The Christian Theology Reader E-Book

Alister E. McGrath

• Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
• Kategorie: Religion und Spiritualität
• Sprache: Englisch
• Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2016

Seitenzahl: 1677

Beschreibung

Regarded as the leading text in Christian theology for the last 25 years, Alister E. McGrath's The Christian Theology Reader is now available in a new 5th edition featuring completely revised and updated content. * Brings together more than 350 readings from over 200 sources that chart 2,000 years of Christian history * Situates each reading within the appropriate historical and theological context with its own introduction, commentary, and study questions * Includes new readings on world Christianity and feminist, liberation, and postcolonial theologies, as well as more selections by female theologians and theologians from the developing world * Contains additional pedagogical features, such as new discussion questions and case studies, and a robust website with new videos by the author to aid student learning * Designed to function as a stand-alone volume, or as a companion to Christian Theology: An Introduction, 6th edition, for a complete overview of the subject

Leseprobe

Contents

Cover

Praise for previous editions of

The Christian Theology Reader

Title Page

Copyright

Preface

Approaching the Readings

To the Student: How to Use This Book

To the Teacher: How to Use This Book

Video Resources for This Textbook

The Development of Christian Theology: An Historical Overview

Acknowledgments

Chapter 1: Getting Started: Preliminaries

Introduction

1.1 Justin Martyr on Philosophy and Theology

1.2 Clement of Alexandria on Philosophy and Theology

1.3 Tertullian on the Relationship between Philosophy and Heresy

1.4 Augustine of Hippo on Philosophy and Theology

1.5 The Nicene Creed

1.6 The Apostles' Creed

1.7 Anselm of Canterbury's Proof for the Existence of God

1.8 Gaunilo's Reply to Anselm's Argument

1.9 Thomas Aquinas on Proofs for the Existence of God

1.10 Thomas Aquinas on the Principle of Analogy

1.11 William of Ockham on Proofs for the Existence of God

1.12 Martin Luther on the Theology of the Cross

1.13 John Calvin on the Nature of Faith

1.14 The Heidelberg Catechism on Images of God

1.15 John Locke on the Formation of the Concept of God

1.16 René Descartes on the Existence of God

1.17 Blaise Pascal on Proofs for the Existence of God

1.18 Blaise Pascal on the Hiddenness of God

1.19 Immanuel Kant on Anselm's Ontological Argument

1.20 Søren Kierkegaard on the Subjectivity of Truth

1.21 The First Vatican Council on Faith and Reason

1.22 John Henry Newman on the Grounds of Faith

1.23 Adolf Von Harnack on the Origins of Dogma

1.24 Karl Barth on the Nature and Task of Theology

1.25 Ludwig Wittgenstein on Analogy

1.26 Ludwig Wittgenstein on Proofs for the Existence of God

1.27 Vladimir Lossky on Apophatic Approaches to Theology

1.28 Dietrich Bonhoeffer on God in a Secular World

1.29 Paul Tillich on the Method of Correlation

1.30 Ian T. Ramsey on the Language of Christian Doctrine

1.31 Sallie McFague on Metaphor in Theology

1.32 Gustavo Gutiérrez on Theology as Critical Reflection

1.33 Brian A. Gerrish on Accommodation in Calvin's Theology

1.34 George Lindbeck on Postliberal Approaches to Doctrine

1.35 Dumitru Stăniloae on the Nature of Dogma

1.36 Kevin Vanhoozer on the Challenge of Postmodernity for Theology

1.37 John Polkinghorne on Motivated Belief in Theology

1.38 Pope Francis on Faith and Truth in Theology and the Church

For Further Reading

Chapter 2: The Sources of Theology

Introduction

2.1 Melito of Sardis on Typology and Old Testament Interpretation

2.2 Irenaeus of Lyons on the Role of Tradition

2.3 Hippolytus on Typological Interpretation of Scripture

2.4 Clement of Alexandria on the Fourfold Interpretation of Scripture

2.5 Tertullian on Tradition and Apostolic Succession

2.6 Origen on the Three Ways of Reading Scripture

2.7 Cyril of Jerusalem on the Role of Creeds

2.8 Augustine of Hippo on the Literal and Allegorical Senses of Scripture

2.9 Jerome on the Role of Scripture

2.10 Vincent of Lérins on the Role of Tradition

2.11 Bernard of Clairvaux on the Allegorical Sense of Scripture

2.12 Stephen Langton on the Moral Sense of Scripture

2.13 Ludolf of Saxony on Reading Scripture Imaginatively

2.14 Jacques Lefèvre d'Etaples on the Senses of Scripture

2.15 Martin Luther on the Fourfold Sense of Scripture

2.16 Martin Luther on Revelation in Christ

2.17 John Calvin on the Natural Knowledge of God

2.18 John Calvin on the Relationship between the Old and New Testaments

2.19 The Council of Trent on Scripture and Tradition

2.20 The Gallic Confession on the Canon of Scripture

2.21 The Belgic Confession on the Book of Nature

2.22 Melchior Cano on the Church As An Interpreter of Scripture

2.23 The Formula of Concord on Scripture and the Theologians

2.24 Robert Bellarmine on Protestant Biblical Interpretation

2.25 The King James Translators on Biblical Translation

2.26 Sir Thomas Browne on the Two Books of Revelation

2.27 Francis White on Scripture and Tradition

2.28 Jonathan Edwards on the Beauty of Creation

2.29 William Paley on the Wisdom of the Creation

