Space Electronic Reconnaissance E-Book

Fucheng Guo

• Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
• Kategorie: Wissenschaft und neue Technologien
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 487

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2014

Beschreibung

Presents the theories and applications of determining the position of an object in space through the use of satellites

As the importance of space reconnaissance technology intensifies, more and more countries are investing money in building their own space reconnaissance satellites. Due to the secrecy and sensitivity of the operations, it is hard to find published papers and journals on the topic outside of military and governmental agencies.  This book aims to fill the gap by presenting the various applications and basic principles of a very modern technology. The space electronic reconnaissance system in mono/multi-satellite platforms is a critical feature which can be used for detection, localization, tracking or identification of the various kinds of signal sources from radar, communication or navigation systems.

Localization technology in space electronic reconnaissance uses single or multiple satellite receivers which receive signals from radar, communication and navigation emitters in the ground, ocean and space to specify the location of emitter.   The methods, principles and technologies of different space electronic reconnaissance localization systems are introduced in this book, as are their performances, and the various methods are explained and analysed.  Digital simulations illustrate the results.

• Presents the theories and applications of determining the position of an object in space through the use of satellites
• Introduces methods, principles and technologies of localization and tracking in the space electronic reconnaissance system, the localization algorithm and error in satellite system and near space platform system, and the tracking algorithm and error in single satellite-to-satellite tracking system
• Provides the fundamentals, the mathematics, the limitations, the measurements, and systems, of localization with emphasis on defence industry applications

Highly relevant for Engineers working in avionics, radar, communication, navigation and electronic warfare.

Chapters include:- the introduction of space electronic reconnaissance localization technology, knowledge about the satellite orbit and basic terminology of passive localization, single satellite geolocation technology based on direction finding, three-satellite geolocation technology based on time difference of arrival (TDOA), two-satellite geolocation technology based on TDOA and frequency difference of arrival (FDOA), the single satellite localization technology based on kinematics theory, localization principles of near-space platform electronic reconnaissance systems, the orbit determination of single satellite-to-satellite tracking using bearings only(BO) information, the orbit determination of single satellite-to-satellite tracking using bearings and frequency information, the orbit determination of single satellite-to-satellite tracking using frequency only(FO) information. Each chapter ends with a problem and solution section, some using Matlab code.

