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- Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
- Kategorie: Wissenschaft und neue Technologien
- Sprache: Englisch
Following the rapid development of connected technologies, which are now highly sophisticated and spread across the globe, Society 5.0 has emerged and brought with it a dramatic societal shift.
In 1998, Kodak, the world leader in photographic film, had 170,000 employees. It thus seemed unthinkable that just 3 years later, the majority of people would stop taking photographs to paper film and that Kodak would have disappeared. These are the stakes of this new society that is taking shape.
This book, which does not seek to critique current politics, management or marketing literature, aims to fight against the excesses of this often-misunderstood Society 5.0 and to present the ideas and associated technologies that comprise it, all working towards societal improvement. Among these technologies, artificial intelligence, robotics, digital platforms and 3D printing are undoubtedly the most important, and thus receive the greatest focus.
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Table of Contents
Cover
Foreword
Preface
Introduction
I.1. Artificial intelligence
I.2. 3D printing
I.3. Platform economy and “servitization”
1 Society 5.0, Its Logic and Its Construction
1.1. The origins of society 5.0
1.2. The ancient ages
1.3. Cybernics or cyber-physical systems
1.4. The Council on Competitiveness-Nippon (COCN)
1.5. The lessons of history
1.6. The decision variables of society 5.0
1.7. The contribution of the first revolution
1.8. Humanity 2.0 and society 5.0
1.9. The new role of society 5.0: a return to bio?
1.10. Growing sectors and lagging sectors
1.11. The elements of society 5.0
2 From Society 5.0 to Its Associated Policies
2.1. The place of politics in organizations
2.2. The implementation of national policies
2.3. The notion of walls
2.4. New political attitudes
2.5. The role of governments
3 Industry 4.0 at the Core of Society 5.0
3.1. Business in society 5.0
3.2. The firm: a general theory
3.3. The determinants of the factory of the future
3.4. The different types of factories of the future
3.5. The regulatory determinants of the factory of the future
3.6. The main questions regarding the factory of the future
3.7. Changes related to the factory of the future
3.8. Daily management
3.9. Additive manufacturing technologies
3.10. The example of the textile industry
4 The City and Mobility 3.0
4.1. Research
4.2. The link between smart vehicles and road infrastructure
5 Information Technology 2.0, the Foundation of Society 5.0
5.1. The reference to Jean-Paul Sartre
5.2. The “Sartrian” man in the digital world
5.3. Schemata
5.4. Data in their environment
5.5. The impact of the digital world
5.6. The digital shift of organizations
5.7. ICT infrastructure
5.8. Primitive technologies
5.9. Recent technologies
6 Society 5.0 and the Management of the Future
6.1. The firm from the managerial viewpoint
6.2. The definition of market
6.3. Marketing
6.4. The logics: need, desire, expectation and demand
6.5. New managerial skills
6.6. Boredom comes from repetition
6.7. Customer satisfaction
6.8. Resistance to consumption
6.9. Recovery, gleaning, etc.
6.10. Customer relationship management: an essential tool
6.11. The holistic approach to management
6.12. The hacker’s position
6.13. Feeble signals for understanding evolution
6.14. The generations
6.15. Skills and generations
7 The Consequences of the End of Major Innovations
7.1. The end of the major innovations: some observations
7.2. Marketing philosophy as a vehicle for enhancing technology
7.3. The new forms of innovation
7.4. The globalization of research
7.5. The globalization of scientific publications
7.6. The role of bureaucracy in research
7.7. The role of China
7.8. The solution: to restore philosophy, poetry and morality to science and innovation
7.9. The new research in society 5.0
7.10. Innovation related to opportunities
7.11. The paradigm of innovation
7.12. Design thinking
7.13. The risks of innovation
7.14. The lessons of Thomas Edison
7.15. Methods for innovating
7.16. Man in innovation
7.17. The different forms of boredom
7.18. The transgression phenomenon and the transcendence one
7.19. Boredom comes from the ugly
7.20. The search for equilibrium
7.21. Design as a technical answer
7.22. The sources and forms of design
7.23. The other criteria for innovating a product or a service
8 Innovation in Society 5.0
8.1. The innovative product service
8.2. The paradigm shift
8.3. Mash-up forms
8.4. “Co” society
8.5. The sharing of information
8.6. Social networks, Internet and innovation
8.7. The collaborative forms
8.8. Innovation ecosystems
8.9. The evolution of former innovation organizations
8.10. Innovation in human resources
9 “Co” Society
9.1. “Co” society
9.2. The evolution from prosthetic man to the current man
9.3. The split between boredom and innovation
9.4. New innovative strategies
9.5. Porter’s strategic model
9.6. Useful partnerships
9.7. Different types of alliances
9.8. Typology of firms (according to Kotler)
10 The Challenges of Localization, the Market, Skills and Knowledge
10.1. Localization is increasingly losing its interest
10.2. New practices related to the lack of importance of localization
10.3. The importance of reconstruction
