Temperature and Plant Development E-Book

Keara Franklin

• Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
• Kategorie: Wissenschaft und neue Technologien
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 489

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2013

Beschreibung

Plants are incredibly sensitive to changes in temperature. Changes of a single degree or two in ambient temperature can impact plant architecture, developmental processes, immune response, and plant reproduction. Temperature and Plant Development thoroughly explores plant molecular responses to changes in temperature with aim to understanding how plants perceive, integrate, and respond to temperature signals. Temperature and Plant Development explores the diverse molecular responses that plants exhibit as they face changing temperatures. Temperature-related changes and adaptations to essential developmental processes, such as germination, flowering, and reproduction, are explored in detail. Chapters also explore the impact of temperature on plant immune responses and the impact of rising temperatures on global food security. A timely and important book, Temperature and Plant Development will be a valuable resource for plant biologists, crop scientists, and advanced students. * Up-to-date and comprehensive coverage of the role of temperature on plant development. * Looks at changes and adaptations to plant developmental processes made in response to changing temperatures. * Explores the role of temperature on plant immune response and pathogen defense * Provides a timely look at the impact of changing temperatures on global food security

Leseprobe

Contents

Contributors

Preface

1 Temperature sensing in plants

1.1 Introduction

1.2 Passive and active temperature responses in plants

1.3 Temperature sensing during transcriptional regulation

1.4 Sensing cold: A role for plasma membrane calcium channels in plants

1.5 A role for membrane fluidity as an upstream temperature sensor?

1.6 Temperature sensing by proteins

1.7 Summary

References

2 Plant acclimation and adaptation to cold environments

2.1 Introduction

2.2 Chilling and freezing injury

2.3 Freezing avoidance and tolerance at the structural and physiological level

2.4 Freezing tolerance

2.5 Cold deacclimation (dehardening) and reacclimation (rehardening)

2.6 Spatial and temporal considerations of plant responses to low temperature

2.7 The survival of cold and freezing stress in a changing climate

2.8 Plant cold acclimation and adaptation in an agricultural context

2.9 Summary

References

3 Plant acclimation and adaptation to warm environments

3.1 Introduction

3.2 Implications of high temperature for agriculture and natural ecosystems

3.3 Temperature perception and signaling pathways

3.4 Photosynthesis

3.5 Respiration and carbon balance

3.6 Growth and allocation of biomass

3.7 Architectural changes in response to high temperature

3.8 Hormonal regulation of thermotolerance

3.9 Functional implications of plant architectural changes to high temperature

3.10 Interactions between drought and high temperature

3.11 Carbohydrate status control of plant acclimation to high temperature

3.12 Thermoperiodic effects on plant growth and architecture

13.13 High-temperature effects on the floral transition

Acknowledgments

References

4 Vernalization: Competence to flower provided by winter

4.1 Introduction

4.2 Vernalization requirement in Arabidopsis

4.3 The molecular mechanism of vernalization

4.4 Resetting of FLC repression during meiosis

4.5 Vernalization in other plant species

4.6 Concluding remarks

Acknowledgments

References

5 Temperature and light signal integration

5.1 Introduction

5.2 Convergence points for light and temperature sensing

5.3 Phytochrome-Interacting Factors as signal integrators

5.4 ELONGATED HYPOCOTYL 5 (HY5): A cool operator

5.5 Light and temperature converge at the circadian oscillator

5.6 Photoperiodic and thermal control of flowering

5.7 Light-dependent circadian gating of cold-acclimation responses

5.8 Temperature and light regulation of cell membrane fatty acid composition

5.9 Concluding thoughts: Implications for a changing future

References

6 Temperature and the circadian clock

6.1 Introduction

6.2 Temperature compensation

6.3 Temperature entrainment

6.4 Cold tolerance

6.5 Splicing

6.6 Concluding remarks

Acknowledgments

References

7 Temperature and plant immunity

7.1 Introduction

7.2 Plant immunity

7.3 Temperature effects on plant disease resistance

7.4 The molecular basis for temperature sensitivity in plant immunity

7.5 Evolution of the temperature sensitivity of immunity

7.6 Concluding remarks

References

8 Temperature, climate change, and global food security

8.1 Introduction

8.2 Climate change on a global basis

8.3 The impact of temperature on crop water relations

8.4 The influence of high temperature on crop physiology and yield processes

8.5 The interaction of climate change factors on crop development

8.6 The impact of global climate change on food quality and plant nutrient demand

8.7 Breeding high-temperature stress tolerance using crop wild relatives

8.8 Global food production and food security

8.9 Crop nutritional content

8.10 Discussion

8.11 Conclusions

References

Supplemental Images

Index

This edition first published 2014 © 2014 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Temperature and plant development / edited by Keara A. Franklin, Philip A. Wigge.        pages cm     Includes bibliographical references and index.