Leseprobe

Table of Contents

Cover

Title Page

Copyright

Dedication

Preface

Acknowledgments

Acronyms

Chapter 1: Introduction to Space Electronic Reconnaissance Geolocation

1.1 Introduction

1.2 An Overview of Space Electronic Reconnaissance Geolocation Technology

1.3 Structure of a Typical SER System

References

Chapter 2: Fundamentals of Satellite Orbit and Geolocation

2.1 An Introduction to the Satellite and Its Orbit

2.2 Orbit Parameters and State of Satellite

2.3 Definition of Coordinate Systems and Their Transformations

2.4 Spherical Model of the Earth for Geolocation

2.5 Coverage Area of a Satellite

2.6 Fundamentals of Geolocation

2.8 Observability Analysis of Geolocation

References

Chapter 3: Single-Satellite Geolocation System Based on Direction Finding

3.1 Direction Finding Techniques

3.2 Single-Satellite LOS Geolocation Method and Analysis

3.3 Multitimes Statistic LOS Geolocation

3.4 Single HEO Satellite LOS Geolocation

References

Chapter 4: Multiple Satellites Geolocation Based on TDOA Measurement

4.1 Three-Satellite Geolocation Based on a Regular Sphere

4.2 Three-Satellite Geolocation Based on the WGS-84 Earth Surface Model

4.3 Ambiguity and No-Solution Problems of Geolocation

4.4 Error Analysis of Three-Satellite Geolocation

4.5 Calibration Method of the Three-Satellite TDOA Geolocation System

References

Chapter 5: Dual-Satellite Geolocation Based on TDOA and FDOA

5.1 Introduction of TDOA–FDOA Geolocation by a Dual-Satellite

5.2 Dual LEO Satellite TDOA–FDOA Geolocation Method

5.3 Error Analysis for TDOA–FDOA Geolocation

5.4 Dual HEO Satellite TDOA–FDOA Geolocation

5.5 Method of Measuring TDOA and FDOA

References

Chapter 6: Single-Satellite Geolocation System Based on the Kinematic Principle

6.1 Single-Satellite Geolocation Model

6.2 Single-Satellite Single-Antenna Frequency-Only Based Geolocation

6.3 Single-Satellite Geolocation by the Frequency Changing Rate Only

6.4 Single-Satellite Single-Antenna TOA-Only Geolocation

6.5 Single-Satellite Interferometer Phase Rate of Changing-Only Geolocation

References

Chapter 7: Geolocation by Near-Space Platforms

7.1 An Overview of Geolocation by Near-Space Platforms

7.2 Multiplatform Triangulation

7.3 Multiplatform TDOA Geolocation

7.4 Localization Theory by a Single Platform

References

Chapter 8: Satellite-to-Satellite Passive Orbit Determination by Bearings Only

8.1 Introduction

8.2 Model and Method of Bearings-Only Passive Tracking

8.3 System Observability Analysis

8.4 Tracking Simulation and Analysis

8.5 Summary

References

Chapter 9: Satellite-to-Satellite Passive Tracking Based on Angle and Frequency Information

9.1 Introduction of Passive Tracking

9.2 Tracking Model and Method

9.3 System Observability Analysis

9.4 Simulation and Its Analysis

9.5 Summary

References

Chapter 10: Satellite-to-Satellite Passive Orbit Determination Based on Frequency Only

10.1 The Theory and Mathematical Model of Passive Orbit Determination Based on Frequency Only

10.2 Satellite-to-Satellite Passive Orbit Determination Based on PSO and Frequency

10.3 System Observability Analysis

10.4 CRLB of the Orbit Parameter Estimation Error

10.5 Orbit Determination and Tracking Simulation and Its Analysis

References

Chapter 11: A Prospect of Space Electronic Reconnaissance Technology

Appendix : Transformation of Orbit Elements, State and Coordinates of Satellites in Two-Body Motion