10.4. Changes in market shares: why and how?
10.5. The issue of skills and knowledge
10.6. The notion of intellectual capital
10.7. Changes in operational marketing
10.8. Intrusive marketing
10.9. The use of acquired knowledge
10.10. Identification of regulations in documents
10.11. Identification of forms of commitment
10.12. Implementation of normalization
10.13. Organizational consequences
10.14. The impact of change on data
10.15. Changes in programs and processes
10.16. Organizational evolution
10.17. The challenge of generating trust
11 On-Demand Society
11.1. Does boredom have any influence on need, desire, expectation and demand?
11.2. “Servitization”, the products and services of revolution 5.0
11.3. The notion of “servitization”
11.4. The nature of “servitization”
11.5. The paths toward “servitization”
11.6. Enterprise manufacturing services
11.7. The key points of “servitization”: visualization and virtualization
11.8. Recent developments
12 The Economy of Society 5.0
12.1. The new economies
12.2. The problems in the age of connectivity
12.3. Evolution of economy
12.4. Economy related to digital tools
12.5. The power of platforms
12.6. The limits of platforms
12.7. Free economy
12.8. The fight against large firms
12.9. The notion of data visualization
12.10. Technology creating new resources
Conclusion
Bibliography
Index
End User License Agreement
List of Tables
1 Society 5.0, Its Logic and Its Construction
Table 1.1. Emmanuel Macron’s nine specific plans
Table 1.2. Characteristics of society 5.0
2 From Society 5.0 to Its Associated Policies
Table 2.1. The different organizational levels
3 Industry 4.0 at the Core of Society 5.0
Table 3.1. Different marketing stages according to the market’s condition
Table 3.2. Model for industry 4.0
Table 3.3. Determinants of the factory of the future
Table 3.4. Financing the factory of the future
Table 3.5. The conditions of its emergence
4 The City and Mobility 3.0
Table 4.1. Unsolved questions regarding the smart vehicle
Table 4.2. Autonomous car levels
Table 4.3. Type of analysis performed on mobility 3.0, inspired in the work of François Bellanger
5 Information Technology 2.0, the Foundation of Society 5.0
Table 5.1. SWOT analysis
Table 5.2. The three axes of digitization
Table 5.3. The three axes of digitization
6 Society 5.0 and the Management of the Future
Table 6.1. Different phases of management
Table 6.2. The skills needed in society 5.0
Table 6.3. Human resources management
Table 6.4. The transformation cycle, according to Kahane
7 The Consequences of the End of Major Innovations
Table 7.1. Evolution of Intel chips
Table 7.2. Examples of innovation opportunities
Table 7.3. Bissociation innovation (Koestler)
Table 7.4. Examples of entry doors and product services
Table 7.5. The 5Ws
Table 7.6. The risks of innovation
Table 7.7. Products in response to different forms of boredom
Table 7.8. Evolution of the design within society 5.0
Table 7.9. Sources of design
Table 7.10. Sources of design and their different forms
Table 7.11. Innovation criteria
8 Innovation in Society 5.0
Table 8.1. Different types of action on networks
9 “Co” Society
Table 9.1. Types of man and types of society
Table 9.2. Typology of alliances based on Dussauge and Ramanantsoa
10 The Challenges of Localization, the Market, Skills and Knowledge
Table 10.1. Innovation methods and intellectual capital
11 On-Demand Society
Table 11.1. Examples of diverted uses
Table 11.2. The logic of “servitization”
Table 11.3. Functional characteristics of cloud computing
Table 11.4. The formation of value
12 The Economy of Society 5.0
Table 12.1. Different types of economy
Table 12.2. Different types of economy
Table 12.3. Challenges of digital transformation
List of Illustrations
1 Society 5.0, Its Logic and Its Construction
Figure 1.1. Definition of society 5.0. For a color version of the figure, see www.iste.co.uk/salgues/society.zip
2 From Society 5.0 to Its Associated Policies
Figure 2.1. The three levels
Figure 2.2. Political and cultural cloud
3 Industry 4.0 at the Core of Society 5.0
Figure 3.1. Fayol’s budget planning in 1920 and its modification in 1990. For a color version of the figure, see www.iste.co.uk/salgues/society.zip
Figure 3.2. Management components. For a color version of the figure, see www.iste.co.uk/salgues/society.zip
Figure 3.3. Hierarchical structure
Figure 3.4. Functional structure
Figure 3.5. Divisional structure. For a color version of the figure, see www.iste.co.uk/salgues/society.zip
Figure 3.6. Matrix structure
Figure 3.7. “Staff and Line” structure. For a color version of the figure, see www.iste.co.uk/salgues/society.zip
Figure 3.8. Network structure
Figure 3.9. Relationship between environment and structure. For a color version of the figure, see www.iste.co.uk/salgues/society.zip
Figure 3.10. From environment to performance. For a color version of the figure, see www.iste.co.uk/salgues/society.zip
6 Society 5.0 and the Management of the Future
Figure 6.1. From Fayol’s management model to the modern model. For a color version of the figure, see www.iste.co.uk/salgues/society.zip
Figure 6.2. Management components. For a color version of the figure, see www.iste.co.uk/salgues/society.zip
Figure 6.3. The flow phase. For a color version of the figure, see www.iste.co.uk/salgues/society.zip
