Veterans Benefits Guide For Dummies E-Book

Angie Papple Johnston

• Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
• Kategorie: Ratgeber
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 639

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2022

Beschreibung

You've served your country, now let the country serve you Veterans Benefits Guide For Dummies is your clear and concise guide to the benefits available to you from the VA and other government organizations. You have access to physical and mental healthcare, financial services, long-term planning, education, and much more. This book explains how to make sense of and take advantage of the extensive benefits program offered to veterans in the United States. You'll learn what you're eligible for, how to file applications and claims, and how to appeal decisions. This book covers the most recent benefits available, including vocational rehabilitation, life insurance, home loans, pensions, burial benefits, and survivors' benefits. With Dummies, you can navigate the paperwork to make sure you're getting everything that's available to you. * Figure out the VA benefits system and learn what paperwork you need * Discover the pros and cons of veterans' services versus civilian services * Develop a smart financial plan with a good understanding of military pensions * Find and secure benefits you may not have known about - for yourself and your family Newly separated and seasoned veterans alike will love Veterans Benefits Guide For Dummies. We make it easy to get what's coming to you.

Leseprobe

Veterans Benefits Guide For Dummies®

Published by: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030-5774, www.wiley.com

Copyright © 2023 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey

Published simultaneously in Canada

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ISBN: 978-1-119-90762-6 (ebk); ISBN: 978-1-119-90763-3 (ebk)