Index

End User License Agreement

Pages

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

26

27

28

29

30

31

32

33

34

35

36

37

38

39

40

41

42

43

44

45

47

48

49

50

51

52

53

54

55

56

57

58

59

60

61

62

63

64

65

66

67

68

69

70

71

72

73

74

75

76

77

79

80

81

82

83

84

85

86

87

88

89

90

91

92

93

94

95

96

97

98

99

100

101

102

103

104

105

106

107

108

109

110

111

112

113

115

114

116

117

118

119

120

121

122

123

124

125

126

127

128

130

129

131

133

134

135

136

137

138

139

140

141

142

143

144

145

146

147

148

149

150

151

152

153

154

155

156

157

158

159

160

161

162

163

164

165

166

167

168

169

170

171

172

173

174

175

177

178

179

180

181

182

183

184

185

186

187

188

189

190

191

192

193

194

195

196

197

198

199

200

201

203

204

205

206

207

208

209

210

211

212

213

214

215

216

217

218

219

220

221

222

223

224

225

227

228

229

230

231

232

233

234

235

236

237

238

239

240

241

242

244

243

245

247

246

248

249

250

251

252

253

254

255

256

257

258

259

261

262

263

264

265

266

267

268

269

270

271

272

273

274

275

276

277

278

279

280

281

284

282

308

283

285

286

289

287

288

290

291

292

294

293

295

296

297

298

300

299

301

303

302

304

305

306

307

309

311

312

313

314

315

316

317

318

319

320

321

322

323

324

325

326

327

328

329

330

331

332

333

334

335

336

339

337

341

338

340

342

344

343

345

347

346

348

349

350

351

352

353

Guide

Table of Contents

List of Illustrations

Figure 1.1

Figure 1.2

Figure 1.3

Figure 1.4

Figure 1.5

Figure 1.6

Figure 2.1

Figure 2.2

Figure 2.3

Figure 2.4

Figure 2.5

Figure 2.6

Figure 2.7

Figure 2.8

Figure 2.9

Figure 2.10

Figure 2.11

Figure 2.12

Figure 2.13

Figure 2.14

Figure 2.15

Figure 3.1

Figure 3.2

Figure 3.3

Figure 3.4

Figure 3.5

Figure 3.6

Figure 3.7

Figure 3.8

Figure 3.9

Figure 3.10

Figure 3.11

Figure 3.17

Figure 3.12

Figure 3.13

Figure 3.14

Figure 3.15

Figure 3.16

Figure 3.18

Figure 3.19

Figure 3.20

Figure 3.21

Figure 4.1

Figure 4.2

Figure 4.3

Figure 4.4

Figure 4.5

Figure 4.6

Figure 4.7

Figure 4.8

Figure 4.9

Figure 4.10

Figure 4.11

Figure 4.12

Figure 4.13

Figure 4.14

Figure 4.15

Figure 4.16

Figure 4.17

Figure 4.19

Figure 4.20

Figure 4.21

Figure 4.22

Figure 5.1

Figure 5.2

Figure 5.3

Figure 5.4

Figure 5.5

Figure 5.6

Figure 5.7

Figure 5.8

Figure 5.9

Figure 5.10

Figure 5.11

Figure 5.12

Figure 5.13

Figure 5.14

Figure 5.15

Figure 5.16

Figure 5.17

Figure 5.18

Figure 5.19

Figure 5.20

Figure 5.21

Figure 5.22

Figure 5.23

Figure 6.1

Figure 6.2

Figure 6.3

Figure 6.4

Figure 6.5

Figure 6.6

Figure 6.7

Figure 6.8

Figure 7.1

Figure 7.2

Figure 7.3

Figure 7.4

Figure 7.5

Figure 7.6

Figure 7.7

Figure 7.8

Figure 7.9

Figure 7.10

Figure 7.11

Figure 7.12

Figure 7.13

Figure 7.14

Figure 8.1

Figure 8.2

Figure 8.3

Figure 8.4

Figure 8.5

Figure 8.6

Figure 8.7

Figure 8.8

Figure 8.9

Figure 8.10

Figure 8.11

Figure 8.12

Figure 8.13

Figure 8.14

Figure 8.15

Figure 8.16

Figure 8.17

Figure 8.18

Figure 8.19

Figure 8.20

Figure 9.1

Figure 9.2

Figure 9.3

Figure 9.4

Figure 9.5

Figure 9.9

Figure 9.10

Figure 9.11

Figure 9.6

Figure 9.7

Figure 9.8

Figure 9.12

Figure 9.13

Figure 9.17

Figure 9.14

Figure 9.15

Figure 9.16

Figure 9.18

Figure 9.19

Figure 9.23

Figure 9.20

Figure 9.21

Figure 9.22

Figure 9.24

Figure 9.27

Figure 9.28

Figure 9.25

Figure 9.26

Figure 10.1

Figure 10.2

Figure 10.3

Figure 10.4

Figure 10.5

Figure 10.6

Figure 10.7

Figure 10.8

Figure 10.9

Figure 10.10

Figure 10.11

Figure 10.12

Figure 10.13

Figure 10.14

Figure 10.15

Figure 10.16

List of Tables

Table 2.1

Table 2.2

Table 3.1

Table 3.2

Table 4.1

Table 4.2

Table 5.1

Table 6.1

Table 6.2

Table 8.1

Table 8.2

Table 8.3

Table 8.4

Table 8.5

Table 8.6

Table 8.7

Table 8.8

Table 8.9

Table 8.10

Table 9.1

Table 9.2

Table 9.3

Table 9.4

Table 9.5

Table 9.6

Table 9.7

Table 9.8

Table 9.9

Table 9.10

Table 9.11

Table 9.12

Table 9.13

Table 9.14

Table 10.1

Table 10.2

Table 10.3

Table 10.4

Table 10.5

Table 10.6

Table 10.7

Table 10.8

Table 10.9

Table 10.10

Space Electronic Reconnaissance

Localization Theories and Methods

Fucheng Guo

National University of Defense Technology, P.R. China

Yun Fan