Figure 6.4. Marketing phase 2. For a color version of the figure, see www.iste.co.uk/salgues/society.zip
Figure 6.5. Coordination phase. For a color version of the figure, see www.iste.co.uk/salgues/society.zip
Figure 6.6. The marketing approach phase. For a color version of the figure, see www.iste.co.uk/salgues/society.zip
Figure 6.7. The mourning curve and corporate management. For a color version of the figure, see www.iste.co.uk/salgues/society.zip
7 The Consequences of the End of Major Innovations
Figure 7.1. Evolution of innovation. For a color version of the figure, see www.iste.co.uk/salgues/society.zip
Figure 7.2. Determination of well-being through technology
Figure 7.3. Innovation balance. For a color version of the figure, see www.iste.co.uk/salgues/society.zip
Figure 7.4. New forms of innovation. For a color version of the figure, see www.iste.co.uk/salgues/society.zip
Figure 7.5. The prospective diamond. For a color version of the figure, see www.iste.co.uk/salgues/society.zip
8 Innovation in Society 5.0
Figure 8.1. From the idea to the product or service
Figure 8.2. Evolution from a raw idea to success (according to J. Baronet)
Figure 8.3. Evolution of a product’s stages. For a color version of the figure, see www.iste.co.uk/salgues/society.zip
Figure 8.4. Presentation of the innovation wheel
Figure 8.5. Place of I4MS in the European Digital strategy
Figure 8.6. Presentation modes of DIH
9 “Co” Society
Figure 9.1. Porter’s model. For a color version of the figure, see www.iste.co.uk/salgues/society.zip
Figure 9.2. Example of the transition from diagnose to the instrument
Figure 9.3. Porter’s strategic diagram. For a color version of the figure, see www.iste.co.uk/salgues/society.zip
Figure 9.4. Pathways to strategic development. For a color version of the figure, see www.iste.co.uk/salgues/society.zip
Figure 9.5. Mechanism of massification. For a color version of the figure, see www.iste.co.uk/salgues/society.zip
Figure 9.6. Differentiation levels. For a color version of the figure, see www.iste.co.uk/salgues/society.zip
Figure 9.7. The mass market type of approach. For a color version of the figure, see www.iste.co.uk/salgues/society.zip
11 On-Demand Society
Figure 11.1. The formation of XaaS in “servitization”. For a color version of the figure, see www.iste.co.uk/salgues/society.zip
Figure 11.2. Use of ICTs for “servitization”. For a color version of the figure, see www.iste.co.uk/salgues/society.zip
Guide
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Table of Contents
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G1
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e1
Technological Prospects and Social Applications Set
coordinated byBruno Salgues
Volume 1
Society 5.0
Industry of the Future, Technologies, Methods and Tools
Bruno Salgues
First published 2018 in Great Britain and the United States by ISTE Ltd and John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Apart from any fair dealing for the purposes of research or private study, or criticism or review, as permitted under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, this publication may only be reproduced, stored or transmitted, in any form or by any means, with the prior permission in writing of the publishers, or in the case of reprographic reproduction in accordance with the terms and licenses issued by the CLA. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside these terms should be sent to the publishers at the undermentioned address:
ISTE Ltd27-37 St George’s RoadLondon SW19 4EUUK
www.iste.co.uk
John Wiley & Sons, Inc.111 River StreetHoboken, NJ 07030USA
www.wiley.com
© ISTE Ltd 2018
The rights of Bruno Salgues to be identified as the author of this work have been asserted by him in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.
Library of Congress Control Number: 2018948517
British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data
A CIP record for this book is available from the British Library
ISBN 978-1-78630-301-1
ForewordSociety 5.0 Revealed
Prometheus and Atlas were right, one in having taught technology to people, and the other, in having skillfully managed the cities of his territory, Atlantis. Zeus was wrong in condemning them, one to have his liver eaten out every day after it grew back again during the night, and the other, to hold the world on his shoulders.
One day, “Atlas shrugged” and the world was shaken. Atlas shrugged is the voluminous novel written by the famous philosopher Ayn Rand in 1957. There, she summarizes her thesis, telling the story of the American economic collapse, when exploited businessmen under the control of demagogic politicians decided to give up. However, as it happens in every good American novel, it concludes on an optimistic note, where the head of the striker technologists, John Galt, comes out from his secret valley with his partner, saying: “Let’s go rebuild the world”.
This book by Professor Bruno Salgues is almost as dense. It deals with the same subject: the society we are creating. However, it is not a novel. He tackles all the facets of technologies that shape the world: of course the industrial revolution 4.0, but also new marketing approaches as well as the evolution of business management. This book transforms the weak signals that we all subtly feel into a superb synthesis of the societal evolution that is currently taking place.