Veterans Benefits Guide For Dummies®

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Table of Contents

Cover

Title Page

Copyright

Introduction

About This Book

Foolish Assumptions

Icons Used in This Book

Beyond the Book

Where to Go from Here

Part 1: Writing Your Next Chapter

Chapter 1: Gearing Up for That DD-214 Life

Minding Your Medical Records

Using Your Branch’s Transition Program

Taking Control of Your Current Benefits

Thinking about What You’ll Do on the Other Side

Selling Back Your Military Leave

Packing with Your Final Move Benefit

What to Expect from Your Last Paycheck

Obtaining a Veteran ID Card

Chapter 2: Tying Your Discharge Status into Benefits

Identifying Where Benefits Come from

Qualifying as a Veteran: Types of Service

Deciphering Different Discharge Types

Eyeing the Benefits You’ve Earned Based on Your Service and Discharge Status

Revisiting Your Discharge Characterization with the VA

Upgrading Your Discharge

Appealing the Decision

Chapter 3: Navigating VA Claims and Appeals

Getting Your Hands on Your Records to Prove Eligibility

Correcting Errors on Military Records

Starting at Square One When Applying for Benefits

Working with a VSO

Scouring Your Documentation to Determine Eligibility

Hurry Up and Wait: Submitting a Claim

Analyzing the Decision Review Process

Part 2: Medical Care, Life Insurance, and Compensation Programs

Chapter 4: Helping Yourself to Health Benefits

Using Free TRICARE for 180 Days

Seeking Support for Your Mental Health

Getting Help with Emergency Situations

Applying for Supplementary Benefits

Chapter 5: Exploring VA Healthcare

Qualifying for VA Healthcare

Understanding VA Priority Groups

Opening the Medical Benefits Package

Caring for Your Eyes, Ears, and Mind

Checking Out VA Substance Abuse Treatment Programs

Finding Community Care

Operating with Overseas Care: The FMP

Picking Up Your Prescriptions

Seeking Urgent or Emergency Care in Non-VA Facilities

Getting to and from Your Appointments

Exploring Extended Care

Juggling Health Insurance and VA Coverage

Employing Your Form-Filling Skills to the Application Process

Chapter 6: Probing into TRICARE

Qualifying for TRICARE

Tiptoeing Around TRICARE Plans

Weeding Out TRICARE Programs You Don’t Qualify For

Saying Goodbye to Services TRICARE Stops Covering When You Retire

Finding a Doctor Who Takes TRICARE

Filling Prescriptions with TRICARE

Drilling into TRICARE Dental Coverage

Taking a Peek at TRICARE Vision Coverage

Managing Medicare and TFL

Exploring Special TRICARE Programs

Enrolling in TRICARE When You Retire

Doing an About-Face When You Lose TRICARE Eligibility

Seeing 20/20/20: TRICARE after Divorce

Chapter 7: Securing Your Family’s Future with VA Life Insurance

Deciding Which Policy Is Right for You

Accessing Free Financial Planning

Making a Veterans Life Insurance Claim

Chapter 8: Cashing In on Military Pensions, Severance Pay, and the TSP

Differentiating between Retirement and Retainer Pay

Focusing on Military Retirement Plans

Figuring Out How Much You Get

Eyeing What Else You Need to Know

Spreading the Wealth

Looking At VA Pensions for Low-Income Veterans and Survivors

Supplementing Your Retirement Check with Other Government Income

Saying Hello to Severance Pay

Managing Your Thrift Savings Plan

Chapter 9: Taking a Close Look at Disability Pay

Understanding Uncle Sam’s Definition of Disability

Discovering Your Disability Pay’s Origin Story: VA versus DOD

Connecting the Dots Between Service and Your Disability

Getting Your Disability Rating

Breaking Down Your Rating

Receiving Monthly VA Disability Pay

Qualifying for Extra VA Disability Benefits

Combining Retired Pay and VA Disability Compensation

Receiving DOD Disability Compensation

Losing Disability Pay to Outside Sources

Part 3: Employment, Education, and Housing Programs

Chapter 10: Applying to Employment Programs

Getting into Government Programs that Put You to Work

Comparing Civilian Back-to-Work Programs for Vets

Scouring State Employment Services

Chapter 11: Transitioning from the Military to More Government Employment

Eyeing the Types of Government Jobs

Using Your Veterans’ Preference

Putting Together a Government Resume

Weighing Government Pay Scales

Understanding Assessment and Selection

Getting Credited for Military Service

Chapter 12: Building Your Own Business with Veterans Benefits

Stepping through the Veteran Entrepreneur Portal

Visiting the SBA’s Office of Veterans Business Development

Eyeing Labor Department Programs

Exploring the VA’s OSDBU

Treating Yourself to VETRN

Shoring Up Your Skills with Bunker Labs

Making Corporate Connections

Finding Franchising Opportunities

Chapter 13: Bringing Receipts: Using Your GI Bill

Identifying Your Own GI Bill

Getting Familiar with How the GI Bill Pays Out

Identifying Survivors’ and Dependents’ Assistance

Tying Things Up with the Yellow Ribbon Program

Kickin’ with the Guard’s GI Bill Program

Using Your GI Bill for Other Programs

Mastering the GI Bill Application

Chapter 14: Staking Your Claim on Other Education Programs

Getting on Track with VR&E

Studying High-Speed Skills in VET TEC

Planting Some Roots with the Rogers STEM Scholarship

Answering the National Call to Service

Cashing in on VEAP or Getting a Refund

Scouting for Scholarships and Grants

Exploring Educational Benefits for Dependent Family Members

Getting Your State to Kick in for Tuition

Chapter 15: Buying into Post-Military Life with Your VA Loan Benefit

Living the Dream with a VA Home Loan

Understanding VA Home Purchase Loans

Considering Other Types of VA Loans

Applying for Your COE

Chapter 16: Enjoying Your Golden Years in a Military Retirement Home

Living in an AFRH

Moving Back on a Military Installation

Getting Back to Your Roots in a Military-Only Retirement Community

Living in a State Veterans Home

Living in a CLC Home

Part 4: Burial and Memorial Benefits, Survivor Benefits, and More

Chapter 17: Accessing Benefits for Homeless Vets

Dialing in to the National Call Center for Homeless Veterans

Getting Expedited Benefits

Unlocking Access to the VA’s Housing Assistance Programs

Finding Healthcare Services

Getting Mental Healthcare

Working toward Employment

Getting the Veterans Pension

Accessing Community Resource and Referral Centers

Participating in Stand-Downs

Exploring State Programs for Unhoused Veterans with NRD

Chapter 18: Using Benefits While Incarcerated

Exploring How Incarceration Affects Your Eligibility for Benefits

Keeping TRICARE Active for Your Family

Eyeing the Health Care for Re-entry Veterans Program

Getting with Veterans Justice Outreach

Finding Help through Justice for Vets

Checking out Programs for Legal Help

Resuming Benefits after Incarceration

Chapter 19: Applying for Benefits for Women, Minority, and LGBTQ+ Vets

Getting Acquainted with the Minority Veterans Program

Enlisting the Help of Women Veterans Programs

Navigating Benefits through Native American Veterans Programs

Leveraging LGBTQ+ Benefits

Chapter 20: Zeroing In on Claims for Vets of Specific Wars, Former POWs, and Disabled Vets

Exploring Benefits for Veterans Who Served in Specific Theaters

Recognizing Benefits for POWs

Eyeing Benefits for Purple Heart Recipients

Getting on the Airborne Hazards and Open Burn Pit Registry

Filing a Claim Based on the PACT Act

Identifying Benefits for Disabled Vets

Chapter 21: Diving into Benefits for Spouses, Dependents, and Caregivers

Using Survivors’ and Dependents’ Educational Assistance

Mapping Your Path with a Career Assessment and Counseling

Getting Back on Track with Readjustment Counseling

Working through VR&E Benefits that Extend to Spouses

Exploring Benefits for Children of Vietnam and Korean Service Veterans

Accessing Special Caregiver Benefits

Using the Camp Lejeune Family Member Program

Chapter 22: Examining Burial and Memorial Benefits

Choosing Your Final Resting Place

Asking Uncle Sam to Pick Up the Tab

Understanding Military Funeral Honors

Laying Indigent Veterans and Unclaimed Remains to Rest

Chapter 23: Surveying Survivor Benefits

Using Bereavement Counseling Services

Differentiating between the Death Gratuity and the Survivors Pension

Filing a Life Insurance Claim

Investigating the Survivor Benefit Plan

Delving into Dependency and Indemnity Compensation

Talking to a Financial Counselor and Preparing Your Will

Choosing CHAMPVA or TRICARE

Buying a Home or Getting Foreclosure Help

Using Career and Educational Benefits

Chapter 24: Shopping ‘til You Drop: Benefits for Retirees and Other ID Cardholders

Exploring the Exchange

Commandeering Commissary Benefits

Handling Personal Maintenance (and a Few Other Things)

