UMTS Signaling E-Book

Ralf Kreher

• Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
• Kategorie: Wissenschaft und neue Technologien
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 708

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2012

Beschreibung

This completely revised and updated edition of the highly successful UMTS Signaling provides a deep insight into all aspects of UMTS signalling. The chapter structure has been reworked for improved “usability” for readers, as well as including many new features and updates.

The successful trial, deployment, operation and troubleshooting of 3G or UMTS infrastructures and applications is the biggest challenge facing today’s mobile communications. Network element instability, network element and multi-vendor interoperability, configuration and network planning faults are just a few of the challenges affecting performance and profitability that need to be addressed. This book is an invaluable guide to resolving such problems.

Highlights of the Second Edition:

• Includes new information and scenarios on HSPA / HSDPA / HSUPA, and IMS
• Covers not only WCDMA, but also TD-SCDMA issues
• Contains up-to-date information on releases 5 and 6, and includes a new chapter on the future releases 7 and 8
• Provides crucial information for network operators and equipment suppliers keen to understand how to handle and analyse UMTS signaling procedures in order to get the network into operation, detect errors and troubleshoot faults
• Uses first hand, real world information to explain issues which are unclear in the standards
• Includes comprehensive descriptions and documentation of UMTS reference scenarios for different UMTS procedures

The unified comprehensive approach taken by the authors makes this book essential reading for engineers in network operators, integrators or system suppliers who need to be at the cutting edge of this technology. It will also be an invaluable resource for postgraduates on telecommunications courses, especially those with a focus on signal analysis.

Leseprobe

Contents

Cover

Half Title page

Title page

Copyright page

Preface

Acknowledgments

About the Authors

Chapter 1: UMTS Basics

1.1 Standards

1.2 Network Architecture

1.3 UMTS Interfaces

1.4 UMTS Domain Architecture

1.5 UTRAN

1.6 UMTS Security

1.7 Radio Interface Basics

1.8 UMTS Network Protocol Architecture

1.9 SIGTRAN

1.10 ATM

1.11 User Plane Framing Protocol

1.12 Medium Access Protocol (MAC)

1.13 Radio Link Control (RLC)

1.14 Service Specific Connection Oriented Protocol (SSCOP)

1.15 Service Specific Coordination Function (SSCF)

1.16 Message Transfer Part Level 3 – Broadband (MTP3-B)

1.17 Internet Protocol (IP)

1.18 Signaling Transport Converter (STC)

1.19 Signaling Connection Control Part (SCCP)

1.20 Abstract Syntax Notation One (ASN.1) in UMTS

1.21 Radio Resource Control (RRC)

1.22 Node B Application Part (NBAP)

1.23 Radio Network Subsystem Application Part (RNSAP)

1.24 Radio Access Network Application Part (RANAP)

1.25 ATM Adaptation Layer Type 2 – Layer 3 (AAL2L3/ALCAP)

1.26 IU User Plane Protocol

1.27 Adaptive Multirate (AMR) Codec

1.28 Terminal Adaptation Function (TAF)

1.29 Radio Link Protocol (RLP)

1.30 Packet Data Convergence Protocol (PDCP)

1.31 Broadcast/Multicast Control (BMC)

1.32 Circuit-Switched Mobility Management (MM)

1.33 Circuit-Switched Call Control (CC)

1.34 Example – Mobile Originated Call (Circuit Switched)

1.35 Packet-Switched Mobility Management (GMM)

1.36 Packet-Switched Session Management (SM)

1.37 Example – Activate PDP Context (Packet Switched)

Chapter 2: Short Introduction to Network Monitoring, Troubleshooting, and Network Optimization