Twenty-five years ago, at a national conference devoted to passive electronic components, Professor Bruno Salgues, whom I had never seen, spoke up and made relevant observations to the presentation of an industrialist, who was nonetheless an expert in his field. Puzzled by his remarks, I went to see him at the end of the conference to propose a later meeting and continue with his analysis. His reply was: “First, I would like to see your company and your factories, before discussing in detail”. That was done, and since then, we have regularly been seeing each other and discussing.
I still remember our joint trip to China in 2005, to visit an electronic equipment show. While I was paying attention to the products competing against mine, that Chinese firms were starting to manufacture, he was picking up faint signals and explaining the future trends he could deduce from them. Impressive!
This book, Society 5.0, is a societal summary, as interesting for a Master’s degree student, who will be able to develop a personal vision, as it can be for an experienced manager, who will find sources of inspiration.
I wish you an enjoyable read, especially considering that the concrete examples told throughout these pages could be the tales of Greek mythology of the present-day.
Joseph PUZO1
1
CEO of AXON’ CABLE group, a member of the steering committee of the national-extent project known as Future Industry (
Industrie du futur)
. In 1980, AXON’ used to be a SME of 100 employees, in charge of standard cable manufacture. In 2018, it has become a transnational (a particular multinational organization) SME of 2,100 employees, designing and providing innovative cabling solutions for the space conquest of the Moon, Mars and beyond, for the super magnets that enabled the discovery of the Higgs boson, for surgery, for the flight controls of many planes, for environmental remediation and for car airbags.
Preface
Together with the one I wrote a few years ago on mobile phones1, this book has been one of the most difficult ones to write and to conceive, because in this developing society 5.0, everything is interconnected. It foresees the birth of the “firms of the future”, which are the topic of many speeches and white papers, many of which are not up to the mark. This type of society relies on a series of concepts: automation, dematerialization, digitization, industrialization and “servitization“, which shake up economic and political life. These concepts are at the origin of new actors, the death of powerful and recognized organizations, while other organizations see how their mutation takes place, a mutation which is itself complex, brutal, but very real.
Society 5.0 involves an important social change. It results from the birth of technologies, which have become mature and have been released in record times, something that no other technology had done in the previous century.
Had Paul Valéry foreseen the arrival of society 5.0? He wrote:
“What can result from this great debauchery […] the amount of publications, their daily frequency, the flow of things which are printed and published, model judgment and impressions from morning to night, mix them up, and transform our brains into a truly gray substance, where nothing lasts, nothing dominates, and we experience the strange impression of the monotony of novelty and the boredom of wonders and extremes”.2
The theme of the informational deluge and infobesity, which imposes an adequate processing of information, will be a constant in this book. As a corollary and an opposing element, boredom will be one of the elements of the suggested managerial approach.
Let us quote Paul Valéry once more:
“But the individual also means the freedom of the mind. Now, we have seen that this freedom (in its highest sense) becomes illusory by the mere effect of modern life. We are influenced, harassed, made stupid, vulnerable to all the contradictions, to all the dissonances that tear the environment of the present civilization. The individual is already compromised even before the State has fully assimilated him”.3
I would like to thank those who had the courage to read, amend and criticize the first drafts of this book, including Alexis, Joseph, Monique-Marie and Philippe.
This book is not an anti-manual of politics, management or technology marketing, or a theory of innovation. It is a book that simultaneously wishes to fight against the excesses of this society 5.0 which is unveiling, a society that is often misunderstood, and to bet on introducing the ideas that make it up, as well as its associated technologies, all working for the improvement of society. This book may appear as a manual full of philosophy or definitions, and I do apologize for this beforehand to some readers, but that is the way it is.
Bruno SALGUESJune 2018
1
Bruno Salgues,
Les Télécoms mobiles
, Hermes Science, Paris, 1995.
2
Translation of French quote. Quoted from Paul Valéry in Jean-Pierre Siméon,
La Poésie sauvera le monde
, p. 36, Le Passeur Éditeur, Paris, 2015.
3
Translation of French quote. Paul Valéry in “
Le bilan de l’intelligence
”, extracted from a conference delivered in 1935, published by Allia Editions in 2011.
IntroductionPreamble for Understanding Society 5.0
In June 2017, Paul Reyntjens, financial policy officer for De Lork association, published on his LinkedIn profile a text in French which inspired this preamble1. The quotes for this introduction have been extracted and translated from there.
“In 1998, Kodak had 170,000 employees and sold 85% of photo paper in the world. In a few years, their turnover collapsed and Kodak went bankrupt. What happened to Kodak will happen to many companies in the next 10 years and people do not see it coming.
In 1998, would you have thought that 3 years later you would never be able to take pictures on film paper again?”
It should be noted that these empire disappearances were not the exclusive fate for the firms of that generation: AOL, Lycos, Yahoo! and ouiEurope did not have the same success, although for some time they were the “stars” of the new economy, which was the term used at the time of their launch. Photo cameras and digital cameras were invented in the 1970s, notably by Kodak. In their beginnings, they had a poor-quality resolution, according to photographers. They barely had 10,000 pixels, whereas now they have tens of millions. As usually happens with all new technologies, these devices were disappointing for a long time. They even seemed unusable. Some gurus were very clear and anticipated that these would not succeed. However, the reality is different. They first replaced conventional technologies, and worse, they became better! All these technologies are characterized by two “occult” forces, which are digitalization and dematerialization.