Diving into Perks for Families and Kids

Having a Night on the Town on Your Local Installation

Visiting On-Installation Museums

Snagging Cheap Tickets

Playing Around with the MWR

Breaking a Sweat at Fitness Centers

Lawyering Up

Figuring Out Former Spouse Access

Cashing In on Civilian Discounts for Vets

Chapter 25: Seeing the World with Travel Benefits

Getting around with American Forces Travel

Snagging a Spot on Space-A

Catching Your Zs at Military Lodging

Getting R&R at Recreation Centers

Using the MWR for Tickets and More

Joining the Armed Forces Vacation Club

Stamping Your National Park Passport

Chapter 26: Sidling up to State Veterans Benefits

Moving in on State Veterans Homes

Taking Advantage of Financial Perks

Using State Veteran Preference for Jobs

Exploring Burial Benefits

Focusing on Your State’s Benefits

Part 5: The Part of Tens

Chapter 27: Ten Ways to Get Your Disability Claim Denied

Skipping the Medical Diagnosis

Failing to Prove a Service Connection

Failing to Show a Disability

Handing in Shoddy Evidence

Being Late

Missing the Window of Opportunity

Letting Your Healthcare Provider be Vague

Dodging the C&P Exam

Getting a Low Rating

Flying Solo

Chapter 28: Ten Tips to Maximize Your Benefits

Have a Sit-Down with Your Provider

File Claims as Early as Possible

Provide Documentation on Time

Don’t Be Afraid to Appeal

Apply for a Discharge Upgrade

Get a Veteran ID Card

Take Advantage of Life Insurance

Get All the Health Exams

Leave Your TSP Money Alone

Use This Book until the Pages Fall Out

Index

About the Author

Advertisement Page

Connect with Dummies

End User License Agreement

List of Tables

Chapter 2

TABLE 2-1 Basic Eligibility for Common Veterans Benefits

Chapter 3

TABLE 3-1 Types of VA Decision Reviews

Chapter 5

TABLE 5-1 VA Medical Benefits Package Coverage

Chapter 6

TABLE 6-1 Required Documents to Enroll Dependents in DEERS

TABLE 6-2 Out-of-Pocket Costs for Medicare and TFL

Chapter 13

TABLE 13-1 Post-9/11 and Forever GI Bill Percentages

TABLE 13-2 GI Bill Comparison Chart

Chapter 16

TABLE 16-1 AFRH Services

Chapter 20

TABLE 20-1 Dates and Locations for PACT Act

Chapter 21

TABLE 21-1 Covered Anomalies

Chapter 22

TABLE 22-1 Eligibility for Interment at Arlington

Chapter 26

TABLE 26-1 State Veterans Benefits

List of Illustrations

Chapter 2

FIGURE 2-1: The bottom block of a DD-214.

FIGURE 2-2: A Servicemembers Civil Relief Act Request.

FIGURE 2-3: Statement of Trial Results from an Army Court-Martial.

Guide

Cover

Title Page

Copyright

Table of Contents

Begin Reading

Index

About the Author

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Introduction

Somewhere in the neighborhood of 200,000 people leave military service each year. If you’re reading this book, there’s a pretty good chance that you’re on your way out, military service is already in your rearview mirror, or someone you care about once swore an oath to support and defend the Constitution of the United States.

As a veteran of the United States Armed Forces, you’re entitled to a wide range of benefits designed to help you get — and stay on — your feet. Some of those benefits come directly from Uncle Sam by way of your branch, the Department of Veterans Affairs, and other government agencies, and others are from civilian organizations that want to pitch in to help veterans succeed.

Regardless of where these myriad benefits come from, the fact is that you’ve earned them. But nothing is as easy as it seems: Sometimes these benefits are tough to find. The Veterans Administration (VA) and other government agencies aren’t exactly known for their efficiency, and sometimes great veterans benefits get lost in the shuffle. They’re buried under mountains of paperwork, accidentally hidden on hard-to-navigate websites, or simply not publicized at all, so many veterans don’t even know what they qualify for without sitting down with a VA rep or Veterans Service Officer (commonly called a VSO). And that doesn’t even cover benefits you can get from civilian organizations and agencies!

That’s where Veterans Benefits Guide For Dummies comes in.

About This Book

Let me get this out of the way first: This book doesn’t contain any classified information on veterans benefits. In fact, if you knew where to look, you could probably find sufficient information on at least some of the benefits I outline in this book. Most of them are tucked away somewhere on the VA’s or Department of Defense’s many websites, in the text of federal and state laws, and buried in other publications. In other words, they’re all over the place.

This handy guide consolidates all of them, so it’s your complete guide to veterans benefits that come from multiple government and civilian organizations. (Just remember: These benefits are subject to change, so if you find one that interests you, go straight to the organization that offers it to get the most current information.) You can use this book to save time and avoid the headaches associated with finding and applying for your earned benefits. It explains all your benefits in ways that won’t stress you out or leave you scratching your head in confusion. This book even tells you who qualifies for which benefits based on discharge status, time periods served, and family status (that’s right — your spouse and kids can earn some, too). I even point out a number of benefits you can get from your state government and private organizations so you have the most well-rounded picture of what you’re entitled to.

This book answers big questions, such as

Can I get medical care or mental healthcare if I didn’t retire from service? Where can I go and what can I do if I’m in a crisis?

How do military pensions and VA disability payments work?

How will the government help me find a job?

How do I use my VA loan, and what can I use it for?

How do I use my GI Bill, and how much money will Uncle Sam pay me to go to school? What other programs can pay for my tuition?

What benefits can I get if I don’t have an honorable discharge?

Can incarcerated or homeless veterans get any special help?

What burial benefits are available to veterans and survivors?

Can my dependents use benefits I earned, or do they get their own?

What fun benefits are available to vets when it comes to travel, shopping, and other recreational activities?

