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- Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
- Kategorie: Wissenschaft und neue Technologien
- Sprache: Englisch
Solid State Chemistry and its Applications, 2nd Edition: Student Edition is an extensive update and sequel to the bestselling textbook Basic Solid State Chemistry, the classic text for undergraduate teaching in solid state chemistry worldwide.
Solid state chemistry lies at the heart of many significant scientific advances from recent decades, including the discovery of high-temperature superconductors, new forms of carbon and countless other developments in the synthesis, characterisation and applications of inorganic materials. Looking forward, solid state chemistry will be crucial for the development of new functional materials in areas such as energy, catalysis and electronic materials.
This revised edition of Basic Solid State Chemistry has been completely rewritten and expanded to present an up-to-date account of the essential topics and recent developments in this exciting field of inorganic chemistry. Each section commences with a gentle introduction, covering basic principles, progressing seamlessly to a more advanced level in order to present a comprehensive overview of the subject.
This new Student Edition includes the following updates and new features:
- Expanded coverage of bonding in solids, including a new section on covalent bonding and more extensive treatment of metallic bonding.
- Synthetic methods are covered extensively and new topics include microwave synthesis, combinatorial synthesis, mechano-synthesis, atomic layer deposition and spray pyrolysis.
- Revised coverage of electrical, magnetic and optical properties, with additional material on semiconductors, giant and colossal magnetoresistance, multiferroics, LEDs, fibre optics and solar cells, lasers, graphene and quasicrystals.
- Extended chapters on crystal defects and characterisation techniques.
- Published in full colour to aid comprehension.
- Extensive coverage of crystal structures for important families of inorganic solids is complemented by access to CrystalMaker® visualization software, allowing readers to view and rotate over 100 crystal structures in three dimensions.
- Solutions to exercises and supplementary lecture material are available online.
Solid State Chemistry and its Applications, 2nd Edition: Student Edition is a must-have textbook for any undergraduate or new research worker studying solid state chemistry.
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Seitenzahl: 1115
Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2014
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Contents
Cover
Endorsments
Title Page
Copyright Page
Dedication
Preface
Chemistry – Solid State Chemistry – Materials Chemistry – Materials Science and Engineering