Classical economy, that of society 1.0, was based on agriculture.
“In the future, there will be a farmer robot valued at $100. Farmers in the third world will be able to manage their fields, instead of working all day long. Hydroponics will require much less water. Veal meat produced in laboratories is already available and will become cheaper than natural veal by 2018. Currently, 30% of the entire farmland is used for livestock. Imagine if we did not need it anymore. Several new companies will soon launch insect proteins on the marketplace. These are richer than animal proteins. They will be labeled alternative sources of protein”.
Agriculture, the foundation for society 2.0, is currently undergoing important changes, which will have to be studied to see its applications in society 5.0. This agrarian society was called into question by the industrial society, that of society 3.0.
The strength of industrial society lies in the power provided by forms of energy such as electricity, which revolutionized the industry. For example, with the arrival of electricity, the textile industry no longer needed to be placed near energy sources. These sources were coal in the Roubaix area in France, or Hesse in Germany, and electric dams in the southern foothills of the Massif Central. The location of industries depended on these sources. Since the topic is fashionable, many academics who have never worked at a factory have recently dealt with this subject with more or less success.
“Electricity will become incredibly clean and inexpensive. Over the past 30 years, solar production has been growing exponentially. We are only beginning to see the impact. Last year, there was more energy produced by solar sources than from fossil sources, worldwide. The price of solar energy will decrease so much that every coal mine will stop being exploited by 2025.
Cheap electricity means plenty of water at a low price. Desalination now only needs 2 kWh per cubic meter. In the majority of cases, it is not water which is uncommon, but it is drinking water that is. Imagine what could be possible if everyone could have unlimited drinking water for almost anything”.
The emerging society will free itself from the problems associated with energy location and will be able to relocate its production sources thanks to the information society. Society 4.0, the information society, which came after the industrial society, is the basis for this new society that we are studying. Thus, the fourth industrial revolution will transform most of the traditional industries between the next 5 and 10 years, by means of information and communication technologies and knowledge-related tools. Among these technologies, we can mention artificial intelligence, robotics and 3D printing.
I.1. Artificial intelligence
Regarding artificial intelligence, computing tools, the possibilities of memories and algorithms are becoming more and more efficient, and this is happening exponentially. Besides, there are more and more effective methodologies for understanding the world. After having beaten chess players in the 1970s due to “logical errors” in programs, a computer finally beat the best player of Go in 2016. In artificial intelligence, errors are beneficial and in general, precision is symbolic.
“In the United States, young lawyers find it difficult to be employed. This is because IBM’s Watson computer can provide legal advice in a few seconds, for more or less complicated cases, all with 90% accuracy, compared to 70% for humans. So, if you are studying Law, forget it right away. In the future, there will be 90% fewer lawyers, only those who are specialized will survive.
The Watson computer is already helping to diagnose cancer with 4 times more accuracy than humans”.
The holder of this singularity believes that, in 2030, a computer will be able to compete against human intelligence. Thus far, face recognition software has proved superior to human capabilities, and it can be used for biometric access recognition, for searching people in applications like Facebook, and, as a matter of fact, has dethroned professional physiognomists.
I.2. 3D printing
3D printing makes it possible to print everything, from the smallest items – a few nanometers – to houses. This kind of technology plays an important role in the evolution of goods production.
“In 10 years, the price of basic 3D printers has gone from $18,000 to $400. At the same time, they have become 100 times faster. All major shoe manufacturers have started to print shoes. In airports, spare parts are already printed in 3D. The space station has a printer which does not need to have as many spare parts as before. By the end of 2017, new smartphones will have been able to digitize in 3D. Thus, it is possible to digitize your feet and print perfectly adapted shoes at home.
In China, a 3D building of 6 complete floors has already been printed. By 2027, 10% of everything that will be produced will be done by 3D printer”.
I.3. Platform economy and “servitization”
The birth of the platform economy is a reality. Unfortunately, this economy has been the object of conspicuous ignorance on the part of theoreticians. This new economy is characterized by the passage from a possession-oriented economy to a new economy, featuring a form of “servitization”, a phenomenon which we will describe in this book. This economy of the platform is wider than that of sharing.
“Uber is simply a software tool. Even though it has no cars, Uber has become the largest taxi company in the world. Airbnb is currently the largest hotel chain in the world, despite the fact that it does not have any facilities”.
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Available at the following address:
https://fr.linkedin.com/pulse/tres-interessant-%C3%A0-lire-le-monde-%C3%A9volue-quel-paul-reyntjens
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1Society 5.0, Its Logic and Its Construction
The main theme of this book is the description of society and of everything which surrounds it, that is to say, what has been defined as the fifth societal wave.
1.1. The origins of society 5.0
The term “society 5.0” first appeared in Japan in 2016. Since then, it has been spreading and its underlying concepts continue to be shaped.