Foolish Assumptions

I know what happens when you assume, but I went ahead and thought a lot about you before writing this book. I figure the following about you:

You’re getting ready to separate from the military, you’ve already separated, or you care enough about a particular veteran to help them get the benefits they’ve earned.

You want to position yourself (or someone else) for success in the civilian sector.

You have questions about specific benefits and how to get them.

Icons Used in This Book

Throughout this book, you find icons to help you pick up what I’m laying down. Here’s a rundown of what they mean:

This icon alerts you to helpful hints that can save you time and avoid frustration.

This icon points out important information you should keep in mind.

This icon flags actions and ideas that could cause you problems. Often, warnings accompany common mistakes or misconceptions people have about applying for or receiving benefits.

This icon points out information that is interesting, enlightening, or in-depth but that isn’t necessary for you to read. (But you should read it anyway!)

This icon points out real-world examples of documents, situations, and other issues you may encounter on your quest for veterans benefits.

Beyond the Book

You didn’t think that all you were getting was this book, did you? No way! This book comes with a free, access-anywhere Cheat Sheet that includes tips to help you get the benefits you’ve earned, guidance on the GI Bill and the VA loan benefit, and a few tips and tricks on getting the most out of your previous military service. To get the Cheat Sheet, head to www.dummies.com and type “Veterans Benefits Guide For Dummies Cheat Sheet” in the search box. The website has dozens of articles for extra guidance.

Where to Go from Here

Not all the benefits in this book apply to you. In fact, you may not care about some of them at all. For instance, if you already have a master’s degree, you may not want to bother with the chapter that explains how to use your GI Bill; if you don’t have a retiree ID card, you can skip the section about shopping on your nearest military installation. You can flip around this book to your heart’s content — it’s laid out in a way that enables you to fast-forward or rewind to the topics you need most.

Not sure where to start? The beginning is as good a place as any. You can also flip through the Table of Contents or Index, find a topic that interests you, and head to that chapter.

If you’re a veteran in crisis, there is immediate help available. You can walk into a VA hospital 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, or go to a Vet Center on a VA campus near you during regular business hours (usually Monday through Friday). You can also call 800-273-8255 and press 1, text 838255, or visit www.VeteransCrisisLine.net to connect with someone immediately at any time of day.

Part 1

Writing Your Next Chapter

IN THIS PART …

Get ready for post-military life by gathering documentation and getting an early look at your earned benefits.

Figure out how your discharge status affects your benefit eligibility and find out how to apply for a discharge upgrade if necessary.

Discover the fastest, easiest ways to file VA claims and make appeals if necessary.

Chapter 1

Gearing Up for That DD-214 Life

IN THIS CHAPTER

Handling your medical records

Waiting on your final paycheck

Getting your veteran ID card

The military discharges about 200,000 people every year, and most are entitled to at least some veterans benefits. Those benefits include disability payments, free or low-cost medical and mental healthcare, travel discounts, home-buying benefits, tuition-free school attendance (plus government payments to pay your rent while you’re earning a degree), job training and preparation programs, and burial benefits. In many cases, dependents get benefits, too.

Make no mistake: The military got what it wanted from you, whether that was by way of deployment to a foreign country, by working you from sunup to sundown Monday through Friday (and plenty of weekends), or through your literal blood, sweat, and tears. Sure, you got paid (and maybe you even enjoyed yourself — I did), but many of the benefits that I outline in this book are things that Uncle Sam still owes you. Now, it’s time to cash them in.

Unfortunately, the government isn’t going to chase you down and hand you everything you deserve; instead, you have to apply for the benefits you want. To do that, you have to know what’s available, what you’re eligible for, and how to access what you’ve earned. If you’re still in the military, you can get a head start by using the benefits still available to you. Then you can prepare to find and access your post-separation benefits, which is what this chapter is all about. It helps you prepare to leave military service with tapping into your future benefits in mind.

Minding Your Medical Records

Your medical records are going to be a very important part of your life for the foreseeable future if you’re aiming for a disability claim. Even if you don’t think there’s anything wrong with you after military service, you still need to keep tabs on all the files that military doctors have compiled on you throughout your career. From the smallest visit to sick call for ibuprofen and wise guidance such as “Rub some dirt on it” to your final physical, you need these records on-hand whether you served 3 years or 30. The following sections explain how to get your health, dental, and mental health records in military healthcare.

Capturing copies of health records

Before you leave the military, you’re required to get a final physical. Sometimes called a separation physical, this quick checkup is an out-processing requirement. During this visit with your primary care provider, you get one last opportunity to document whatever ails you. Whether your ears haven’t stopped ringing since 2015, your back hurts when you catch a whiff of military-issued gear, or your knee swells up ten minutes before it rains because of the time you jumped off the back of a 5-ton in full kit, you need to let your provider know — even if the information is already in your file from previous visits. Don’t be afraid to bring up minor complaints; the VA’s piles of benefit applications are full of claims for medical problems that started small and became worse over time.

You can get a copy of your entire medical file (excluding dental and behavioral health, which I cover in the following sections) after your separation physical. Simply head to the reception desk at your provider’s office and ask for it. Some installations still give paper copies, though others will either burn you a CD (seriously) or send you an email with everything you need. Make sure your file includes the final report from your separation physical and that all your records are updated electronically.

You alone are responsible for making sure your medical information is correct and complete. If something is missing from your file, talk to your provider before you pick up your discharge documents. It’s entirely possible that important information got lost along the way, so check all your medical records before you leave military service; after you’re out, you won’t be able to get an appointment with your military doctor to clarify anything.