2.30 Johann Adam Möhler on Living Tradition

2.31 John Henry Newman on the Role of Tradition

2.32 Charles Hodge on the Inspiration of Scripture

2.33 Gerard Manley Hopkins on God's Grandeur in Nature

2.34 Charles Gore on the Relationship between Dogma and the New Testament

2.35 James Orr on the Centrality of Revelation for Christianity

2.36 Wilhelm Herrmann on the Nature of Revelation

2.37 Karl Barth on Revelation As God's Self-Disclosure

2.38 Emil Brunner on the Personal Nature of Revelation

2.39 Rudolf Bultmann on Demythologization and Biblical Interpretation

2.40 Pope Pius XII on the Authority of the Vulgate Translation of the Bible

2.41 Austin Farrer on Demythologization, History, and Biblical Interpretation

2.42 Gerhard Von Rad on Typology and Biblical Interpretation

2.43 Karl Rahner on the Authority of Scripture

2.44 Brevard S. Childs on the Canonical Interpretation of Scripture

2.45 Phyllis Trible on Feminist Biblical Interpretation

2.46 John Meyendorff on Living Tradition

2.47 James I. Packer on the Nature of Revelation

2.48 Thomas F. Torrance on Karl Barth's Criticism of Natural Theology

2.49 The Catechism of the Catholic Church on Scripture and Tradition

2.50 N. T. Wright on the Authority of Biblical Narratives

2.51 Alister E. Mcgrath on a Christian Approach to Natural≈theology

For Further Reading

Chapter 3: The Doctrine of God

Introduction

3.1 Athenagoras of Athens on the Christian God

3.2 Irenaeus of Lyons on the Origin of Evil

3.3 Irenaeus of Lyons on the Trinity

3.4 Tertullian on Creation from Preexistent Matter

3.5 Origen on Creation from Preexistent Matter

3.6 Origen on the Relationship between God and Evil

3.7 Gregory of Nyssa on Human Analogies of the Trinity

3.8 Basil of Caesarea on the Work of the Holy Spirit

3.9 Gregory of Nazianzus on the Gradual Revelation of the Trinity

3.10 Athanasius of Alexandria on the Holy Spirit and the Trinity

3.11 Hilary of Poitiers on the Trinity

3.12 Augustine of Hippo on the Trinity

3.13 Augustine of Hippo on the Relationship between God and Evil

3.14 Epiphanius of Constantia on Sabellianism

3.15 Cyril of Alexandria on the Role of the Holy Spirit

3.16 John of Damascus on the Holy Spirit

3.17 The Eleventh Council of Toledo on the Trinity

3.18 Anselm of Canterbury on the Compassion of God

3.19 Richard of St. Victor on Love within the Trinity

3.20 Alexander of Hales on the Suffering of God in Christ

3.21 Thomas Aquinas on Divine Omnipotence

3.22 Bonaventure of Bagnoregio on the Origin of Evil

3.23 Julian of Norwich on God as our Mother

3.24 William of Ockham on the Two Powers of God

3.25 Thomas À Kempis on the Limits of Trinitarian Speculation

3.26 John Calvin on the Providence of God

3.27 Benedict Spinoza on the Impassibility of God

3.28 F. D. E. Schleiermacher on the Trinity

3.29 Karl Barth on the “Otherness” of God

3.30 Jürgen Moltmann on the Suffering of God

3.31 Hans Urs Von Balthasar on the Glory of God

3.32 Leonardo Boff on the Trinity as Good News for the Poor

3.33 Robert Jenson on the Trinity

3.34 Hans Küng on the Immutability of God

3.35 Eberhard Jüngel on the Crucified God

3.36 Jacques Ellul on the Theology of Icons

3.37 Walter Kasper on the Rationality of the Trinity

3.38 Paul Jewett on Noninclusive Language and the Trinity

3.39 John Milbank on the Trinity in a Postmodern Age

3.40 Elizabeth A. Johnson on Male and Female Images of God

3.41 Anne Carr on Feminism and the Maleness of God

3.42 Sarah Coakley on Social Models of the Trinity

3.43 David Bentley Hart on God and Evil

For Further Reading

Chapter 4: The Person of Christ

Introduction

4.1 Ignatius of Antioch on Docetism

4.2 Irenaeus of Lyons on Gnosticism in Christology

4.3 Tertullian on Patripassianism

4.4 Tertullian on the Incarnation

4.5 Novatian on the Divinity of Christ

4.6 Origen on the Two Natures of Christ

4.7 Arius on the Status of Christ

4.8 Athanasius of Alexandria on the Two Natures of Christ

4.9 Apollinarius of Laodicea on the Person of Christ

4.10 Gregory of Nazianzus on Apollinarianism

4.11 Theodore of Mopsuestia on the “Union of Good Pleasure”

4.12 Nestorius on the Term Theotokos

4.13 Cyril of Alexandria on the Incarnation

4.14 Pope Leo the Great on the Two Natures of Christ

4.15 The Chalcedonian Definition of the Christian Faith

4.16 John of Damascus on the Incarnation and Icons

4.17 Honorius of Autun on the Cause of the Incarnation

4.18 Thomas Aquinas on the Necessity of the Incarnation

4.19 Gregory Palamas on the Divine Condescension in the Incarnation

4.20 Martin Luther's Critique of Nestorianism

4.21 François Turrettini on the Threefold Office of Christ

4.22 Gotthold Ephraim Lessing on the Ditch of History

4.23 F. D. E. Schleiermacher on the “Natural Heresies” of Christianity

4.24 Martin Kähler on the Historical Jesus

4.25 George Tyrrell on the Christ of Liberal Protestantism

4.26 Albert Schweitzer on the Failure of the “Quest of The Historical Jesus”

4.27 G. K. Chesterton on the Incarnation, Myth, and Reason

4.28 P. T. Forsyth on the Person of Christ

4.29 Dorothy L. Sayers on Christology and Dogma

4.30 Paul Tillich on the Dispensability of the Historical Jesus

4.31 Wolfhart Pannenberg on the Indispensability of the Historical Jesus