National University of Defense Technology, P.R. China

Yiyu Zhou

National University of Defense Technology, P.R. China

Caigen Zhou

National University of Defense Technology, P.R. China

Qiang Li

National University of Defense Technology, P.R. China

This edition first published 2014

© 2014 John Wiley & Sons Singapore Pte. Ltd.

Registered office

John Wiley & Sons Singapore Pte. Ltd., 1 Fusionopolis Walk, #07–01 Solaris South Tower, Singapore 138628.

For details of our global editorial offices, for customer services and for information about how to apply for permission to reuse the copyright material in this book please see our website at www.wiley.com.

All Rights Reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning, or otherwise, except as expressly permitted by law, without either the prior written permission of the Publisher, or authorization through payment of the appropriate photocopy fee to the Copyright Clearance Center. Requests for permission should be addressed to the Publisher, John Wiley & Sons Singapore Pte. Ltd., 1 Fusionopolis Walk, #07–01 Solaris South Tower, Singapore 138628, tel: [phone], fax: [phone], email: [email protected].

Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats. Some content that appears in print may not be available in electronic books.

Designations used by companies to distinguish their products are often claimed as trademarks. All brand names and product names used in this book are trade names, service marks, trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective owners. The Publisher is not associated with any product or vendor mentioned in this book. This publication is designed to provide accurate and authoritative information in regard to the subject matter covered. It is sold on the understanding that the Publisher is not engaged in rendering professional services. If professional advice or other expert assistance is required, the services of a competent professional should be sought.

MATLAB® is a trademark of The MathWorks, Inc. and is used with permission. The MathWorks does not warrant the accuracy of the text or exercises in this book. This book's use or discussion of MATLAB® software or related products does not constitute endorsement or sponsorship by The MathWorks of a particular pedagogical approach or particular use of the MATLAB® software.

Limit of Liability/Disclaimer of Warranty: While the publisher and author have used their best efforts in preparing this book, they make no representations or warranties with respect to the accuracy or completeness of the contents of this book and specifically disclaim any implied warranties of merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose. It is sold on the understanding that the publisher is not engaged in rendering professional services and neither the publisher nor the author shall be liable for damages arising herefrom. If professional advice or other expert assistance is required, the services of a competent professional should be sought.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data applied for.

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.

ISBN: 978-1-118-54219-4

To those anonymous engineers who dedicated their lives to the China national defense industry

Preface

With the development of aerospace technology, information technology, and electronic warfare (EW) technology in last few decades, space electronic reconnaissance (SER) technology has drawn great attention for its wide coverage and full time, 24/7 interception of a transmitting source providing electronic intelligence (ELINT), communication intelligence (COMINT), or signal intelligence (SIGINT). Various electronic reconnaissance systems have been developed by the United States, Russia, Japan, and the European Union and their importance has been noticed in recent conflicts. Not surprisingly, China has also made great progress in this field in recent years. In the process of electronic reconnaissance, one of the crucial tasks is to locate the transmitting source, or the transmitter on the earth or in space. Due to the motion of the satellite in an orbit and the relatively high altitude of the reconnaissance platform, the SER system differs greatly from the traditional passive detection and location system on land and in oceans in terms of geolocation theory, method, and system realization. Therefore, it is rather meaningful and useful to research the geolocation theory and the method for the SER system.