Get the most out of TRICARE by having your family schedule medical checkups, school and sports physicals, and other appointments while you’re all still insured. (Chapter 6 discusses the ins and outs of TRICARE.)

Sinking your teeth into dental records

In order to clear your installation and put the military in your rearview mirror, you have to visit the dentist one last time. (Not for the last time ever, though. You may be entitled to dental coverage, which I drill into in more detail in Chapters 5 and 6.) You need your dental records to show your next dentist what the military did throughout your time in service. You never know, you may also need them to file a claim with the VA in the future.

Just like the doctor’s office, ask the front desk at the dental clinic for a complete copy of your records, including your X-rays.

If you know you’re getting out of the military, schedule one last cleaning and checkup with your military dentist. That’ll buy you six months on the outside before you have to find a new dentist. Have your family schedule appointments, too, while they’re still covered by your insurance. X-rays for everyone are expensive in the civilian world.

Scoring your mental health records

If you’ve ever been treated for any mental health condition, including posttraumatic stress, addiction, or substance abuse, or if you’ve received counseling services, you need copies of your behavioral health records. (They won’t have any records for you if you’ve never been seen.) You may be entitled to VA benefits based on the mental health treatments you received. You can get these records when you clear behavioral health.

If you know you need mental healthcare services, begin care while you’re still in the service. In addition to getting yourself the treatment you need, doing so provides the added benefit of showing a history of care for your condition. That may make it easier to prove a claim with the VA after you leave military service.

Using Your Branch’s Transition Program

Each military branch has its own transition program, and you’re required to use yours if you plan on leaving military service. Here’s the bottom line: A lot of people think they won’t get much out of a transition program, so they take the day off work, sign in, and mentally check out. Those people are making a huge mistake.

Transition programs have come a long way in the last few years, and they provide all the information they can to help you get off to a good start. You get free information on a handful of VA benefits, coaching on how to access them, help with civilian and government resumes, and even a nudge in the right direction for apprenticeship programs, your GI Bill, and a wide range of other perks. The good people who run your transition program will also be there to answer all your questions about separation, and they’ll give you tons of resources to use along the way.

Here’s a quick look at each branch’s transition assistance program:

The Army’s Soldier For Life Transition Assistance Program (SFL-TAP):

SFL-TAP is for soldiers who have at least 180 days of continuous active-duty service. Just about every active-duty Army installation has an SFL-TAP center.

The Air Force Transition Assistance Program:

This program is run by the Air Force Personnel Center; you can attend your courses locally at your Airman and Family Readiness Center.

The Navy Transition Program:

Formerly called Transition GPS, now it’s just plain TAP. Sailors can get access to valuable TAP services at the nearest Fleet and Family Support Center.

The Marine Corps Transition Readiness Program (TRP): The TRP is divided into three components:

Transition Readiness

The Marine for Life Cycle

Career Services and Advising

Head to the Marine Corps Community Services center to get into your classes.

The Coast Guard Transition Program:

This program is headed by the U.S. Coast Guard’s Office of Work-Life. Schedule your seminars by getting in touch with your Transition/Relocation Manager.

Though these transition programs go by different names, they all offer many of the same benefits. In fact, the Department of Defense (DOD) oversees the entire transition program. The DOD requires every separating servicemember to undergo a mandatory pre-separation assessment and individual counseling; then, servicemembers have to attend a one-day pre-separation seminar. Finally, a three-day TAP core curriculum program helps put you on the path you choose (the program offers an employment track, an education track, a vocational track, and an entrepreneurship track). Spouses may sometimes attend on a space-available basis.

Every servicemember — including those who are being involuntarily separated from the military — is entitled to use transition assistance programs. However, some parts of the program may be unavailable to you if you’re going to receive an other-than-honorable, bad conduct, or dishonorable discharge (refer to Chapter 2 for more about these discharges).

You can start attending your transition assistance program a year before you separate; if you’re retiring, you can access it two years out. In my humble opinion, reading Military Transition For Dummies by yours truly (John Wiley & Sons, Inc.) before, during, and after your transition is the best way to ensure you land on your feet.

Taking Control of Your Current Benefits

While you’re still in the military, you have access to a wealth of freebies that can help you get off to a great start. You have access to a number of benefits that you won’t have after you separate, so you should take advantage of the services in this section.

Being thrifty with your TSP

The Thrift Savings Plan (TSP) is a government-sponsored savings and investment plan. It offers savings and tax benefits that are similar to 401(k) plans. The catch: You can’t continue to contribute to your TSP account after you leave military service.

However, if you pick up another government job, you become eligible to start a new TSP account; you can then put your money from your military TSP into your government service TSP. Confused yet? The bottom line is that I suggest you talk to a financial adviser who may tell you to put as much money as possible into your TSP while you still can. In any case, you can take out your money (and the interest it’s earned) whenever you want. You can get free financial advice through Military OneStop.

Getting help writing your will (and more)

The lawyers in your branch’s legal department (the Judge Advocate General [JAG], office for the Army, Air Force, Navy, and Coast Guard; the Judge Advocate Division [JAD] for the Marine Corps) can help you with a wide range of legal issues before you separate from service, including these:

Wills and general estate planning advice

Leases, landlord-tenant relations, and real estate matters

Adoptions and name changes

Immigration and naturalization advice

Powers of attorney and notary services

Divorce, legal separation, annulment, custody, and paternity advice

Consumer fraud and abuse services, including identity theft

If you’re still in the military and won’t be retiring, you should take advantage of having a free lawyer on your side now. If you’re retiring, you’ll still have access to the attorneys at JAG or JAD, so there’s no rush to get the services you need.