4.32 Thomas F. Torrance on the Incarnation and Soteriology

4.33 Rosemary Radford Ruether on the Maleness of Christ

4.34 Morna D. Hooker on Chalcedon and the New Testament

4.35 N. T. Wright on History and Christology

4.36 Janet Martin Soskice on Christ's Significance for Women

For Further Reading

Chapter 5: Salvation in Christ

Introduction

5.1 Irenaeus of Lyons on the “Ransom” Theory of the Atonement

5.2 Irenaeus of Lyons on “Recapitulation” in Christ

5.3 Clement of Alexandria on Christ's Death as an Example of Love

5.4 Athanasius of Alexandria on the Death of Christ

5.5 Athanasius of Alexandria on the Relationship between Christology and Soteriology

5.6 Pseudo-Hippolytus on the Cosmic Dimensions of the Cross

5.7 Rufinus of Aquileia on the “Fish-Hook” Theory of the Atonement

5.8 An Ancient Liturgy on Christ's Descent into Hell

5.9 Theodoret of Cyrrhus on the Death of Christ

5.10 Augustine of Hippo on Redemption in Christ

5.11 Maximus the Confessor on the Economy Of Salvation

5.12 Simeon the New Theologian on Salvation as Deification

5.13 Anselm of Canterbury on the Atonement

5.14 Peter Abelard on the Love of Christ in Redemption

5.15 Hugh of St. Victor on the Death of Christ

5.16 Rupert of Deutz on the Incarnation as God's Response to Sin

5.17 Thomas Aquinas on the Satisfaction of Christ

5.18 Nicolas Cabasilas on the Death of Christ

5.19 John Calvin on the Grounds of Redemption

5.20 The Socinian Critique of the Idea of Satisfaction

5.21 John Donne on the Work of Christ

5.22 George Herbert on the Death of Christ and Redemption

5.23 Charles Wesley on Salvation in Christ

5.24 F.D.E. Schleiermacher on Christ as a Charismatic Leader

5.25 F.D.E. Schleiermacher on Christology and Soteriology

5.26 Charles Gore on the Relationship Between Christology and Soteriology

5.27 Hastings Rashdall on Christ as a Moral Example

5.28 Gustaf Aulén on the Classic Theory of the Atonement

5.29 Vladimir Lossky on Redemption as Deification

5.30 Bernard Lonergan on the Intelligibility of Redemption

5.31 Wolfhart Pannenberg on Soteriological Approaches to Christology

5.32 James I. Packer on Penal Substitution

5.33 Dorothee Sölle on Suffering and Redemption

5.34 Colin E. Gunton on the Language of Atonement

5.35 The Catechism of the Catholic Church on the Sacrifice of Christ

5.36 Miroslav Volf on the Cross of Christ and Human Violence

5.37 Rosemary Radford Ruether on Suffering and Redemption

5.38 J. Denny Weaver on Violence in Traditional Approaches to the Atonement

For Further Reading

Chapter 6: Human Nature, Sin, and Grace

Introduction

6.1 Irenaeus of Lyons on Human Progress

6.2 Tertullian on Inherited Guilt

6.3 Origen on the Image of God

6.4 Lactantius on Political Aspects of the Image of God

6.5 Ambrose on the Unmerited Character of Salvation

6.6 Ambrosiaster on Original Sin

6.7 Gregory of Nyssa on Human Longing for God

6.8 Augustine of Hippo on the Nature of Predestination

6.9 Augustine of Hippo on Fallen Human Nature

6.10 Pelagius on Human Responsibility

6.11 Pelagius on Human Freedom

6.12 The Council of Carthage on Grace

6.13 The Second Council of Orange on Grace and Freedom

6.14 Hildegard of Bingen on the Creation of Man and Woman

6.15 Alan of Lille on Penitence as a Cause of Grace

6.16 Francis of Assisi on the Creation

6.17 Thomas Aquinas on the Nature of Grace

6.18 Mechthild of Magdeburg on Humanity's Longing for God

6.19 Duns Scotus on the Immaculate Conception of Mary

6.20 Gregory of Rimini on Predestination

6.21 Gabriel Biel on Merit and Justification

6.22 Giovanni Pico Della Mirandola on Human Nature

6.23 Martin Luther on Justifying Faith

6.24 Martin Luther on Sin and Grace

6.25 Philip Melanchthon on Justification by Faith

6.26 John Calvin on Predestination

6.27 John Calvin on the Concept of Justification

6.28 The Council of Trent on Justification

6.29 Theodore Beza on the Causes of Predestination

6.30 John Donne on the Bondage of the Human Will

6.31 The Westminster Confession of Faith on Predestination

6.32 Jonathan Edwards on Original Sin

6.33 John Wesley on Justification

6.34 John Henry Newman on Original Sin

6.35 Karl Barth on Election in Christ

6.36 Emil Brunner on Barth's Doctrine of Election

6.37 Reinhold Niebuhr on Original Sin

6.38 Valerie C. Saiving on Feminist Approaches to Sin

6.39 The Second Vatican Council on Human Nature

6.40 Mary Hayter on Human Sexuality and the Image of God

6.41 Pope Benedict XVI on the Identity of Humanity

For Further Reading

Chapter 7: The Church

Introduction

7.1 Irenaeus of Lyons on the Function of the Church

7.2 Origen on the Church and Salvation

7.3 Cyprian of Carthage on the Unity of the Church

7.4 Cyril of Jerusalem on the Catholicity of the Church

7.5 Petilian of Cirta on the Purity of Ministers

7.6 Augustine of Hippo on the Mixed Nature of the Church

7.7 Pope Leo the Great on Ministry Within the Church

7.8 Pope Innocent III on the Church and State

7.9 Thomas Aquinas on the Catholicity of the Church

7.10 Pope Boniface VIII on Papal Primacy

7.11 Jan Hus on the Church

7.12 Martin Luther on the Marks of the Church

7.13 Martin Luther on Priests and Laity

7.14 Philip Melanchthon on the Nature of Catholicity

7.15 Sebastian Franck on the True Church

