The Lightest Metals E-Book

Timothy P. Hanusa

• Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
• Kategorie: Wissenschaft und neue Technologien
• Serie: EIC Books
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 1482

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2015

Beschreibung

The first seven metals in the periodic table are lithium, beryllium, sodium, magnesium, aluminium, potassium and calcium, known collectively as the “lightest metals”. The growing uses of these seven elements are enmeshing them ever more firmly into critical areas of 21st century technology, including energy storage, catalysis, and various applications of nanoscience.

This volume provides comprehensive coverage of the fundamentals and recent advances in the science and technology of the lightest metals. Opening chapters of the book describe major physical and chemical properties of the metals, their occurrence and issues of long-term availability. The book goes on to disucss a broad range of chemical features, including low oxidation state chemistry, organometallics, metal-centered NMR spectroscopy, and cation-π interactions. Current and emerging applications of the metals are presented, including lithium-ion battery technology, hydrogen storage chemistry, superconductor materials, transparent ceramics, nano-enhanced catalysis, and research into photosynthesis and photoelectrochemical cells.

The content from this book will be added online to the Encyclopedia of Inorganic and Bioinorganic Chemistry: http://www.wileyonlinelibrary.com/ref/eibc

Leseprobe

Table of Contents

Cover

EIBC Books

Title Page

Copyright

Editorial Board

International Advisory Board

Contributors

Series Preface

Volume Preface

Periodic Table of the Elements

PART 1: Background

Interrelationships between the Lightest Metals

1 Introduction

2 Nucleosynthesis and Abundance of the Lightest Metals

3 Discovery, Initial Isolation, and Commercial Production

4 Isodiagonal Relationships

5 Solid-State Structures of the Metals

6 Comparative Physical Properties

7 Ceramics, Glasses, and Alloys

8 Conclusions

9 Acknowledgment

10 Glossary

11 Related Articles

12 Abbreviations and Acronyms

13 References

Occurrence and Production of Beryllium

1 Introduction

2 Discovery and Early Development of Beryllium

3 Physical and Chemical Characteristics of Beryllium

4 Occurrence of Beryllium

5 Mining and Processing of Beryllium

6 Uses and Applications of Beryllium

7 Trends in World Production of Beryllium

8 Conclusions

9 Related Articles

10 Abbreviations and Acronyms

11 References

Occurrence of Magnesia Minerals and Production of Magnesium Chemicals and Metal

1 Introduction

2 Major Magnesium Minerals

3 Magnesium Carbonates

4 Brucite

5 Dolomite Process

6 Synthetic Magnesia

7 Magnesium Metal Production

8 Metallothermic Processes

9 Outlook

10 Acknowledgments

11 Related Article

12 Abbreviations and Acronyms

13 References

14 General Bibliography

Occurrence and Production of Aluminum

1 Introduction

2 Natural Occurrence of Aluminum-Containing Minerals

3 Production of Alumina

4 Production of Aluminum

5 Present Challenges for the Aluminum Industry

6 Conclusions

7 Related Articles

8 Abbreviations and Acronyms

9 References

Status as Strategic Metals

1 Introduction

2 Strategic Uses

3 Stockpiling

4 Conclusions

5 Acknowledgments

6 End Notes

7 Related Article

8 Abbreviations and Acronyms

9 References

Resource Sustainability

1 Overview

2 Introduction

3 Chemical and Physical Properties

4 Mineral Resources and Isolation

5 Recycling

6 Conclusions: the Path to Sustainability

7 Acknowledgments

8 Glossary

9 Abbreviations and Acronyms

10 References

PART 2: Fundamentals

Low Oxidation State Chemistry

1 Introduction

2 Lithium, Sodium, and Potassium in the −1 Oxidation State

3 Magnesium in the +1 Oxidation State

4 Calcium in the +1 Oxidation State

5 Aluminum in Oxidation States <3

6 Related Article

7 Abbreviations and Acronyms

8 References

Solution NMR of the Light Main Group Metals

1 Introduction

2 NMR-Active Nuclei

3 Conclusions

4 Acknowledgment

5 Related Articles

6 Abbreviations and Acronyms

7 References

Solid-State NMR of the Light Main Group Metals

1 Introduction

2 Solid-State NMR of Quadrupolar Nuclides

3 Solid-State NMR of Commonly Studied Light Metals: Lithium, Sodium, and Aluminum

4 Solid-State NMR of Uncommonly Studied Light Metals: Potassium, Magnesium, Calcium, and Beryllium

5 Conclusions

6 Acknowledgments

7 Related Articles

8 Abbreviations and Acronyms

9 References

Cation-π Interactions

1 Introduction

2 Nature of Cation–π Interactions