Materials chemistry
Materials science
Companion Website
Crystal Structure Library
Biography
1: Crystal Structures and Crystal Chemistry
1.1 Unit Cells and Crystal Systems
1.2 Symmetry
1.3 Symmetry and Choice of Unit Cell
1.4 Lattice, Bravais Lattice
1.5 Lattice Planes and Miller Indices
1.6 Indices of Directions
1.7 d-Spacing Formulae
1.8 Crystal Densities and Unit Cell Contents
1.9 Description of Crystal Structures
1.10 Close Packed Structures – Cubic and Hexagonal Close Packing
1.11 Relationship between Cubic Close Packed and Face Centred Cubic
1.12 Hexagonal Unit Cell and Close Packing
1.13 Density of Close Packed Structures
1.14 Unit Cell Projections and Atomic Coordinates
1.15 Materials That Can Be Described as Close Packed
1.16 Structures Built of Space-Filling Polyhedra
1.17 Some Important Structure Types
2: Crystal Defects, Non-Stoichiometry and Solid Solutions
2.1 Perfect and Imperfect Crystals
2.2 Types of Defect: Point Defects
2.3 Solid Solutions
2.4 Extended Defects
2.5 Dislocations and Mechanical Properties of Solids
3: Bonding in Solids
3.1 Overview: Ionic, Covalent, Metallic, van der Waals and Hydrogen Bonding in Solids
3.2 Ionic Bonding
3.3 Covalent Bonding
3.4 Metallic Bonding and Band Theory
3.5 Bands or Bonds: a Final Comment
4: Synthesis, Processing and Fabrication Methods
4.1 General Observations
4.2 Solid State Reaction or Shake ’n Bake Methods
4.3 Low Temperature or Chimie Douce Methods
4.4 Gas-Phase Methods
4.5 High-Pressure Methods
4.6 Crystal Growth
5: Crystallography and Diffraction Techniques
5.1 General Comments: Molecular and Non-Molecular Solids
5.2 Characterisation of Solids
5.3 X-Ray Diffraction
5.4 Electron Diffraction
5.5 Neutron Diffraction
6: Other Techniques: Microscopy, Spectroscopy, Thermal Analysis
6.1 Diffraction and Microscopic Techniques: What Do They Have in Common?
6.2 Optical and Electron Microscopy Techniques
6.3 Spectroscopic Techniques
6.4 Thermal Analysis (TA)
6.5 Strategy to Identify, Analyse and Characterise ‘Unknown’ Solids
7: Phase Diagrams and their Interpretation
7.1 The Phase Rule, the Condensed Phase Rule and Some Definitions
7.2 One-Component Systems
7.3 Two-Component Condensed Systems
7.4 Some Tips and Guidelines for Constructing Binary Phase Diagrams
8: Electrical Properties
8.1 Survey of Electrical Properties and Electrical Materials
8.2 Metallic Conductivity
8.3 Superconductivity
8.4 Semiconductivity
8.5 Ionic Conductivity
8.6 Dielectric Materials
8.7 Ferroelectrics
8.8 Pyroelectrics
8.9 Piezoelectrics
8.10 Applications of Ferro-, Pyro- and Piezoelectrics
9: Magnetic Properties
9.1 Physical Properties
9.2 Magnetic Materials, their Structures and Properties
9.3 Applications: Structure–Property Relations
9.4 Recent Developments
10: Optical Properties: Luminescence and Lasers
10.1 Visible Light and the Electromagnetic Spectrum
10.2 Sources of Light, Thermal Sources, Black Body Radiation and Electronic Transitions
10.3 Scattering Processes: Reflection, Diffraction and Interference
10.4 Luminescence and Phosphors
10.5 Configurational Coordinate Model
10.6 Some Phosphor Materials
10.7 Anti-Stokes Phosphors
10.8 Stimulated Emission, Amplification of Light and Lasers
10.9 Photodetectors
10.10 Fibre-Optics
10.11 Solar Cells
Further Reading
Appendix A: Interplanar Spacings and Unit Cell Volumes
Appendix B: Model Building
Equipment Needed
Sphere Packing Arrangements
Appendix C: Geometrical Considerations in Crystal Chemistry
Notes on the Geometry of Tetrahedra and Octahedra
Appendix D: How to Recognise Close Packed (Eutactic) Structures
Appendix E: Positive and Negative Atomic Coordinates
Appendix F: The Elements and Some of Their Properties
Questions
Index
This edition first published 2014 © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
West, Anthony R. Solid state chemistry and its applications / Anthony R. West. – Second edition, student edition. pages cm Includes index. ISBN 978-1-119-94294-8 (pbk.) 1. Solid state chemistry. I. Title. QD478.W47 2014 541′.0421–dc23 2013029528
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.
ISBN: 9781119942948
Cover images created using CrystalMaker® software. CrystalMaker Software Ltd, www.crystalmaker.com
For Sheena, Isla, Graeme, Jenny and Susie
Preface
This book is a slimmed down, student edition of ‘Solid State Chemistry and its Applications’ whose second edition is scheduled for publication in 2015/6. It is modelled on the authors’ ‘Basic Solid State Chemistry’, but has been completely rewritten with about 40% new material added and all the diagrams drawn professionally, in full colour. The nine chapters in ‘Basic’ have become ten in this new edition since ‘Magnetic and Optical Properties’ is split into separate chapters.