7.16 The First Helvetic Confession on the Nature of the Church

7.17 John Calvin on the Marks of the Church

7.18 Richard Hooker on the Purity of the Church

7.19 The Westminster Confession of Faith on the Church

7.20 Roger Williams on the Separation of the Church from the World

7.21 F. D. E. Schleiermacher on the Church as a Fellowship of Believers

7.22 The First Vatican Council on Papal Primacy in the Church

7.23 Henry Barclay Swete on the Apostolicity of the Church

7.24 The Barmen Confession on the Identity of the Church

7.25 Stephen Charles Neill on Holiness and the Mission of the Church

7.26 Yves Congar on the Hierarchy of the Church

7.27 The Second Vatican Council on the Nature of the Church

7.28 John D. Zizioulas on Local and Universal Churches

7.29 Avery Dulles on the Meanings of “Catholicity”

7.30 Stanley Hauerwas on the Church and the Story of Faith

7.31 George Dragas on the Orthodox Concept of the Church

7.32 Pope John Paul II on the laity and Mission

7.33 John Webster on the Church and the Gospel

For Further Reading

Chapter 8: The Sacraments

Introduction

8.1 Clement of Alexandria on Faith As Feeding on Christ

8.2 Tertullian on the Significance of Water in Baptism

8.3 Cyprian of Carthage on Heretical Baptism

8.4 Cyril of Jerusalem on the Meaning of Baptism

8.5 Cyril of Jerusalem on the Body and Blood of Christ

8.6 Hilary of Poitiers on the Effects of Baptism

8.7 Gregory of Nazianzus on the Symbolism of Baptism

8.8 Augustine of Hippo on Donatist Approaches to the Sacraments

8.9 Augustine of Hippo on the “Right to Baptize”

8.10 John of Damascus on the Holy Spirit and the Eucharist

8.11 Paschasius Radbertus on the Real Presence

8.12 Ratramnus of Corbie on the Real Presence

8.13 Candidus of Fulda on “This Is My Body”

8.14 Lanfranc of Bec on the Mystery of the Sacraments

8.15 Hugh of St. Victor on the Definition of a sacrament

8.16 Peter Lombard on the Definition of a Sacrament

8.17 The Fourth Lateran Council on Baptism and the Eucharist

8.18 Thomas Aquinas on Transubstantiation

8.19 Martin Luther on the Doctrine of Transubstantiation

8.20 Martin Luther on the Bread and Wine As a Testament

8.21 Huldrych Zwingli on “This Is My Body”

8.22 Huldrych Zwingli on the Nature of Sacraments

8.23 John Calvin on the Nature of Sacraments

8.24 The Council of Trent on Transubstantiation

8.25 John Wesley on the Eucharist and Salvation

8.26 John Henry Newman on Infant Baptism

8.27 The Second Vatican Council on the Eucharist

8.28 Edward Schillebeeckx on the Real Presence

8.29 The World Council of Churches on Baptism

8.30 Alexander Schmemann on the Eucharist

8.31 Rowan Williams on the Nature of a Sacrament

8.32 Pope John Paul II on the Eucharist As a Sign of Hope

For Further Reading

Chapter 9: Christianity and Other Religions

Introduction

9.1 Justin Martyr on Christianity and Judaism

9.2 Ludwig Feuerbach on the Human Origins of Religion

9.3 Karl Marx on Feuerbach's Views on Religion

9.4 Karl Barth on Christianity and Religion

9.5 C. S. Lewis on Myth in Christianity and Other Faiths

9.6 Karl Rahner on Christianity and the Non-Christian Religions

9.7 The Second Vatican Council on Non-Christian Religions

9.8 Clark Pinnock on Pluralists and Christology

9.9 John Hick on Complementary Pluralism

9.10 John B. Cobb Jr. on Religious Pluralism

9.11 Lesslie Newbigin on the Gospel in a Pluralist Culture

9.12 Gavin D'Costa on the Self-Contradictions of Pluralism

9.13 Herbert McCabe on Christianity and the Abolition of the Gods

9.14 David Ford on Scriptural Reasoning and Interreligious Dialogue

9.15 Pope Francis on Evangelism and Interreligious Dialogue

For Further Reading

Chapter 10: The Last Things

Introduction

10.1 Irenaeus of Lyons on the Final Restoration of Creation

10.2 Theophilus of Antioch on Conditional Immortality

10.3 Tertullian on Hell and Heaven

10.4 Tertullian on the Millennium

10.5 Origen on the Resurrection Body

10.6 Cyprian of Carthage on Paradise as the Christian Homeland

10.7 Methodius of Olympus on the Resurrection

10.8 Cyril of Jerusalem on Prayers for the Dead

10.9 Gregory of Nyssa on the Resurrection Body

10.10 John Chrysostom on Prayers for the Dead

10.11 Augustine of Hippo on the Christian Hope

10.12 Gregory the Great on Purgatory

10.13 Peter Lombard on the Appearance of Humanity in Heaven

10.14 Pope Benedict XII on Seeing God in Heaven

10.15 Catherine of Genoa on Purgatory

10.16 John Donne on the Resurrection

10.17 Jeremy Taylor on Death and Heaven

10.18 Jonathan Edwards on the Reality of Hell

10.19 John Wesley on Universal Restoration

10.20 C. S. Lewis on the Hope of Heaven

10.21 Rudolf Bultmann on the Existential Interpretation of Eschatology

10.22 Helmut Thielicke on Ethics and Eschatology

10.23 Richard Bauckham on Jürgen Moltmann's Eschatology

10.24 Hans Urs von Balthasar on Hell

10.25 The Catechism of the Catholic Church on Heaven

10.26 Kathryn Tanner on Eternal Life

For Further Reading

A Glossary of Theological Terms

Sources of Readings

For Further Study: Additional Collections of Readings

Index

End User License Agreement

Guide

Cover

Table of Contents

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Praise for previous editions of The Christian Theology Reader