3 Spectroscopic Characterizations of Cation–π Interactions

4 Cation–π Interactions in Host–Guest and Biological Systems

5 Cation–π Interactions in Materials Science

6 Cation–π Interactions in Chemical Catalysis

7 Conclusions

8 Acknowledgment

9 Abbreviations and Acronyms

10 References

Ion Channels and Ionophores

1 Introduction

2 Cation Transport Mechanisms

3 Ionophores for the Lightest Metals

4 Ion Channels for the Lightest Metals

5 Conclusions

6 Related Articles

7 Abbreviations and Acronyms

8 References

Beryllium Metal Toxicology: A Current Perspective

1 Introduction

2 Natural Sources in the General Environment

3 Insoluble Versus Soluble Beryllium

4 Beryllium Disease

5 Beryllium Sensitization

6 Genetics

7 Cancer

8 Conclusions

9 Acknowledgments

10 Glossary

11 Abbreviations and Acronyms

12 References

PART 3: Applications

Reimagining the Grignard Reaction

1 Introduction

2 Organometallics of the Alkaline Earth Metals

3 Intermetallic Grignard Reagents

4 Conclusion and Prospective Development

5 Acknowledgments

6 Abbreviations and Acronyms

7 References

Aryllithiums and Hetaryllithiums: Generation and Reactivity

1 Introduction

2 Ortho-Lithiation Metalation

3 The Halogen/Lithium Exchange

4 Derivatizations (Arene–Heteroatom Bond Formation)

5 Concluding Remarks

6 Acknowledgments

7 Related Articles

8 Abbreviations and Acronyms

9 References

Magnesium and Calcium Complexes in Homogeneous Catalysis

1 Introduction

2 Lighter Group 2 Metal-Mediated Polymerizations

3 Catalytic Heterofunctionalization of Unsaturated Molecules

4 Alkaline Earth-Catalyzed Dehydrocoupling Reactions

5 The Future? Redox Catalysis with Alkaline Earth Complexes

6 Acknowledgments

7 End Notes

8 Related Articles

9 Abbreviations and Acronyms

10 References

Aluminum-Based Catalysis

1 Introduction

2 Coordination Chemistry and Organometallic Compounds of Aluminum

3 Alkylaluminoxanes

4 Oligomerization and Polymerization of Alkenes

5 Ring-Opening Polymerization of Polar Monomers

6 Aluminum-Containing Heterogeneous Catalysts

7 Aluminum Catalysts in Organic Synthesis and Fine Chemicals Production

8 Conclusions

9 Related Articles

10 Abbreviations and Acronyms

11 References

Lithium-Ion Batteries: Fundamentals and Safety

1 Introduction

2 Global Battery Markets

3 Lithium-Based Batteries

4 Safety Issues with Li-Ion Technology

5 Conclusions

6 Abbreviations and Acronyms

7 References

Li-Ion Batteries and Beyond: Future Design Challenges

1 Introduction

2 Li-Ion Batteries

3 Sodium and Magnesium Batteries

4 Metal/Air Batteries

5 Summary and Outlook

6 Related Articles

7 Abbreviations and Acronyms

8 References

High-Pressure Synthesis of Hydrogen Storage Materials

1 Introduction

2 Methods

3 Aluminum-Based Interstitial Hydrides

4 Lithium-Containing Complex Hydrides

5 Summary

6 Abbreviations and Acronyms

7 References

Processing and Applications of Transparent Ceramics

1 Introduction

2 Processing Technologies

3 Representative Transparent Ceramics

4 Applications

5 Conclusions

6 Acknowledgment

7 Abbreviations and Acronyms

8 References

Light-Element Superconductors

1 Introduction

2 A Brief History of Superconductivity

3 Our Theoretical Understanding of Superconductivity

4 Superconductivity in Light Element Compounds

5 Searching for and Predicting New Superconductors

6 Pressure Effects on Superconductivity in the Light Elements

7 Predictions of Pressure-Stabilized Light Compounds

8 Conclusions

9 Related Article

10 Abbreviations and Acronyms

11 References

One-Dimensional Nanostructure-Enhanced Catalysis

1 Introduction to Nanostructure-Based Catalysis

2 One-Dimensional Nanostructures

3 One-Dimensional Nanostructure-Enhanced Heterogeneous Catalysis for Air Pollutant Removal

4 One-Dimensional Nanostructure-Enhanced Photocatalysis for Water Treatment and Splitting

5 One-Dimensional Nanostructure-Enhanced Electro-Catalysis for Energy Conversion and Storage

6 Summary and Outlook

7 Acknowledgments

8 Abbreviations and Acronyms

9 References

Lithium Pharmacology

1 Introduction

2 Biochemical Effects of Lithium

3 Clinical Trials

4 Safety and Tolerability

5 Lithium and the Perinatal Period

6 Lithium Drug Interactions

7 Conclusion

8 Abbreviations and Acronyms

9 References

Solar Energy and Photovoltaics

1 Introduction

2 PV Technology

3 Use of the Lightest Metals in the Different PV Technologies

4 Conclusions

5 Abbreviations and Acronyms

6 Related Article

7 References

Index

Abbreviations and Acronyms used in this Volume

End User License Agreement

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