Dipping out on college courses

As a military servicemember, you’re entitled to use the College Level Exam Program (CLEP). This program lets you test out on college courses so you don’t have to use your GI Bill or pay out of pocket for them later. For example, if you’re already pretty handy with numbers, you may want to use the program to take a proficiency test in college algebra. If you pass, you share the results with the college or university you plan to attend; as long as they’re one of the nearly 3,000 schools that participate in the program, they’ll give you college credits as if you took the course. More than 30 CLEP exams are available in a wide range of subjects, including composition and literature, science and mathematics, business, history and social sciences, and world languages. If you play your cards right, you’ll have a healthy head start on college coursework by the time you start school.

You can still participate in the CLEP program after you’re out of the military. The catch is that you have to pay for your exams and administration fees. As of this writing, it’s almost $100 for the exam itself — and that doesn’t include proctoring fees you must pay to the test administrator (even if you’re taking a test remotely), which can vary.

Leaving on a Space-A plane

While you’re in the military, you have access to space-available, or Space-A, travel. You can pay a few bucks and get a ticket to your destination if there’s already a bird heading that way. That means you can hop on a flight to your next home to get things settled, then come back to gather your stuff and your people. The catch is that Space-A travel depends on availability (it’s right there in the name). You have to be willing to risk a delayed return, so it may be best to plan your trip when you’re on terminal leave. Check out Chapter 25 for more information on this benefit.

If you’re retiring from the military, your spouse is authorized to take one round trip on a military aircraft without you for job- and house-hunting. You can get information on this benefit from your finance office and the personnel at the closest military flight terminal.

RESTOCKING THE MILITARY’S SHELVES

Before I joined the Army, my brother gave me some words of wisdom: “There’s only one thief in the military. Everybody else is just trying to get their stuff back.” (But he definitely didn’t say stuff.) When the military lets you borrow its gear, you have to return it or pay for it if it’s gone missing — and Uncle Sam doesn’t care either way. For most people, it’s smarter to go find missing items at a military surplus store than it is to pay the military for them; surplus stores are usually cheaper.

Maximizing your tax returns

If you’re leaving the military around tax time, nab your MilTax benefit before it’s gone. MilTax is available through Military OneSource, and it gives you free access to self-paced tax software that walks you through the filing process. It even lets you e-file when you’re done, and its results are guaranteed. You can call MilTax consultants with questions whenever you feel like it.

Not into the software? You can use Volunteer Income Tax Assistance (VITA). These tax professionals offer free, in-person tax services (usually around military bases). You can connect with these experts through Military OneSource, and you don’t have to pay a dime.

Thinking about What You’ll Do on the Other Side

When you leave the military, your next steps are up to you — and you have the option of going straight to work or nailing down an education that will help you earn more down the road. Read more about job assistance programs in Chapters 10 and 11, or flip to Chapter 13 to use your earned GI Bill benefit and all the perks that come with it.

Dusting off your resume

Terminal or separation leave is a great time to get reacquainted with resume-writing. You’re looking at paid time off to find yourself gainful employment after you leave military service, so make the most of it. Set up an account with USAJobs at www.usajobs.gov, the federal government’s hiring portal, and go over the materials you picked up during your transition assistance program to prepare an unforgettable resume.

You can also pick up Form DD-2586, Verification of Military Experiences and Training (VMET) and attend special classes and seminars offered by your branch’s transition program. Often, military installations hold special classes related to dressing for interviews, setting goals, managing career changes, evaluating job offers, and negotiating salaries.

Trading in combat boots for school shoes

Grab your Joint Services Transcript (JST for Army, Navy, Marine Corps, and Coast Guard) or Community College of the Air Force Transcript (from each of their websites, respectively) to find out how many college credits the American Council on Education recommends for your military experience. You can download a basic, summary, or complete transcript; you need the complete transcript to send to your school.

When you submit this form to your school, you can earn free college credits. Most veterans get between 10 and 15 college credit hours in things like military science, physical education, and first aid. You can earn credits for Military Occupational Specialty Training, Advanced Individual Training, military job performance, and courses you completed while you were in the service.

You can also earn free college credits by taking advantage of CLEP, which I cover in the section, “Dipping out on college courses,” earlier in this chapter.

Selling Back Your Military Leave

If you’re being honorably discharged or you’re an officer separating under honorable conditions, you have the option to sell the military up to 60 days of your unused leave; that means you get cash for the leave you didn’t take. However, doing so almost never makes sense. The military will only pay you your base pay; you don’t get money for your entitlements, such as basic allowance for housing or sustenance. Unless you need the extra cash now, let the military continue paying you for terminal or separation leave. That’s because you earn 2.5 days of leave every month that you’re on the military’s payroll. That means if you take 60 days of terminal or separation leave, you earn five more paid leave days, which is extra money in your pocket.