“In a time when Christians are increasingly ignorant of our own traditions, McGrath's efforts in his Introduction and this Reader are most welcome. Those who have found his Introduction a significant resource will undoubtedly also want to use his companion set of readings. Its great strength is the breadth of figures and topics treated, and we can hope that students who become acquainted with the riches in these brief selections will want to return to engage the primary sources in their fullness. Such engagements could offer an important sign of hope for Christianity's future.”

L. Gregory Jones, Duke University, North Carolina

“This anthology of extracts from primary sources will prove extremely useful for teaching historical and systematic theology. It is essential that students use primary sources, and a compromise has to be reached between undue expectations and snippets which are too brief to help. In the light of the author's introductions, the quotations are sufficiently substantial to be useful, yet remain within a compass which is realistic for undergraduate or theological college needs. I shall place it high on my book-lists for students.”

Anthony C. Thiselton, University of Nottingham

“The Christian Theology Reader brings the best primary sources to the theological inquirer.”

Gabriel Fackre, Andover Newton Theological School

Also by Alister E. McGrath from Wiley Blackwell

Christian Theology: An Introduction, 6th edition (2016)

Darwinism and the Divine (2011)

Theology: The Basic Readings, 2nd edition (2011)

Theology: The Basics, 3rd edition (2011)

Science and Religion: An Introduction,2nd edition (2010)

The Open Secret: A New Vision for Natural Theology (2008)

Christianity: An Introduction, 2nd edition (2006)

The Order of Things: Explorations in Scientific Theology (2006)

Luther's Theology of the Cross, 2nd edition (2005)

Dawkins' God: Genes, Memes and the Meaning of Life (2004)

A Brief History of Heaven (2003)

The Blackwell Companion to Protestantism (ed., with Darren C. Marks, 2003)

The Intellectual Origins of the European Reformation, 2nd edition (2003)

The Future of Christianity (2002)

Christian Literature: An Anthology (2000)

Reformation Thought: An Introduction, 3rd edition (2000)

Christian Spirituality: An Introduction (1999)

Historical Theology: An Introduction to the History of Christian Thought (1998)

The Foundations of Dialogue in Science and Religion (1998)

The Blackwell Encyclopedia of Modern Christian Thought (1995)

A Life of John Calvin (1993)

For a complete list of Alister E. McGrath's publications from Wiley Blackwell, visit our website at http://www1.alistermcgrathwiley.com.

The Christian Theology Reader

25th Anniversary Fifth Edition

Edited by

Alister E. McGrath

This fifth edition first published 2017Editorial material and organization © 2017 John Wiley & Sons LtdEdition history: Blackwell Publishing Ltd (1e, 1996; 2e, 2001; and 3e, 2007), John Wiley & Sons Ltd (4e, 2011)

Registered OfficeJohn Wiley & Sons Ltd, The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex, PO19 8SQ, UK

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For details of our global editorial offices, for customer services, and for information about how to apply for permission to reuse the copyright material in this book please see our website at www.wiley.com/wiley-blackwell.

The right of Alister E. McGrath to be identified as the author of the editorial material in this work has been asserted in accordance with the UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, except as permitted by the UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, without the prior permission of the publisher.

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Paperback 9781118874387

Names: McGrath, Alister E., 1953- editor.

Title: The Christian theology reader / edited by Alister E. McGrath.

Description: 25th Anniversary Fifth Edition. | Hoboken : Wiley, 2016. | Includes bibliographical references and index.

Identifiers: LCCN 2016004203| ISBN 9781118874387 (pbk.) | ISBN 9781118874370 (epub)

Subjects: LCSH: Theology, Doctrinal–Popular works.

Classification: LCC BT77 .C47 2016 | DDC 230–dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2016004203

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.

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Preface

One of the best ways of studying theology is to engage directly with the ideas of leading theologians. This widely used book, now in its fifth edition, aims to give its readers direct access to the key ideas, personalities, and schools of thought within Christian theology by enabling them to read and interact with original theological texts. This new edition includes significant revisions made in consultation with both theological educationalists and student audiences to ensure that the readings included are relevant and relatively easy to grasp. The new collection of readings is theologically engaging, ecumenically comprehensive, and educationally enriching. It is supplemented with a series of video resources, available free of charge through the publisher's website, which will further enhance the learning experience of direct engagement with original theological sources.

This book, now in its third decade of use, had its origins in a course I taught at Drew University, Madison, NJ, in the fall of 1990, while I was serving there as Ezra Squire Tipple Visiting Professor of Historical Theology. How, I wondered, could I get my graduate students to enjoy exploring some themes in sixteenth-century theology – the course that I had been assigned to teach? Eventually, I developed the approach that underlies this book: I would get the students to interact with carefully chosen texts. I would begin each seminar by setting out the background to a text – introducing the author, the context, and the ideas – and then allow students to explore the text interactively, raising questions and making points. It worked well. On my return to Oxford, I continued the process, gradually expanding the range of texts. This collection of readings is the result of that long process of trial and error.