2.1 Iub Monitoring

2.2 Iu Monitoring

2.3 Network Optimization and Network Troubleshooting

Chapter 3: UMTS UTRAN Signaling Procedures

3.1 Iub – Node B Setup

3.2 Iub – IMSI/GPRS Attach Procedure

3.3 Iub CS – Mobile Originated Call

3.4 Iub CS – Mobile Terminated Call

3.5 Iub PS – PDP Context Activation/Deactivation

3.6 Iub – IMSI/GPRS Detach Procedure

3.7 RRC Measurement Procedures

3.8 Iub – Physical Channel Reconfiguration (PDPC)

3.9 Channel Type Switching

3.10 Iub – Mobile-Originated Call with Soft Handover (Inter-Node B, Intra-RNC)

3.11 Iub – Softer Handover

3.12 Iub Interfrequency Hard Handover FDD

3.13 RRC Measurements in Compressed Mode and Typical Call Drop

3.14 High Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA)

3.15 High Speed Uplink Packet Access (HSUPA)

3.16 NBAP Measurements

Chapter 4: TDD (TD-SCDMA) Iub Signaling Procedures

4.1 TD-SCDMA Radio Interface Structure and Radio Resource Allocation

Chapter 5: Iu and Iur Signaling Procedures

5.1 Iub-Iu – Location Update

5.2 Iub-Iu – Mobile-Originated Call

5.3 Iub-Iu – Mobile-Terminated Call

5.4 Iub-Iu – Attach

5.5 Iub-Iu – PDPC Activation/Deactivation

5.6 Streaming PS Service and Secondary PDP Context

5.7 Iub-Iu – Detach

5.8 Iub-Iur – Soft Handover (Inter-Node B, Inter-RNC)

5.9 Iub-Iu – RRC Re-Establishment (Inter-Node B, Inter-RNC)

5.10 SRNS Relocation (UE not Involved)

5.11 SRNS Relocation (UE Involved)

5.12 Short Message Service (SMS) in UMTS Networks

Chapter 6: Signaling Procedures in the 3G Core Network

6.1 ISUP/BICC Call Setup

6.2 Gn Interface Signaling

6.3 Procedures on the Gs Interface

6.4 Signaling on Interfaces Toward HLR

6.5 Inter-3G_MSC Handover Procedure

6.6 Inter-3G-2G-3G_MSC Handover Procedure

6.7 Customized Application for Mobile Network Enhanced Logic (CAMEL)

6.8 IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS)

Glossary

Bibliography

Index

UMTS Signaling

Second Edition

Copyright © 2007 Tektronix, Inc.

Published in 2007 byJohn Wiley & Sons Ltd, The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester,West Sussex PO19 8SQ, EnglandTelephone ([phone]

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Preface

The successful trial, deployment, operation, and troubleshooting of 3G or UMTS infrastructures and applications are some of the most exciting, fascinating, and challenging tasks in today’s mobile communications. Interoperability, roaming, and QoS awareness between multi-operators and multi-technology network infrastructures are just a few of the problems that need to be met. In today’s deployments of UMTS networks and in the trials of HSPA environments, five main categories of problems can be differentiated:

1. Network Element Instability

2. Network Element Interworking

3. Multi-Vendor Interworking (MVI)

4. Configuration Faults

5. Network Planning Faults

To meet these challenges, it is vital to understand and analyze the message flows associated with UMTS, including HSPA signaling.

UMTS Signaling focuses on providing an overview and reference to UMTS, details of the standards, the network architecture, and objectives and functions of the different interfaces and protocols. Furthermore, it comprehensively describes various procedures from Node B setup to different handover types in the UTRAN and the Core Network. This 2nd edition of UMTS Signaling has been enhanced and discusses the 3GPP Release 5, 6, and 7 enhancements, covers TD-SCDMA (TDD) and describes the basics of HSDPA/HSUPA. Additionally the call scenarios in Chapters 2 and 3 have been reworked and enhanced with e.g. HSPA, SIGTRAN, handover scenarios and many more. The focus on wireline interfaces is unique in the market. All signaling sequences are based upon UMTS traces from various UMTS networks (trial and commercial networks) around the world. With this book readers have access to the first universal UMTS protocol sequence reference, which enables quick differentiation of valid from invalid call control procedures. In addition, all the main signaling stages are explained – many of which are unclear in the standards so far – and valuable tips for protocol monitoring are provided.

What will you get out of UMTS Signaling?

A comprehensive overview on UMTS UTRAN and Core Networks: – latest updates for Release 4, 5, 6 and 7 features are included – description of the real-world structure of the ATM transport network on Iub and Iu interfaces – valuable tips and tricks for practical interface monitoring.

An in-depth description of the tasks and functions of UMTS interfaces and protocols.

A deep protocol knowledge improvement.

The potential to analyze specific protocol messages.

Support to reduce time and effort to detect and analyze problems.

Explanations of how to locate problems in the network.

Comprehensive descriptions and documentation of UMTS reference scenarios for different UMTS procedures: – UTRAN signaling procedures.

Description of RRC measurement procedures for radio network optimization.

Analysis and explanation of PS calls with so-called channel-type switching, which is one of the most common performance problems of packet-switched services in today’s 3G networks.

SRNS Relocation scenarios – including full descriptions of RANAP and RRC containers.

More than 35 decoded message examples using Tektronix’ protocol testers, which give a deep insight into control plane protocols on different layers: – Core Network signaling procedures.

In-depth evaluations on mobility management, session management, and call control procedures.

Example call flows of the CS domain including practical ideas for troubleshooting.

Tunnel management on Gn interfaces.

Mobility management using optional Gs interface.

Discussion on core network switches (MSC, SGSN) and database (HLR, VLR) information exchange over the Mobile Application Part (MAP).

A short introduction to 3G intelligent services with the CAMEL Application Part (CAP) protocol.