Society 5.0 is a term used in the Fifth Science and Technology Basic Plan, reviewed by the Japanese Government’s Council for Science, Technology, and Innovation. It was enforced by the Japanese Cabinet of Ministers in January 2016.
DEFINITION. “Society 5.0” can be defined as a “society of intelligence”, in which physical space and cyberspace are strongly integrated.
Society 5.0 emerged from the hunter-gatherer society, the agricultural society, the industrial society and the information society. Although focused on humanity, 5.0 refers to a new type of society where innovation in science and technology occupies a prominent place, with the aim of balancing social and societal issues that need to be solved, while ensuring economic development. Although it borrows many of its elements, this approach is opposed to that of the proponents of decline.
The Japanese have introduced society 5.0, by illustrating it with Figure 1.1.
Figure 1.1.Definition of society 5.0. For a color version of the figure, see www.iste.co.uk/salgues/society.zip
The “basic plan for science and technology” is a comprehensive plan for the promotion of science and technology, decided by the Japanese Government and incorporated into a fundamental law, which will be positioned in the next decade, in the same way as the European H2020 bid solicitations. The fifth basic plan (2017–2021) is the first one for Japanese governments. This law establishes a Council for Science, Technology, and Innovation (CSTI). Thanks to an array of different measures, it strongly favors innovation policies for science and technology. The plan has been brought forward as a model for a wide range of stakeholders, including government, the university environment, the industry and citizens, so as to co-build the society of tomorrow. It also aims to guide Japan so that it can become “the most favorable country for innovation”.
This plan is sharply different from the innovative strategic axes proposed by the French Minister of Economy, Arnaud Montebourg, and amended by his successor, Emmanuel Macron. In Europe, countries have defined industrialization axes in general, and this was certainly the case in France. The Ministry for Productive Recovery in office in those times translated the priorities of the French industrial policy into 34 plans, which were designed for coordinating the actions of public actors and companies. The announced aim was to favor the emergence of the products of the future under the label “Made in France”.
Box 1.1.The initial 34 industrial plans
– Big Data
– Cloud computing
– Connected objects
– Augmented reality
– Embedded software and embedded systems
– Contactless services
– E-education
– Digital Hospitals
– Cybersecurity
– Nanoelectronics
– Robotics
– Supercomputers
– Innovation in the food industry
– TGV of the future
– Two liters per 100 km vehicle for all
– Autopilot vehicles
– Electric recharging terminals
– Battery autonomy and power
– Electric planes and a new generation of aircrafts
– Electrically propelled satellites
– Heavy load airships
– Ecological ships
– Renewable energies
– Smart electrical networks
– Water quality and management of scarcity
– Medical biotechnologies
– Innovative medical devices
– Telecommunications sovereignty
– Wood industry
– Recycling and green materials
– Thermal renovation of buildings
– Green chemistry and biofuel
– Technical and intelligent textiles
– Factory of the future
When his successor, Emmanuel Macron, took office, he reduced Montebourg’s industrial plans from 34 to 10. The plan was associated with goals. These 10 plans were broken down into 9 specific plans, and 1 particular and transversal plan called “Usine du future” (“Factory of the future”). This approach was considered more important than others. The “Industry of the future” approach sought to develop a technological offer, by accompanying the transformation of companies, training employees, and with a strong emphasis on international cooperation.
Table 1.1.Emmanuel Macron’s nine specific plans
Plan
Contents
Goals
New resources
Biosource and recycled materials
2020: to double the volume of raw material of vegetal origin in the French chemical industry, increase nondangerous waste recycling by 50%
Sustainable city
Water, smart grid, thermal renovation, wood industry
2020: 100 billion euros turnover and more than 110,000 territorialized jobs
Ecological mobility
2 L/100 vehicle, charging station, autonomous vehicle, energy storage
2016: 20,000 recharge stations
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2020: 30% decrease in CO
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emissions of new vehicles manufactured in France
Transport of the future
TGV, ecological ships, electric planes, electric airships and drones
2020: to sell 80 electrically run school-planes, undated 50% decrease in energy consumption of buildings
Medicine of the future
Digital health, medical biotechnologies, medical devices
2017: 50,000 patients with a chronic disease under medical remote monitoring
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2025: to reestablish the French trade balance in terms of medical technology, whose current deficit is equivalent to 1 billion euros
Data economy
Big Data, supercomputer, Cloud Computing
2020: to create and consolidate 137,000 jobs thanks to Big Data, to master the critical technology of exascale supercomputers, which make it possible to perform 1 billion operations per second
Intelligent objects
Connected objects, robotics, augmented reality, contactless services, innovative textiles
2020: 8 million customers using mobile payment methods, to deploy an interoperable ticketing app to be used in 50% of cities with more than 200,000 inhabitants
Digital trust
Cybersecurity, telecommunications sovereignty, nanoelectronics, embedded systems, embedded software, electrically powered spacecraft propulsion
2020: to develop 5G infrastructure per mile, annual growth of 30% in the cybersecurity export market share, half of all sales in electric satellites
Intelligent food
Functional food, packaging of the future, lasting cold and food security
2017: modernization of 30% of industrial slaughterhouses and recruitment of 90,000 people for the sector
1.2. The ancient ages
Society 5.0 can be defined by its uses and by its societal leading elements.