As the SER system is mainly used for military intelligence (such as ELINT, COMINT, and SIGINT), early warning, battlefield awareness, and electromagnetic spectrum survey, the relevant technologies are always confidential so it was rare to find detailed technological literature. However, there is still some theoretic or technological literature on SER geolocation, which are dispersed among different reports, journal papers, and books, but until now there has been no academic book on the SER geolocation technologies, which is far from being commensurate with the current ever-increasing development in this field. Therefore, after organizing the reports and papers written by our research group in this field in the last decade and some of the relevant technological literature, we wrote this book, which covers theory and methods on SER geolocation.

To introduce the theory and methods on SER geolocation systematically, this book covers the development of concepts, theories, technologies, and methods on SER geolocation over the last decade. Firstly, the concept and system of SER geolocation are introduced. The geolocation theory by a single satellite based on the line-of-sight (LOS) information, which is measured by the direction finding (DF) system, was discussed. Then the geolocation theory by multiple satellites based on the time difference of arrival (TDOA), geolocation by dual-satellites based on TDOA and frequency difference of arrival (FDOA), geolocation by a single satellite based on particle kinematics and geolocation by near-space platform for geolocation ground transmitters were introduced in detail. At the same time, the orbit determination problem of a satellite using DF and frequency information by an aerospace platform in deep space was analyzed and explored.

There are 11 chapters in this book: an introduction of SER localization technology, knowledge about the satellite orbit and basic terminology of geolocation, single-satellite geolocation technology based on DF, three-satellite geolocation technology based on TDOA, two-satellite geolocation technology based on TDOA and FDOA, the single-satellite localization technology based on kinematics theory, localization principles of near-space platform electronic reconnaissance systems, the orbit determination of single satellite-to-satellite tracking using bearings only (BO) information, the orbit determination of single satellite-to-satellite tracking using bearings and frequency information, and the orbit determination of single satellite-to-satellite tracking using frequency only (FO) information. At the end of the book, the perspective of the SER technology is given.

This book might be helpful to engineers who are researching the space information countermeasurement, the aerospace application system, EW, intelligence reconnaissance, and the signal and data processing system. It might also be useful to graduate students or teachers researching aerospace science and technology, information and communication engineering, electrical engineering in university or college, or the administration officers in the defense industry and military officers in the army.

Acknowledgments

Part of this work was funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (NFSC) Project No. 60702010. Most of this book is based on some papers, technological research reports by authors and their dissertations, and theses of students in our research group. Many thanks should be given to them.

In the process of writing this book, we were supported by colleagues of the School of Electronic Science and Engineering, the National University of Defense Technology (NUDT), and the Institute of Northern China Electronic Equipment. Special thanks should be given to Prof. Jiang Wenli, Prof. Deng Xinpu, Associate Prof. Liu Zheng, Dr Xu Dan, Dr Zhong Danxing, Dr Wang Qiang, Dr Sheng Weidong, Dr Jia Xinjiang, Dr Li Teng, Mr Miao Yu, Mr Gao Qian, and Ms Zheng Jin for their relevant technological materials and ideas. We also thank Prof. Xu Hui, Prof. An Wei, Prof. Wu Jing, Prof. Huang Zhitao, Associate Prof. Feng Daowang, Dr Xie Kai, Dr Liu Haijun, Dr Han Tao, Mr Peng Feng, Dr Xu Zhan, Dr Xu Yi, Dr Zhang Min, Mr Liu Xiaoguang, and Dr Li Jinzhou for their dedicated efforts and Prof. Mao Shiyi and Prof. Wei Jibo for their valuable suggestions and comments.

The authors hereby also acknowledge supervisor Prof. Sun Zhongkang for his kindly direction and support over many years in my PhD research area of passive location and tracking technologies. Many thanks should be given to T-Win Translation Company which provided wonderful translation from Chinese to English.