    ISBN 978-1-118-30820-2 (cloth)1. Plants–Effect of temperature on. 2. Plants–Development. I. Franklin, Keara A. II. Wigge, Philip A.     QK755.T455 2014    581.3–dc23

2013033686

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.

Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats. Some content that appears in print may not be available in electronic books.

Cover design by Matt Kuhns.

Contributors

Bob Baxter

School of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Durham University, Durham, UK

Ralph Bours

Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands

Andreas W. Ebert

AVRDC – The World Vegetable Center, Shanhua, Tainan, Taiwan

Kathleen Greenham

Department of Biological Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA

Karen J. Halliday

School of Biological Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK

Jerry L. Hatfield

USDA-ARS National Laboratory for Agriculture and the Environment, Ames, IA, USA

Jian Hua

Department of Plant Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA

Dong-Hwan Kim

Section of Molecular Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, the University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA

Dana MacGregor

Biosciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK

C. Robertson McClung

Department of Biological Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA

Harriet G. McWatters

School of Biological Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK

Garry J. O’Leary

Department of Primary Industries, Horsham, Victoria, Australia

Steven Penfield

Biosciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK

Thijs L. Pons

Plant Ecophysiology, Institute of Environmental Biology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands

P. V. Vara Prasad

Department of Agronomy, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA

Marcel C. G. Proveniers

Molecular Plant Physiology, Institute of Environmental Biology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands

Robert J. Redden

Department of Primary Industries, Horsham, Victoria, Australia

Sibum Sung

Section of Molecular Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, the University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA

Gabriela Toledo-Ortiz

School of Biological Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, , Edinburgh, UK

Shyam S. Yadav

Ministry of Agriculture, Irrigation & Livestock, Government of Islamic Republic of Afghanistan, Kabul, Afghanistan

Martijn van Zanten

Molecular Plant Physiology, Institute of Environmental Biology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands

Preface

Temperature is a key environmental signal regulating plant growth and development. Small changes in ambient temperature can affect a wide range of processes throughout the plant lifecycle, from seed germination and plant architecture through to flowering and reproductive development. Prolonged low-temperature treatment can act as a seasonal cue, signaling the onset of winter to prime flowering and seedling development the following spring. In addition to providing important environmental information, exposure to temperature extremes can adversely affect plant survival. The evolution of developmental adaptations to withstand prolonged cold or heat has enabled some species to exploit ecological niches in adverse habitats. In more temperate regions, many plants have evolved acclimation responses to minimize cellular damage associated with freezing and heat stress.

Plants can detect temperature changes as small as 1°C. Despite the importance of temperature in controlling plant growth and survival, our current understanding of how temperature signals are perceived is rudimentary. Suggested thermosensory mechanisms include changes in membrane fluidity, activation of membrane transport channels, altered protein activity, and the direct regulation of gene expression through altered DNA accessibility. Molecular dissection of plant temperature responses has revealed significant crosstalk with light and circadian signaling pathways. The integration of temperature and photoperiod signals provides plants with accurate seasonal information, priming adaptive responses to adverse conditions while preventing the wasteful allocation of resources in milder climates. In natural environments, plants are subject to multiple environmental signals simultaneously, resulting in trade-offs between different stress responses. It is perhaps, therefore, not surprising that temperature has significant effects on plant immunity and defense signaling.