GET ON BOARD WITH inTransition

Open to active-duty service members, National Guard members, reservists, veterans, and retirees, the military’s inTransition program helps you get access to mental healthcare when you’re relocating, returning from deployment, transitioning from the military, or just about any other time. The program is staffed by coaches who understand military culture because they’re part of it. Every coach is a licensed, masters-level psychological health clinician with at least three years of experience, and they can connect you with a provider, motivate you to stay in treatment, and put you in touch with local community resources and support groups. They also help you find crisis intervention services in your new location and teach you ways to continue making good life choices. One of the best things about inTransition is that all military servicemembers and veterans are eligible to use it; there’s no expiration date to enroll, and your discharge status or “time served” doesn’t matter. It’s completely free, and you can check out the program at http://health.mil/intransition.

Packing with Your Final Move Benefit

The military will cover your final move when you leave the service. During your relocation appointment, the relocation expert you talk to will explain the benefits you’re entitled to, such as household goods storage, travel allowances (such as Monetary Allowance in Lieu of Transportation [MALT], which pays for your mileage and some travel costs), and per-diem pay for meals and lodging while you’re in transit.

If you separate with fewer than eight years of continuous active-duty service, the military will pay to send your household goods to your home of record or the place you entered military service. If you want to move farther, you’re responsible for paying the difference in transportation costs. However, if you served more than eight years or you retire from the military, you can have the military ship your stuff anywhere in the continental United States. Regardless of your length of service, if you’re heading out of the country, you have to pay the difference between your total cost and what the military would’ve paid to move you within the contiguous 48 states.

Like all other military moves, you’re subject to a weight allowance. Your weight allowance is based on your rank at the time of discharge, the number of dependents you have, and where you’re going. If your household goods go over your allowable weight, you have to pay the difference. Your relocation coordinator will explain all your allowances and limitations during your relocation appointment.

You can ship just about anything, though some of it is at your own expense. For example, you can ship a motorcycle in household goods or transport it as a privately owned vehicle on the military’s dime, but you have to pay out of pocket for pet travel and personal watercraft.

What to Expect from Your Last Paycheck

The military pays like clockwork on the 1st and 15th, but your final paycheck may be a bit different than what you’re used to. If you don’t owe the military any money, you should get your final pay between 30 and 45 days after separation. However, if you owe a debt, you wait a lot longer for that last direct deposit. The following sections address your final payout from the military and special circumstances that may affect how much you get.

Paying off military debts

If you try to leave the military with a debt, you’re going to have to get in the ring with the Defense Finance and Accounting Service (DFAS). (Spoiler: DFAS is going to win, and it’s going to be a flawless victory.) My best advice to you is to ensure you pay what you owe before you leave the service. Things can get pretty ugly if you don’t.

DFAS collects debts that are left over when you leave. The first thing DFAS does is audit your account — and if the agency finds debts of any amount, you won’t see your final paycheck for up to 120 days (or maybe more). It doesn’t matter whether DFAS believes you owe $3.40 for a missing grenade pouch or $340 for an MIA Kevlar helmet. That means you could wait several months for your last paycheck to come through, so budget accordingly. DFAS will deduct what you owe from your final paycheck. If you owe more than your check will cover, you have the option of paying your debt in full, working out a payment plan, or protesting the debt. If you protest, DFAS will take another look.

If you fail to make a payment on what DFAS considers a valid debt within 30 days, the agency considers your account delinquent. They’re not messing around, either; if you don’t send in a payment within 62 days of your initial debt notification letter (unless you disputed the debt right away), they’ll kick you right in the credit report. DFAS sends delinquency notifications to four credit bureaus: Equifax, Experian, Trans Union, and Innovis.

DFAS also has other options, such as

Taking up to 100 percent of your tax refund

Nabbing up to 25 percent of your monthly disposable income if you receive Office of Personnel Management (OPM) annuity payments

Siphoning off up to 15 percent of your monthly disposable income from Social Security Administration payments

Pulling up to 15 percent of your monthly disposable income from non-DOD federal salary

Taking up to two-thirds of your military retirement pay

If you’re still not paying, DFAS will send your debt to a collection agency. After that, you no longer owe DFAS; you owe the debt collector.

Transitioning into retirement pay

More than likely your retirement pay will fall under one of three programs:

CSB/REDUX:

This is for people who joined the military between August 1, 1986, and December 31, 2017.

High 36:

This is for people who joined the military between September 8, 1980, and December 31, 2017.

Blended Retirement System (BRS):

This is for people who joined the military after January 1, 2018. The reason I include BRS here is for people who are medically retired before serving a full 20 years and qualify for this type of pay.

If you’re not sure which program is yours, talk to your finance office. The experts there will tell you how much money you’ll get and when you can expect to receive it. Even after talking to the pros, retirement pay can be confusing, so I explain each program in greater detail in Chapter 8.

Delving into disability pay

If you ask ten different people about military disability pay, you’ll get ten different answers. The fact is that disability ratings and pay are confusing — even for people who work in the VA — and you may fall into a number of different classifications, so every case is different. For that reason, I cover disability ratings and pay in extensive detail in Chapter 9.

CAN YOU GET UNEMPLOYMENT?

Every state, plus Puerto Rico, the U.S. Virgin Islands, and Washington, D.C., has a special program designed for veterans called Unemployment Compensation for Ex-Servicemembers (UCX). The UCX program lets you apply for unemployment benefits right after you leave the military, and all you need is your Social Security number, your DD-214 or other discharge document, and a resume; most UCX programs require you to show that you’re actively looking for a job. Though benefits vary from state to state — some pay a lot more than others do — you contributed to this program with taxes withdrawn from your military paychecks. You’re entitled to use it while you look for civilian employment. You can get an application from your state’s unemployment office (online or in person). You’re not allowed to apply while you’re on terminal or separation leave, but you’re good to go on the day that your orders release you from active duty. Chapter 8 discusses UCX in greater detail.