A comprehensive description of Inter-MSC Handover procedures for 3G-3G, 3G-GSM, and GSM-3G handovers.

A detailed description of RANAP, BSSAP, and RRC information.

HSDPA signaling procedures.

HSUPA signaling procedures.

TDD/TD-SCDMA scenarios.

Enhanced Handover scenarios.

UMTS Signaling readers should be familiar with UMTS technology at a fairly detailed level as the book is directed at UMTS experts, who need to analyze UMTS signaling procedures at the most detailed level. This is why only an introductionary overview section discusses the UMTS network architecture, the objectives and functions of the different interfaces, and the various UMTS protocols. Then the book leads right into the main part – the analysis of all the main signaling processes in a UMTS network, the so-called UMTS scenarios. All the main procedures – from Node B Setup to Hard Handover – are described and explained comprehensively.

The combination of a network of UMTS experts from many different companies around the world with Tektronix’ many years of experience in protocol analysis has resulted in this unique book, compendium, and reference. I hope it will prove helpful for the successful implementation and deployment of UMTS.

Arif Kareem

General ManagerMonitoring and Protocol TestTektronix, Inc.

If you have any kind of feedback or questions feel free to send us an e-mail to [email protected].

For help with acronyms or abbreviations, refer to the glossary at the end of this book.

Acknowledgments

The Tektronix Network Diagnostics Academy has already trained hundreds of students in UMTS and other mobile technologies and in testing mobile networks. The experience from this training and our close customer relations pointed towards a desperate need for book on UMTS Signaling.

We collected all the material available at Tektronix and provided by our partners at network equipment vendors and network operators, to include in this unique selection.

The authors would like to acknowledge the effort and time invested by all our colleagues at Tektronix who have contributed to this book.

Special thanks go to Simon Binar, Tektronix MPT Berlin, whose HSPA material was a brilliant foundation to start from. Also to Jens Irrgang, Tektronix MPT Berlin and Christian Villwock, Texas Instruments Berlin, for their co-authorship and their valuable advice and input for Section 1.6, “UMTS Security.”

We must not forget Techcom Consulting Munich, for supporting us with content from their brilliant technical training material.

Without Juergen Placht (Sanchar GmbH) this book would not have existed. His unbelievable knowledge, experience, and efforts in preparing the very first slide sets for UMTS scenarios laid the basis for the book’s material.

Additionally, the material that Magnar Norderhus, Hummingbird, Duesseldorf, prepared for the first UMTS Training for Tektronix was the very first source that we have “blown up” for Chapter 1 of this book.

Many thanks also go to Joerg Nestle Product Design, Munich, for doing a great job in the creation of all the graphics.

We would like to express thanks to Othmar Kyas, Director of Strategic Marketing of Tektronix ND, for his strong belief in the Tektronix Network Diagnostics Academy and in UMTS Signaling, and for challenging us to make this book become real.

Additional thanks go to Toni Piwonka-Corle and Martin Kuerzinger of Tektronix MPT Marketing Berlin for their strong support turning this 2nd edition of UMTS Signaling into reality.

Of course, we must not forget to thank Jennifer Beal, Sarah Hinton, Mark Hammond and the team at Wiley. They encouraged us to turn edition 2 into reality, and kept us moving, even though it took so much time to get all the permissions aligned with Tektronix.

Last but not least, a special “thank you” to our families and friends for their infinite patience and support throughout this project.

About the Authors

Ralf Kreher works as a Solution Architect for Tektronix’ Mobile Protocol Test (MPT) business with a focus on UMTS Performance Measurement and Key Performance Indicator (KPI) implementation. Previously he was head of the MPT Customer Training Department for almost four years and was responsible for a world-class seminar portfolio for mobile technologies and measurement products. Before joining Tektronix, Kreher held a trainer assignment for switching equipment at Teles AG, Berlin.

Kreher holds a Communication Engineering Degree of the University of Applied Science, Deutsche Telekom Leipzig. He is internationally recognized as an author of the following books: UMTS Signaling (Wiley) and UMTS Performance Measurement. A Practical Guide to KPIs for the UTRAN Environment (Wiley). He currently resides in Germany.

Torsten Rüdebusch, Marcom Program Manager, Network Diagnostics, Tektronix, Inc., is responsible for outbound marketing activities of the Network Diagnostics product line. Previously he led the Knowledgeware and Training Department for Tektronix’ Mobile Protocol Test (MPT) business. There he was responsible for providing leading-edge technology and product seminars and the creation of knowledgeware products using Tektronix’ extensive expertise. Before joining Tektronix, he held an application engineer assignment at Siemens CTE. He holds a Communication Engineering Degree from the Technical College Deutsche Telekom Berlin. Rüdebusch is internationally recognized as an author of the book UMTS Signaling (Wiley). He currently resides in Germany.