The Reader provides more than 350 readings, drawn from 250 different sources, spread throughout the two thousand years of Christian history, each illustrating a key doctrine, point of view, intellectual development, or theological landmark. It encourages you to engage actively with these texts by providing each of these readings with an introduction, a comment, and study questions that will allow readers to deepen their familiarity with and confidence in the study of Christian theology.

Every attempt has been made to ensure that the work is broadly representative, chronologically and intellectually, of the two thousand years of sustained critical reflection within western Christianity on its leading themes. The readings are drawn from a wide variety of theological genres – works of systematic theology, conciliar pronouncements, confessions of faith, catechisms, sermons, biblical commentaries, poems, hymns, and letters. On rare occasions, readings are drawn from non-Christian sources (such as Karl Marx), where the author or current of thought which they represent has had a significant impact on Christian theological reflection.

This Reader is an introductory text which assumes little prior knowledge on the part of its readers. Within the limits of the space available, every effort has been made to explain the importance of each reading, identify its context and key features, and alert the reader as to what to look out for in reading the text. Many of these readings are taken from classic sources, such as Irenaeus, Clement of Alexandria, Tertullian, Origen, Augustine, and Thomas Aquinas. Yet, despite this focus on classic texts, a substantial proportion of the sources in this Reader date from the past two hundred years, ensuring that classic and modern writings are both fairly and fully represented.

Sadly, there is not space to include all the texts which one might hope to include in a work of this sort. Time and time again, pressure on space has forced me to set to one side texts which many readers will feel ought to have been included, or to give only a brief extract from a text which some will feel merits fuller citation. I apologize for these shortcomings, of which I am only too painfully aware. The omission of any particular theologian must not in any way be understood to imply that this theologian has made an insignificant contribution to the development of Christian theology.

It is the firm intention of the author and publisher to make this volume as useful and as helpful as possible in the long term. The structure of the work has been designed to make inclusion of additional or alternative texts possible in later editions without major disturbance to its existing form. Both the author and publisher are committed to responding to reader evaluation in improving and extending the work in the future. If you have any comments which might be helpful in this ongoing process of revision and improvement of the present edition of this volume or of Christian Theology: An Introduction, you are invited to send them in writing to the publishers.

In the meantime, I hope you will enjoy engaging with this collection of texts!

Alister E. McGrath

Oxford University

Approaching the Readings

Each text in this Reader follows a common structure, as follows.

Each text is identified by a number, which allows cross-reference to texts within this Reader. This number allows the chapter within which the reading occurs, and the location of that reading within the chapter, to be identified. Thus “4.10” (Gregory of Nazianzus on Apollinarianism) refers to the tenth reading within Chapter 4, dealing with the person of Jesus Christ.

This is followed by a concise statement concerning the author and theme of the reading. For example, the title “Thomas Aquinas on the Principle of Analogy” (1.10) allows the reader to identify both the author of the piece and its broad theme. The readings have been grouped thematically over ten chapters, and are arranged chronologically within chapters. Augustine's views on the church are thus found before those of Aquinas. Note that a reading allocated to one chapter may well prove to be of relevance in other contexts.

This is followed by an introduction to each reading, which provides background information to the text and allows its importance to be appreciated. In most cases, the introduction will be brief, offering some information about the writer and the text; in others, a more extended introduction is required to ensure that the full significance of the text in question is understood. The introduction may draw attention to matters such as the date of writing of the text, its original language, information concerning technical terms, other writers referred to in the text, or points of possible difficulty. A glossary of significant theological terms is also provided at the end of the work. The introduction ends by referring the reader to other related texts of interest within the Reader, where this seems appropriate.

The text itself then follows, translated into English where necessary. Extended texts have occasionally been abridged, to allow the exclusion of material which was judged not to be of critical importance to the point under discussion. The exclusion of material is indicated in the standard manner, using ellipsis as follows: [...]. Where the original text is not in English and the reader might benefit from knowing, for example, the original Latin term or phrase being translated, this term will be included in italic type in square brackets. Those readers who do not need to know the original terms can safely ignore them.

The text is followed by a comment, which is intended to help the reader appreciate the importance of the text, to draw attention to some of its specific features, and to explain any points of particular difficulty.

A series of questions for study then follows, designed to help the reader engage with the text. These ensure that the text has been properly understood and that its significance has been appreciated.

The chapter in which the text is located concludes with a list of helpful works for further reading, allowing you to take the topic further if you wish to.

The source of the text is identified in a later section of the work, for the benefit of readers who wish to study the text in its original context or language, or, where material has been omitted, who wish to examine the passage intact.

To the StudentHow to Use This Book

This book has been written primarily with the needs of two groups of people in mind: those who are studying it by themselves, and those who are being taught it as part of a seminary, college, or university course.

Studying By Yourself

If you are studying theology by yourself, please read what follows carefully.

1 You are strongly recommended to purchase the companion volume

Christian Theology: An Introduction

and use it alongside this

Reader

. It will provide you with a substantial amount of background material which you will find invaluable in making sense of the readings. In particular, you should read the four chapters dealing with “landmarks,” which will help you understand more about the history of Christian theology and some of the key theologians who you will encounter at first hand in this

Reader

. You are also recommended to read the chapter in

Christian Theology: An Introduction

relating to the topic you wish to study, which will help you set the reading in its full context. If you do not wish to use this additional resource, read the short section entitled “The Development of Christian Theology: An Historical Overview” (pp. xxv–xxx), which will help you get a sense of the historical backdrop to the ideas you will be exploring.

2 A major new feature of the fifth edition of this work is a series of video tutorials, which will help you get more out of using this work (see p. xxiii for further details). These have been developed with the needs of users of this book in mind, and are available free of charge and without any restriction through the publisher's website, or directly through the websites YouTube and Vimeo.