In the period since the second edition of ‘Basic’ was published in 1999, we have witnessed many major new discoveries and developments in the solid state chemistry of inorganic materials with topics such as colossal magnetoresistance, multiferroics, light emitting diodes and graphene. New materials synthesis techniques have evolved such as mechanosynthesis, microwave-hydrothermal synthesis and atomic layer deposition and of course, there have been many improvements in the techniques used to characterise solids including use of synchrotrons for diffraction and spectroscopy as well as high resolution scanning transmission electron microscopy permitting atomic-level identification and structural imaging. It was felt that an updated version of both ‘Basic’ and ‘Solid State Chemistry and its Applications’ was long overdue, therefore.
A major feature of this new edition is the extensive coverage of the crystal structures of important families of inorganic solids. Purchasers of the book will be able to download, free, a bespoke and easy-to-use CrystalMaker® viewer program. The CrystalViewer software is accompanied by more than 100 crystal structure models which users will be able to view on their computers with the facility to rotate the structures, view them from different orientations and either highlight or hide different structural features. CrystalViewer and the accompanying structure files can be downloaded from the companion website at http://www.wiley.com/go/west/solidstatechemistrystudent.
Many people have helped and encouraged me in preparing this new edition. Special thanks are due to: John McCallum who produced many of the crystal structure drawings and files, Frances Kirk who prepared the whole manuscript, in electronic format, and Wiley staff Sarah Hall and Sarah Tilley for their enthusiastic encouragement and involvement: in particular, Sarah Hall was instrumental in making the CrystalMaker® arrangements and Sarah Tilley oversaw all the artwork preparations.
Anthony R. West
Sheffield
July 2013
Companion Website
This textbook is supported by a website which contains a variety of supplementary resources:
http://www.wiley.com/go/west/solidstatechemistrystudent
Online you will find PowerPoint slides of all figures from the book, as well as solutions to the set of questions. The website also gives you access to a CrystalMaker® viewer program. The CrystalViewer software is available for Windows and Mac, and is accompanied by a broad array of crystal structures for you to view and manipulate.
Crystal Structure Library
A Crystal Structure Library is available on the companion website containing >100 structures which can be examined in detail using the CrystalViewer Software. The structures which correspond directly to figures in the book are listed below, with the relevant figure number noted in parentheses. Many more crystal structures are available online, including minerals and other inorganic structures. Further structures may be added from time to time.
Major Inorganic Structure Types (and relevant book diagrams)
Biography
Tony West obtained his BSc degree in Chemistry at University College Swansea and his PhD at the University of Aberdeen, where he worked with Professor F. P. Glasser on silicate chemistry. He was appointed as a Lecturer in Aberdeen in 1971 and developed a lifetime interest in the then-emerging field of solid state chemistry with special interest in the synthesis of new oxide materials, their crystal structures and electrical properties. He was awarded a DSc from Aberdeen in 1984 and rose through the ranks to become Professor of Chemistry in 1989 before moving to the University of Sheffield, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, as Head of Department in 1999, a post he held until 2007.
Tony was founding editor of the Journal of Materials Chemistry and subsequently established the Materials Chemistry Forum, which has now become the Materials Chemistry Division of the Royal Society of Chemistry. He organised the First International Conference on Materials Chemistry, MCI, in Aberdeen, 1993, and co-organised the first Materials Discussion, MDI, in Bordeaux, 1998. He also served as President of the Inorganic Chemistry Division of IUPAC, 2004–2007.
Tony is a Fellow of the Royal Society of Chemistry, the Institute of Physics, the Institute of Materials, Minerals and Mining (IOM3), and the Royal Society of Edinburgh. Over the years he has received several awards, including an Industrial Award in Solid State Chemistry from the RSC (1996), the Griffiths Medal and Prize from the IOM3 (2008), the Epsilon de Oro Award from the Spanish Society of Glass and Ceramics (2007) and the Chemical Record Lectureship from the Chemical Societies of Japan (2007). He has been awarded the 2013 John B. Goodenough Award in Materials Chemistry by the RSC, a lifetime award which recognises exceptional and sustained contributions to the field of materials chemistry.
