESouthern California EdisonSCOSynchronous Connection OrientatedSGCCState Grid Corporation of ChinaSGSNServing GPRS Support NodeSHASecure Hash AlgorithmSMESSuperconducting Magnetic Energy StorageSMTPSimple Mail Transfer ProtocolSNRSignal to Noise RatioSOCState Of ChargeSVCStatic Var CompensatorTCPTransmission Control ProtocolTCRThyristor Controlled ReactorTCSCThyristor Controlled Series CapacitorTHDTotal Harmonic DistortionTSCThyristor Switched CapacitorTSSCThyristor Switched Series CapacitorUHVUltra High VoltageUMLUnified Modelling LanguageUPFCUnified Power Flow ControllerUPSUninterruptable Power SuppliesURLUniform Resource LocatorUTPUnshielded Twisted PairVPNVirtual Private NetworkVPPVirtual Power PlantVSCVoltage Source ConverterVSC-ESVoltage Source Converters with Energy StorageVSC-HVDCVoltage Source Converter HVDCVTVoltage TransformerWAMPACWide Area Monitoring, Protection and ControlWAMSsWide-Area Measurement SystemsWANWide Area NetworkWiMaxWorldwide Interoperability for Microwave AccessWLANWireless LANWLAVWeighted Least Absolute ValueWLSWeighted Least SquareWPANWireless Public Area NetworksXORExclusive OR

1

The Smart Grid

1.1 Introduction

Established electric power systems, which have developed over the past 70 years, feed electrical power from large central generators up through generator transformers to a high voltage interconnected network, known as the transmission grid. Each individual generator unit, whether powered by hydropower, nuclear power or fossil fuelled, is large with a rating of up to 1000 MW. The transmission grid is used to transport the electrical power, sometimes over considerable distances, and this power is then extracted and passed through a series of distribution transformers to final circuits for delivery to the end customers.