After the 18th Century and the birth of the industrial revolution, innovations followed one another.
1771: the beginning of the Industrial Revolution with the appearance of machines, factories and canals.
1829: steam, coal, steel and train became the four predominant development factors.
1875: steel and hard engineering encouraged the birth of new development stars: electricity, chemistry, civil engineering and shipbuilding. Governments sponsored engineering schools in these fields.
1908: the car became complementary to water and railway means of transport. It quickly required oil resources, which led to the emergence of complementary industries, such as petrochemistry and mass production.
1971: the information and communication technology industry fed multiple economic sectors, leading not only to the birth of a semiconductor industry, but more fundamentally to the world of software and applications.
OBSERVATION. Society 5.0 is not defined by these innovation waves, but by the way in which innovations have modeled society. Society 5.0 is based on different pillars, including industry 4.0 and cybernics. It has changed lifestyles with the appearance of city 3.0. This society employs information and communication technologies 2.0 and defines humanity 2.0.
Each of these themes will be discussed in the rest of the book.
1.3. Cybernics or cyber-physical systems
DEFINITION. Cybernics is an interdisciplinary field that aims to develop technologies, industries and societies, which can help to support and examine the functions of the human body.
Cybernics includes various fields, such as the development and spread of medical robots and nursing care, engineering, medical sciences, information science and social sciences. These technologies are often designated as “cyber-physics”.
Cybernetics was founded by Norbert Wiener at the times of World War II3.
DEFINITION. Cybernetics is the science of governing or managing information, with the goal of driving systems.
Cybernics is the tool implemented for carrying out cybernetics. Cybernetics relies on:
– the notion of control;
– energy regulation;
– entropy reduction.
Norbert Wiener’s approach relies on the notion of feedback, which translates a circular vision of communication. The notion of energy regulation is necessary in order to set up society 5.0. At Yoshiyuki Sankai, cybernics is introduced as a frontier science that combines cybernetics, mechatronics (itself an alliance between mechanics and electronics) and computing. Its goal is to integrate humans into robotics and the other way around. One example of this could be the Hybrid Assistive Limbs (HAL) exoskeleton. For Kenji Suzuki, it should be praised as a technology which can lead to an augmented man.
1.4. The Council on Competitiveness-Nippon (COCN)
In order to increase industrial competitiveness, which is the foundation for the sustainable development of a country, various policies are implemented, particularly in terms of science and technology policies and industrial policies. The roles of the public and private sectors are coordinated by the Competitiveness Council. They issue common policy recommendations regarding the industry, cooperation between different universities, the government, its agencies and other actively related organizations. A group of 38 interested firms, present in various industrialized countries, are currently working in order to encourage and carry out the project.
1.5. The lessons of history
The contributions of societies from the past are summarized in Table 1.2.
Table 1.2.Characteristics of society 5.0
Society
Characteristics
Society 5.0
1.0Hunting and gathering
The need for sustainability
Full use of information and communication technologies
2.0Agricultural
Inclusion
Citizen-centered (included citizens)
3.0Industrial
Effectiveness
Participation of everyone (rejection of fractures)
4.0Information
Power of intelligence (and knowledge)
Shared values: sustainability, inclusion, effectiveness and the power of intelligence
Society 5.0 appears as the will for balance in the search for optimization of the four previous societies.
Society 5.0 seeks to achieve sustainability (ecology), broad inclusion, efficiency, and therefore, the industrial competitiveness of those who implement it using the power of intelligence and knowledge.
1.6. The decision variables of society 5.0
It is necessary to raise the question regarding the decision variables of society 5.0.
QUESTION. Are information, distractions, identity, alienation and action other decision variables?
What is interesting in our case is that this questioning leads back to our psychological chain and the notion of boredom. The following chapters will develop these topics.
1.6.1. Which role for information?
The flagship product of media is information, in fact; it is a pure product that eliminates boredom, because information is interesting. “Information is processed, meaning is interpreted”4. The romantic and modern vision has pushed men to integrate collective modes of thought, which quickly seem limited, and generate boredom. These ways of thinking are built by media and advertising. On the other hand, information is not ready to die away, so this causes infobesity.
For Ladwein, information is deployed on two levels: the informational context and that of basic knowledge. The implementation of memory, perceptions and interpretations is at the origin of reasoning, of judgment, and this leads to deliberation, choices, which are then translated into behavior5. This fundamental mechanism should not be rejected on the pretext of boredom and the chain “need-desire-expectation-demand”.
Marketing experts like Nathalie Joulin have pointed out that consumers are better informed and more autonomous. Consumers are more experienced and have been modeled by new technologies, media and traveling. This kind of knowledge has made consumers more independent. For example, we can observe that in the field of health, computers and their software will increasingly replace doctors6. This notion of information integration is crucial for society 5.0. We should observe that the notion of information integration into processes and actions is more important than artificial intelligence, as we know it these days.