3 The texts in this

Reader

are arranged

thematically

by chapter and

chronologically

within each chapter. It is recommended that you adopt a thematic approach and work your way through each chapter, noticing the way in which later writers often draw on or engage with the ideas of their predecessors – even if they do not always draw attention to this fact. The introduction to each of the chapters also provides some guidance on thematic studies. There is no need to study the chapters in the order in which they are presented; start with whatever theme seems most interesting to you. Knowledge of other chapters is not presupposed; where readings from other chapters might be relevant, these are noted.

4 You might like to use the dedicated video resources on approaching readings before you begin. Try using the following approach in relation to each reading.

a Make sure that you can identify the author. When did the author live? In which part of the world was he or she based?

b Spend a little time thinking about the work from which the reading is taken. What kind of a work is it? For example, is it academic, polemical, pastoral, or popular? Who is the author writing for?

c Note any points of importance identified in the introduction.

d Now read the text itself. This book has generous margins, to encourage and enable you to annotate the readings and scribble notes. Note any important phrases used. Try to summarize the passage, noting the flow of the argument and any assumptions which seem to be especially important.

e Now close the book and see whether you can summarize the reading. The more information you can retain, the better. In particular, try to recall the main points of any arguments used. Your summary will vary from one reading to another, depending on its length and complexity. However, the kind of summary that you are aiming to produce will take the following form:

1.7 In his

Proslogion

, Anselm of Canterbury argues for the existence of God like this. He defines God as being “that than which nothing greater can be thought.” He then points out that the idea of God is not as great as the reality of God. So, if we agree on this definition of God, and can think of God, God must exist.

8.19 In

The Babylonian Captivity of the Church

, which the German Protestant theologian Martin Luther wrote in 1520, he argues that the Lord's Supper (which he refers to as either “the Mass” or “the sacrament of the altar”) is like a testament, for three reasons. First, because it is about an inheritance. Second, because it identifies heirs. And third, because it proclaims the death of the testator.

This kind of exercise will help you test your own understanding of the passage, and also enable you to make the best possible use of the information for yourself.

Being Taught By Someone Else

If you are using this Reader as part of a taught course, whoever is directing the course will explain the way in which you are to use this book. This will generally take the form of directing you to read, summarize, and comment on certain passages. You may find that the explanatory material will thus be unnecessary, on account of the guidance and input that will be provided for you. However, experience suggests that you will benefit considerably from the additional material provided. You may also like to try using the approach recommended for those studying theology by themselves, which may be a helpful supplement to whatever your instructor recommends.

Preparing Talks?

The book will also be of service to those preparing talks, sermons, or addresses on key themes of Christian theology, who wish to incorporate source material into the lecture or interact with a leading representative of a position under examination. For example, the following topics, among many others, could easily be addressed on the basis of this Reader.

The role of tradition in Christian theology.

What can we know of God from nature?

Christian approaches to other faiths.

What does it mean to say that we are “created in the image of God”?

Debates over the authority of the Bible.

To the TeacherHow to Use This Book

The basic idea behind this book is to make your task as a teacher as rewarding and as stimulating as possible, by setting before students a wide variety of interesting texts along with campus-tested explanatory material. The book is designed to save you trouble and effort, and allow you to do some creative and exciting things with your students and the texts, rather than having to spend endless hours of classroom time on very basic explanations and comments.

This collection of readings is intended to be as useful as possible to teachers of theology at every level. You will find the following information useful in helping your students get the most out of the texts.

1 This is a collection of readings in Christian theology which does not advocate any denominational or ideological agenda, other than enabling students to learn how to engage with theological texts and gain the maximum benefit from that engagement. The texts have been selected to give continuous and comprehensive coverage of the major theological debates and developments of the past two thousand years of Christian history. Some 250 different sources have been used. In preparing for the fifth edition of this work, extensive research was undertaken with student readers to identify which texts were likely to be most useful to those studying courses in Christian theology, and what additional resources would be helpful to students as they engaged with these texts. Modifications to the text of the fourth edition reflect this process of consultation.

2 The contents of this book can be mastered without the need for any input on your part. Every explanation which this book offers has been classroom-tested on student audiences, and refined until students reported that they could understand the points being made without the need for further assistance. If you set students the assignment of reading a collection of named texts, you can realistically expect them to have grasped their basic features and themes before you begin to take them further and deeper.

3 A new feature of this edition is the provision of video resources (see p. xxiii), written and recorded on location in Oxford University especially for this work. These introduce the book and its structure, and will help students get much more out of engaging with its themes. These resources are available directly through the publisher's website and through YouTube and Vimeo, free of charge and without any copyright restrictions. You are free to use them in your teaching if you wish; there is no need to seek permission from either the author or the publisher.

4 The book aims to encourage students to interact with the original texts of Christian theology. Most teachers report that students find themselves intimidated by this interaction, partly because they are worried that they will not be able to make sense of what they read. This work aims to build student confidence by offering several layers of assistance, all of which have been tested on student audiences – and modified where necessary – to make sure that they work. This new edition includes significant additional pedagogical material to help students study on their own, including dedicated video resources (see above).

5 This is not a collection of texts aimed at church historians. There are many documents – such as the Toleration Edict of Galerius (April 311) – which despite their historical importance have limited theological relevance. The texts have been chosen on the basis of the known needs of those studying Christian theology at seminary, college, or university level. Church history is a separate discipline, requiring its own collections of texts, many of which are currently available to interested readers elsewhere. Nor is this book a specialist reader, focusing on one historical period, a specific writer or theological school, or a geographical region. The work is intended to act as a general introduction to the great tradition of doing theology within a Christian context, in order to encourage its readers to take matters further for themselves. Nor is it a “hall of fame,” designed to acknowledge and honor theological luminaries. It is, first and foremost, an educational resource, using representative texts to allow readers to deepen the quality of their grasp of Christian theology.