Acronyms

2D

Two-dimensional

3D

Three-dimensional

A/D

Analog to digital

AOA

Angle of arrival

AWGN

Added Gaussian white noise

BLUE

Best linear unbiased estimation

BO

Bearings only

BPSK

Binary phase-shift keying

CAF

Cross-ambiguity function

CEP

Circular error probability

CIS

Conventional inertial system

CM

Combined method

COMINT

Communication intelligence

CRLB

Cramér–Rao lower bound

CTP

Conventional terrestrial pole

CTS

Conventional terrestrial system

DF

Direction finding

DFT

Discrete Fourier transform

DOA

Direction of arrival

DRC

Doppler rate of changing

DSP

Digital signal processor

EA

Evolutionary algorithm

ECEF

Earth-center earth-fixed

ECI

Earth centered inertial

EEP

Elliptical error probable

EEP

Error ellipse probability

EHF

Extremely high frequency

EKF

Extended Kalman filter

ELINT

Electronic intelligence

ER

Electronic reconnaissance

ERS

Electronic reconnaissance system

EW

Electronic warfare

FDOA

Frequency difference of arrival

FFT

Fast Fourier transform

FM

Frequency modulation

FOA

Frequency of arrival

FPGA

Field-programmable gate array

GDOP

Geometric dilution of precision

GEO

Geostationary orbit

GIS

Geographical information system

GPS

Global positioning system

HOT

Higher order terms

HEO

High earth orbit

i.i.d.

Independent and identically distributed

IF

Intermediate frequency

IFF

Identifying friend or foe

INS

Inertial navigation system

ISE

Initial state error

LBI

Long baseline interferometer

LEO

Low earth orbit

LFM

Linear frequency modulation

LNA

Low noise amplifier

LO

Local oscillator

LOP

Line of position

LOS

Line of sight

LPF

Lowpass filter

LS

Least squares

MEO

Medium earth orbit

MGEKF

Modified gain extended Kalman filter

ML

Maximum likelihood

MLE

Maximum likelihood estimation

MSE

Mean square error

MUSIC

Multiple signal classification

NED

North-east-down

NLS

Nonlinear least squares

NULA

Nonuniform linear array

PF

Particle filter

PRC

Phase rate of changing

PRF

Pulse repetition frequency

PRI

Pulse repetition interval

PSK

Phase shift keying

PSO

Particle swarm optimization

RAAN

Right ascension of the ascending node

RF

Radio frequency

RMS

Root mean square

RMSE

Root mean square error

SEP

Spherical error probable

SER

Space electronic reconnaissance

SIGINT

Signal Intelligence

SNR

Signal-to-noise ratio

STD

Standard error

STK

Satellite tool kit

SVD

Singular value decomposition

TDOA

Time difference of arrival

TDRSS

Tracking and data relay satellite system

TLS

Total least squares

TOA

Time of arrival

TTC&M

Telemetry, tracking, command, and monitoring

UAV

Unmanned aerial vehicle

UHF

Ultra high frequency

UKF

Unscented Kalman filter

ULA

Uniform linear array

VF

Video frequency

VHF

Very high frequency

WGS

World geodetic system

WLS

Weighted least squares

Chapter 1Introduction to Space Electronic Reconnaissance Geolocation

1.1 Introduction

With the rapid development of aerospace technology, space has gradually become the strategic commanding point for defending national security and providing benefits. As the electronic reconnaissance satellite is able to acquire the full-time, all-weather, large-area, detailed, near real-time battlefield information (such as force deployment, military equipment, and operation information), it has become a powerful way to acquire information and plays an important role in ensuring information superiority [1, 2]. In the early 1960s, the United States launched the first general electronic reconnaissance satellites in the world—Grab and Poppy – to collect electronic intelligence (ELINT) on Soviet air defense radar signals. Intelligence from and provided the location and capabilities of Soviet radar sites and ocean surveillance information to the US Navy and for use by the US Air Force. This effort provided significant ELINT support to US forces throughout the war in Vietnam [3].