If you meet all the following criteria, you can apply for a disability rating now using the Benefits Delivery at Discharge program (BDD):

You’re on full-time active duty.

You know your separation date, and it’s in the next 90 to 180 days.

You’re available to go to VA exams for 45 days from the date you submit your claim.

You can provide a copy of your service treatment records for your current period of service when you file your claim (find out how to get your records in the section, “

Minding Your Medical Records

,” earlier in this chapter).

When you use the BDD program, you can transition seamlessly from your regular military pay to your disability pay. You’ll begin receiving payments when your orders release you from active duty.

If you have fewer than 90 days left on active duty, you can still file a claim; you just can’t use the BDD program. You have to file a fully developed or standard claim. In that case, you should receive your first installment of disability pay within 15 days after receiving a notice that the VA has determined your rating to be 10 percent or more.

Dissecting severance pay

The DOD may offer you severance pay if you’re being involuntarily separated from the military in an honorable or general (under honorable conditions) discharge. You may also qualify for severance pay for a disability or if you choose to voluntarily separate before retirement under certain circumstances. The following sections explain these special (and somewhat rare) circumstances.

Disability Severance Pay

Some people who are found “unfit for duty” don’t qualify for monthly disability payments because their disability rating is under 30 percent. These people receive disability severance pay from the DOD (not the VA). This is a one-time, lump-sum payment that’s equal to two months of basic pay for each year of service. The minimum time in service is 3 years (even if you weren’t in the military for that long), and the maximum is 19 years. For example, if you were in the military for 3 years and your current base pay is $2,371.80, you receive , which is a lump-sum payment of $14,230.80.

You should receive your severance pay within 30 to 45 days of receiving approval. I cover severance pay in more detail in Chapter 8.

The government doesn’t consider you medically retired from the military if you receive disability severance pay. However, you may later be eligible to apply for monthly disability payments from the VA — but only if the VA determines that your disability is service-connected.

Full and half ISP

If you’re involuntarily separated from the military, you may qualify for full or half involuntary separation pay (ISP). The requirements are as follows:

Full ISP:

You must be fully qualified for retention but be denied reenlistment because of promotion or high year of tenure policies or because of a reduction in force. You may also qualify if you’re a commissioned or warrant officer being separated from the military in accordance with Chapter 36 of Title 10 U.S. Code, or Section 580, 1165, or 6383 of Title 10, U.S.C.

Half ISP:

You qualify if you meet time-in-service requirements, your separation is honorable or general (under honorable conditions), and you’re being separated instead of board action for specific reasons, such as weight control failure, parenting plan issues, alcohol or drug abuse rehabilitation failure, or a small number of other circumstances. I cover these circumstances in greater detail, as well as how to calculate your ISP, in

Chapter 8

.

Obtaining a Veteran ID Card

You can get a few types of veteran identification cards after you leave military service, and they come in handy when you want to access your benefits (such as hopping over to the nearest commissary or exchange or taking advantage of discounts offered by civilian stores and restaurants). You can get an ID card in the following situations:

You retire from the military.

In this case, you get a DOD ID card that displays your benefit information, and it gets you access to military installations and all the amenities they contain. You can also use it to identify as a veteran for civilian benefits. This card comes from the Defense Enrollment Eligibility Reporting System (DEERS). You can apply for it when you update your status to “Retired.”

You’re enrolled in VA healthcare.

In this case, you get a Veteran Health Identification Card (VHIC). You use this card to check into your appointments at your local VA medical center as well as for retail and business discounts. You receive this card directly from the VA after you enroll in VA healthcare.

You served on active duty, in the National Guard, or in the Reserves, and you received an honorable or general (under honorable conditions) discharge.

You can use this card to identify yourself as a veteran for discounts and other perks, but not for access to military installations or VA healthcare. This card comes from the VA, and you can apply for it online.

You can also add an identifying mark to your state-issued driver’s license or ID card. All 50 states, D.C., and Puerto Rico offer veteran designations on these identification cards. To get the designation, simply provide a copy of your discharge documents to the issuing authority (and remember that some states may require other documentation). You can use the designation to access benefits and discounts that civilian businesses and establishments offer to veterans.

Chapter 2

Tying Your Discharge Status into Benefits

IN THIS CHAPTER

Figuring out where your benefits are coming from

Deciphering discharge types and benefits status

Upgrading your discharge status to become eligible

As a military veteran, you most likely qualify for at least some benefits — in fact, only a handful of vets don’t qualify for anything at all. However, your benefit eligibility is tied directly to your discharge status, and your discharge status determines whether you get all, some, or none of the benefits that Uncle Sam has to offer. Unfortunately, even if you qualify for all the benefits, the government isn’t going to chase you down and say, “Hey, you! Come get all this stuff you earned!”

Instead, they’re going to set aside funding, make the benefits available, and wait for you to (possibly) discover them. Then, you have to show that you qualify by applying, wait for the government to approve you, and finally get what you earned. This chapter gives you a peek at how your discharge status ties into your benefits and, in case you’re researching for a friend or loved one, the types of service that qualify a person as a veteran for benefits.

Identifying Where Benefits Come from

Qualifying veterans are entitled to benefits that come from a variety of government agencies, and those that offer the most are the Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) and the Department of Defense (DOD). You may also qualify for