Climate change presents major challenges for global agriculture and the preservation of ecosystems and biodiversity. Current climate models predict future increases in global temperature, with potentially devastating effects on crop production. Relatively moderate increases in ambient temperature (<6°C) can invoke dramatic changes in plant development, reducing harvest yield. Increased temperature additionally accelerates flowering, promoting floral development out of synchronization with pollinator lifecycles. Indirect impacts of elevated temperature on plant development include increased pathogen susceptibility and enhanced water use. The latter may promote leaf cooling in well-watered environments but would have severe consequences in drought conditions. Conversely, exposure to sudden frost can lead to catastrophic crop losses in nonacclimated species. Understanding how plants perceive, integrate, and respond to temperature signals may provide novel molecular targets for the production of crops resilient to climate change and inform predictions as to the impact of global warming on plant ecology and biodiversity. Enhanced knowledge of plant temperature responses could additionally lead to more energy-efficient horticultural production. The stature and flowering time of glasshouse crops are commonly controlled through manipulations of light and temperature. Understanding how plants perceive and respond to small temperature changes at different times of day in diverse light environments will greatly facilitate the design of optimal growth management regimes.

This volume is designed to provide a comprehensive and up-to-date account of the role of temperature in plant development. It is aimed at all students and teachers of modern plant biology, academics with an interest in the environmental regulation of development, and policy makers working in the area of climate change, ecology, and global food security.

Keara A. Franklin, University of Bristol, UKPhilip A. Wigge, Sainsbury Laboratory, University of Cambridge, UK

1

Temperature sensing in plants

Steven Penfield and Dana MacGregor

1.1 Introduction

Plants are subjected to considerable variations in temperature, both daily and annually, and are surprisingly temperature-sensitive organisms: it has been shown that levels of cytosolic calcium in plant cells can respond to as little as a 1°C temperature shift, and a 4°C diurnal temperature cycle is sufficient to entrain the circadian clock (Knight and Knight 2000; McClung et al. 2002). Developmental processes such as seed germination can be completely inhibited by 1–2°C temperature rises (Argyris et al. 2011). Despite the experimentally described responsiveness of plant physiology and development to temperature, no thermosensory molecule has yet been unequivocally identified.

1.2 Passive and active temperature responses in plants

Since the nineteenth century, it has been suggested that temperature affects the rates of biological reactions according to the thermodynamic principles that govern chemical reactions more generally. In this scenario, the rate of reactions whose activation energy is significantly greater than a given temperature will increase proportionally to the exponent of the temperature rise. As a guiding principle, the free energy change normally dictates that for biological reactions in biologically-relevant temperature ranges, rates will increase roughly twofold to threefold with a 10°C rise in temperature. This figure, known as the temperature coefficient or Q10, became popular during the twentieth century following its popularization after the work of Van’t Hoft (1896) and Arrhenius (1889). Thus, specific biological processes, from the growth of bacteria to the respiration of plants, were shown to have a Q10 of approximately 2–3 within a range often described as ‘room temperature’ (Běhrádek 1930). This law has even been applied to developmental biology and plant growth, a good example of which is the study of seed germination by Hegarty (1973). Here it was shown that the speed of germination of many common vegetable seeds showed a dependency on temperature consistent with that expected by the passive effects of temperature in biochemical reactions (Figure 1.1). In a complex biological event such as seed germination, requiring respiration, cell division, and cell elongation, it was postulated that temperature affects the rate of a single, vital rate-limiting reaction in the process. Where Q10s were found to differ dramatically from 2 to 3, it was suggested that this might be due to a complex effect of temperature on many reactions with unpredictable consequences (Běhrádek 1930).

Figure 1.1 Speed of germination in seeds often shows a relationship indicative of a passive temperature response. In the lab (left) and in the field (right), carrot seeds germinate at a rate with a linear relationship with temperature, with a Q10 of around 2. Redrawn from Hegarty (1973).

Many types of biomolecule are expected to be subject to these types of ‘passive’ temperature effects including the fluidity of lipid bilayer membranes, the conformations of proteins, and the behavior of nucleic acids. Clearly, organisms need to be able to control their physiology to maintain performance of vital functions over a range of possible biochemical reaction rates. However, among this sea of events that must continue to function equivalently at multiple temperatures, one or more are used as temperature sensors by biological organisms. Here we will advance a broad definition of a temperature sensor as a . Such signaling pathways are referred to as ‘active’ temperature responses because during signal transduction, the effects can be amplified or buffered such that the temperature coefficient may differ significantly from 2 to 3. Plants use temperature information to allow them to synchronize their life -history with the seasons or to adapt their physiology to different temperature environments.