The other point is the frequent distinction between code-information and signal-information. The so-called “information theory” of the mid-20th Century (Shannon, Wiener) employed the notion of signal-coding at the transmission end. Then, a statistical theory was superimposed on the initial theory. The idea of using Boolean algebra contributed to the notion of computationism. In fact, the concept of computationism went beyond the notion of computation, and gave rise to the fact that coded-information has a double, which is the signal, meaning that we are able to process not only calculations, but also events. Indeed, the latest developments in computer science have stemmed from this. New keywords, such as the Internet of Things (IoT), were born. Events surveyed by these objects will lead to actions.
DEFINITION. Computer science expresses the theoretical and technical possibility of manipulating signals, which correspond to numerical symbols, and can thus perform calculations.
DEFINITION. A computer is a set of signals managed by algorithms, with a pre-established purpose.
The information code generally has cognitive content, or meaning, and this is regardless of the type of media employed. The term “cognitive share of information” is also used. The signal information is an indication, or a stimulus. In this case, the corresponding notion can be represented by a concept.
The informational approach generated what is known as economy 2.0, where both types of information are required.
1.6.2. Which role for time?
Boredom can only really take place, provided that everything, every action has its own temporality. Philosophers such as Heidegger made a distinction between being bored about something and getting bored while doing something. Killing time is not given in a situation, it is rather the situation itself that becomes the means for killing time. A state of alert is characterized by the fact that the notion of time is assimilable to the moment (kairos). This differs from clock time (kronos), which is defined as specific to the thing. On the other hand, kairos is related to krisis, the crisis, the decision, that is to say, to the information signal.
In all cases, time is full to such an extent that it disappears in sheer transparency, as Svendsen cleverly pointed out7. For him, it is precisely the temporality of daily life, which engenders indifference in the world, and consequently, boredom. Objects are brought closer to men in a strange absence of difference and these objects transmit code-information.
Consultants state that they have observed a new relationship towards time which transforms quantitative time into qualitative time. For them, time is the biggest innovator, in that it elapses and everything happens according to it. Consumers evolve in terms of tastes, mentality and habits8.
The impression of an acceleration of time, that is to say, of acceleration in the deployment of kronos, had led some authors to suggest living more slowly, in a Slow Economy.
1.6.3. Which role for nature?
As Jean-Paul Demoule9 observed, the invention of agriculture and livestock introduced a different relationship towards nature.
“Hunter-gatherers feel immersed in nature. When an animal is about to be killed, the hunter asks for permission from the animal or the animal spirits. When we want to express our world view, we also do it through animals, as we can see it in decorated caves. Becoming a breeder implies a radical reversal of this world view, it is like getting away from nature: hunter-gatherers had successfully domesticated the dog from the wolf, but this was rather a win-win type of combination, which was not the case in domestication for meat”.10
1.6.4. Which role for distraction?
Distraction is one of the means for fighting boredom. It is also a source of activity in society 5.0.
From a historical point of view, this was the task of royal entertainers. Between 1620 and 1642, the Marquis de Cinq Mars became the entertainer of King Louis XIII, a difficult character to amuse. Having become Grand Squire of France, the Marquis was unhappy to live with a bored man. Indeed, distraction was set at the core of society 5.0 during its development. In Copenhagen, Tivoli was a forerunner in the field of leisure park construction.
Theme parks and tourist attractions are examples of this quest for distraction in society 5.0. This notion brings together a multitude of establishments and places of very different natures and sizes:
– animal parks, like safari-parks, which came after zoos;
– recreational parks, defined as enclosed spaces, devoted to play and entertainment. One of their key elements is the explicit display of a commercial vocation. These are less oriented towards outdoor recreation than a leisure center;
– aquatic-oriented parks, whose operating costs are close to those of a recreational sports pool;
– amusement areas, associated with leisure centers or tourist sites;
– cultural or educational parks, which employ attractions in their museography (robots, train, etc.). These facilities feature a pedagogical vocation, which rather assimilates them with ecomuseums, modern museography having increasingly integrated more playful and recreational techniques.
France offers its public more than 300 parks, but some of these are small and seasonal. Disneyland Paris, Grévin and Futuroscope capture the largest audience. This number greatly exceeds other European countries, which might distinguish France from the rest and be an indicator of its faster entry into society 5.0. There are 89 parks in the UK, 36 in Germany and 27 in Spain.
Boredom is related to thinking and all thinking tends to distance us from the real world. Distraction, on the other hand, disturbs reflection. However, the question of knowing why we become bored does not stem from work or free time. Man can be bored at work, or during his leisure time, commonly assimilated to free time. Entertainment might almost seem preferable to the misery of life, because it provides an appearance of happiness for a moment. Expecting to escape boredom through distractions is like trying to escape from reality. Thus, every pleasure brings no more than a passing satisfaction, reduced to nothing by the appearance of a new need. According to Nathalie Joulin, the individual probably makes a distinction between “labor” time and “leisure” time11.