6 Each of the approximately 350 readings is provided with an

introduction

, a

comment

, and a set of

questions for study

. These have been written as clearly as possible, and students should find that they have been given enough assistance to be able to approach a text with confidence and make sense of what they read. You may find it helpful to read the preceding section entitled “To the Student: How to Use This Book,” which will give you an idea of how students are being encouraged to approach these texts.

7 The work is theologically neutral; it does not advocate any denominational agenda. Thus the work will help your students

understand

Barth (or Aquinas or Augustine or Luther), but it will not ask them to

agree

with Barth (or Aquinas or Augustine or Luther). The book aims to put you, the teacher, in the position of interacting with the classic resources of the Christian tradition, on the basis of the assumption that your students, through reading and reflecting on the texts contained in this book, will have a good basic understanding of the issues and have had the experience of engaging directly with the original texts, rather than reading about them at second hand.

8 Although this work is ideally suited as a companion volume to

Christian Theology: An Introduction

, which is now in its sixth edition, it can be used on its own, or as a companion to other introductions to Christian theology.

9 There is a website linked to this text and its companion volume,

Christian Theology: An Introduction

. It is the intention of both the author and the publisher to use this site to provide updated bibliographies, additional teaching materials, and other material which it is hoped will be of use to all those teaching theology. A useful list of relevant reading material, much published in the past 15 years, is provided at the end of each chapter, and a list of additional readers is to be found at the end of the work. It is intended that the website will provide an expanded and continually updated collection of materials of use to both teachers and students.

Video Resources for This Textbook

A new feature of this work is a series of video resources, specifically developed for this Reader. These are presentations, typically 12–13 minutes long, designed to help you approach and engage with the readings in this work. These can all be accessed through the page devoted to Alister McGrath's theology textbooks at the publisher's website:

www1.alistermcgrathwiley.com

You can also access them directly on YouTube and Vimeo, as follows:

YouTube

Vimeo

Presentation 1

http://youtu.be/RqgcvMrlM8I

https://vimeo.com/108984145

Presentation 2

http://youtu.be/UeSNpxEmePI

https://vimeo.com/108990233

Presentation 3

http://youtu.be/QW8Vvj79URc

https://vimeo.com/109020851

Presentation 4

http://youtu.be/npwBNOwxcZI

https://vimeo.com/109676368

Presentation 5

http://youtu.be/76aqyDLKUvw

https://vimeo.com/109676369

Presentation 6

http://youtu.be/iwmyHzoUMA0

https://vimeo.com/110344818

There are no copyright restrictions on this material, and you are free to use the videos in any way you like. The following resources relating to this work are already available. Additional resources may be added from time to time.

1 The first presentation introduces you to the

Reader

. It explains how the volume was developed, its structure, the educational philosophy that underlies it, and how you can get the most out of using it. It introduces you to the general principles of interacting with primary texts – the questions you need to ask, the things you need to look out for, and how to use the texts to develop your own understanding of theology.

This is followed by five further presentations, in which five representative readings are considered in more detail. These presentations are designed to help you develop your skills and confidence in engaging a primary text.

2 Augustine of Hippo on Philosophy and Theology (Reading 1.4)

3 Irenaeus of Lyons on the Role of Tradition (Reading 2.2)

4 Dorothy L. Sayers on Christology and Dogma (Reading 4.29)

5 C. S. Lewis on Myth in Christianity and Other Faiths (Reading 9.5)

6 Cyprian of Carthage on Paradise as the Christian Homeland (Reading 10.6)

The Development of Christian TheologyAn Historical Overview

This Reader brings together a substantial number of readings drawn from the first two thousand years of Christian theology. Theology is “talk about God”; Christian theology is “talk about God” from a Christian perspective. Engaging with these readings is one of the best ways of understanding how Christians have tried to express their faith, develop Christianity's ideas, and weave Christianity's themes together into a systematic whole. Each reading is accompanied by an introduction, a comment, and questions for study, designed to make this process of engagement as straightforward, interesting, and profitable as possible.

To get the most out of these readings, however, it is important to have an overview of the main features of the development of Christian theology. If you are using this reader alongside its companion volume, Christian Theology: An Introduction, you will find that this provides you with a detailed road map which will allow you to get the most from this collection of readings. It will help you make much more sense of what you read, and allow you to appreciate the context in which the readings were written. The four introductory chapters provide a survey of historical theology. The following four chapters deal with issues of sources and interpretation, dealing with material covered in the first two chapters of this reader. The remaining ten chapters present a detailed engagement with the major themes of Christian theology, thus providing an in-depth introduction to this collection of readings.

However, not all will want to make use of this specific introduction to Christian theology. For those not using this companion volume, this brief section will give something of a panoramic view of the main landmarks of this process of development, and identify readings that will help you understand some of its features. (Note that readings will be referred to by number only.) While this brief section can do little more than highlight some of the many themes of Christian theology (passing over many topics, debates, schools of thought, and topics that fully deserve discussion), it will nevertheless help readers to get their bearings in the midst of this vast landscape of ideas.

For the sake of convenience, historians of Christian thought tend to break the religion's first two thousand years down into more manageable sections. While everyone has their own views about how best to divide Christian history, many use a framework which looks something like this.

The Apostolic Period

The first hundred years is often referred to as the apostolic period. This was the period during which the works now included in the New Testament were written. During this time, Christianity was spreading throughout the Mediterranean region and beyond. The missionary journeys of Saint Paul, described in the Acts of the Apostles, are an excellent example of this activity. This Reader does not include readings from the New Testament, as this document is so readily accessible.

The Patristic Period

The apostolic period was followed by what is still generally known as the patristic