Chapter 1

UMTS Basics

UMTS is real. In a continuously growing number of countries we can walk in the stores of mobile network operators or resellers and take UMTS PC cards or even third-generation (3G) phones home and use them instantly. Every day the number of equipments and their feature sets gets broader. The “dream” of multimedia on mobile connections, online gaming, video conferencing, real-time video or even mobile TV becomes reality.

With rapid technical innovation the mobile telecommunication sector has continued to grow and evolve strongly.

The technologies used to provide wireless voice and data services to subscribers, such as Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA), Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS), and Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA), continue to grow in their complexity. This complexity imparts a time-consuming hurdle to overcome when moving from 2G to 2.5G and then to 3G networks.

GSM (Global System for Mobile Communication) is the most widely installed wireless technology in the world. Some estimates put GSM market share above 80 %. Long dominant in Europe, GSM has a foothold in Latin America and is expanding its penetration in the North American market.

One reason for this trend is the emergence of reliable, profitable 2.5G General Packet Radio Service GPRS elements and services. Adding a 2.5G layer to the existing GSM foundation has been a cost-effective solution to current barriers while still bringing desired data services to market. The enhancement to EGPRS (Enhanced GPRS) allows a maximum speed of 384 kbps. However, now EDGE (EDGE; Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution) is under pressure, because High Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA; see Section 1.2.3) and its speed of 2 Mbps will take huge parts of the market share once it becomes more widely available.

So, the EGPRS operators will sooner or later switch to 3G UMTS services (Figure 1.1), the latest of which is UMTS Release 7 (Rel. 7). This transition brings new opportunities and testing challenges, in terms of both revenue potential and addressing interoperability issues to ensure QoS (Quality of Service).

Figure 1.1 Component overview of a UMTS network.

With 3G mobile networks, the revolution of mobile communication has begun. 4G and 5G networks will make the network transparent to the user’s applications. In addition to horizontal handovers (for example between Node Bs), handovers will occur vertically between applications, and the UTRAN (UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network) will be extended by a satellite-based RAN (Radio Access Network), ensuring global coverage.

Every day the number of commercial networks in different parts of the world increases. Therefore, network operators and equipment suppliers are desperate to understand how to handle and analyze UMTS signaling procedures in order to get the network into operation, detect errors, and troubleshoot faults.

Those experienced with GSM will recognize many similarities with UMTS, especially in Non-Access Stratum (NAS) messaging. However, in the lower layers within the UTRAN and Core Network (CN), UMTS introduces a set of new protocols, which deserve close understanding and attention.

The philosophy of UMTS is to separate the user plane from the control plane, the radio network from the transport network, the access network from the CN, and the Access Stratum from the Non-Access Stratum.

The first part of this book is a refresher on UMTS basics, and the second part continues with in-depth message flow scenarios.

1.1 Standards

The ITU (the International Telecommunication Union) solicited several international organizations for descriptions of their ideas for a 3G mobile network:

CWTS

China Wireless Telecommunication Standard group

ARIB

Association of Radio Industries and Businesses, Japan

T1

Standards Committee T1 Telecommunications, United States

TTA

Telecommunications Technology Association, Korea

TTC

Telecommunication Technology Committee, Japan

ETSI

European Telecommunications Standards Institute

The ITU decided which standards would be used for “International Mobile Telecommunications at 2000 MHz.” Many different technologies were combined in IMT-2000 standards (Figure 1.2).

Figure 1.2 IMT-2000.

The main advantage of IMT-2000 is that it specifies international standards and also the interworking with existing PLMN (Public Land Mobile Network) standards, such as GSM.

In general, the quality of transmission will be improved. The data transfer rate will increase dramatically. Transfer rates of 384 kbps are already available; 2 Mbps (with HSDPA technology) is under test and almost ready to go live in certain parts of Asia. New service offerings will help UMTS to become financially successful for operators and attractive to users.

The improvement for the users will be the worldwide access available with a cell phone, and the look and feel of services will be the same wherever the user may be (Figure 1.3).

Figure 1.3 IMT-2000 standards benefit users, operators, and vendors.

There is a migration path from 2G to 3G systems that may include an intermediate step, the so-called 2.5G network. Packet switches – Gateway GPRS Support Node (GGSN) or Serving GPRS Support Node (SGSN) in the case of a GSM network – are implemented in the existing CN while the RAN is not changed significantly (Figure 1.4).

Figure 1.4 Possible migration paths from 2G to 3G.

In the case of a migration from GSM to UMTS a new Radio Access Technology (RAT; W-CDMA instead of TDMA) is introduced. This means the networks will be equipped with completely new RANs, which replace the 2G network elements in the RAN. However, EDGE opens a different way to offer high-speed IP services to GSM subscribers without introducing W-CDMA.