Water Engineering E-Book

Nazih K. Shammas

• Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
• Kategorie: Wissenschaft und neue Technologien
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 2098

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2015

Beschreibung

Details the design and process of water supply systems, tracing the progression from source to sink

• Organized and logical flow, tracing the connections in the water-supply system from the water’s source to its eventual use
• Emphasized coverage of water supply infrastructure and the design of water treatment processes
• Inclusion of fundamentals and practical examples so as to connect theory with the realities of design
• Provision of useful reference for practicing engineers who require a more in-depth coverage, higher level students studying drinking water systems as well as students in preparation for the FE/PE examinations
• Inclusion of examples and homework questions in both SI and US units

Leseprobe

Water Engineering

Hydraulics, Distribution and Treatment

First Edition

Nazih K. Shammas

University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA (Ph.D.) [email protected]

Lawrence K. Wang

Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA (Ph.D.) [email protected]

Copyright © 2016 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey, USA. Published simultaneously in Canada.

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data:

Shammas, Nazih K.     Water engineering : hydraulics, distribution, and treatment / Nazih K. Shammas, Lawrence K. Wang.         pages cm     Includes bibliographical references and index.     ISBN 978-0-470-39098-6 (hardback)   1. Waterworks.   2. Drinking water.   I. Wang, Lawrence K.   II. Title.   III. Title: Water and wastewater engineering.     TD485.W36 2015     363.6′1–dc23

2014041853   

CONTENTS

Preface

History of this Book Series: Water and Wastewater Engineering

Goals of this Book: Water Engineering

Further Study in Addition to Classroom Education

Intended Audience

Course Suggestions

Key Features of This Book

Instructor Resources

Student Resources

Software

Acknowledgments

Chapter 1: Introduction to Water Systems

1.1 Components of Water Systems

1.2 Required Capacity

1.3 Sources of Water Supply

1.4 Rainwater

1.5 Surface Water

1.6 Groundwater

1.7 Purification Works

1.8 Transmission Works

1.9 Distribution Works

1.10 Water Systems Management

1.11 Individual Water Systems

Problems/Questions

References

Chapter 2: Water Sources: Surface Water

2.1 Sources of Surface Water

2.2 Safe Yield of Streams

2.3 Storage as a Function of Draft and Runoff

2.4 Design Storage

2.5 Loss by Evaporation, Seepage, and Silting

2.6 Area and Volume of Reservoirs

2.7 Management of Catchment Areas

2.8 Reservoir Siting

2.9 Reservoir Management

2.10 Dams and Dikes

2.11 Spillways

2.12 Intakes

2.13 Diversion Works

2.14 Collection of Rainwater

Problems/Questions

References

Chapter 3: Water Sources: Groundwater

3.1 Porosity and Effective Porosity

3.2 Permeability

3.3 Groundwater Geology

3.4 Groundwater Situation in The United States

3.5 Types of Aquifers

3.6 Groundwater Movement

3.7 Darcy's Law

3.8 Aquifer Characteristics

3.9 Well Hydraulics

3.10 Nonsteady Radial Flow

3.11 Prediction of Drawdown

3.12 Multiple-Well Systems

3.13 Aquifer Boundaries

3.14 Characteristics of Wells

3.15 Yield of a Well

3.16 Well Design

3.17 Well Construction

3.18 Evaluation of Aquifer Behavior

3.19 Groundwater Quality Management

3.20 Groundwater Under the Direct Influence of Surface Water

Problems/Questions

References

Note

Chapter 4: Quantities of Water Demand

4.1 Design Period

4.2 Design Population

4.3 Water Consumption

4.4 Variations or Patterns of Water Demand

4.5 Demand and Drainage Loads of Buildings

Problems/Questions

References

Chapter 5: Water Hydraulics, Transmission, and Appurtenances

5.1 Fluid Mechanics, Hydraulics, and Water Transmission

5.2 Fluid Transport

5.3 Capacity and Size of Conduits

5.4 Multiple Lines

5.5 Cross-Sections

5.6 Structural Requirements

5.7 Location

5.8 Materials of Construction

5.9 Appurtenances

5.10 Additional Hydraulics Topics

Problems/Questions

References

Chapter 6: Water Distribution Systems: Components, Design, and Operation

6.1 Distribution Systems

6.2 System Components

6.3 System Capacity

6.4 System Pressure

6.5 Field Performance of Existing Systems

6.6 Office Studies of Pipe Networks

6.7 Industrial Water Systems

6.8 Management, Operation, and Maintenance of Distribution Systems

6.9 Practical Design and Analysis of Water Distribution Systems

Problems/Questions

References

Chapter 7: Water Distribution Systems: Modeling and Computer Applications

7.1 Watergems Software

7.2 Water Demand Patterns

7.3 Energy Losses and Gains

7.4 Pipe Networks

7.5 Network Analysis

7.6 Water Quality Modeling

7.7 Automated Optimization

7.8 Practical Applications of Computer-Aided Water Supply System Analysis

Problems/Questions

References

Chapter 8: Pumping, Storage, and Dual Water Systems

8.1 Pumps and Pumping Stations

8.2 Pump Characteristics

8.3 Service Storage

8.4 Location of Storage

8.5 Elevation of Storage

8.6 Types of Distributing Reservoirs

8.7 Dual Water Supply Systems

8.8 Raw Water Intake Structures and Raw Water Pumping Wells

Problems/Questions

References

Note

Chapter 9: Cross-Connection Control

9.1 Introduction

9.2 Public Health Significance of Cross-Connections

9.3 Theory of Backflow and Backsiphonage

9.4 Methods and Devices for the Prevention of Backflow and Backsiphonage

9.5 Reduced Pressure Principle Backflow Preventer

9.6 Administration of a Cross-Connection Control Program

9.7 Pressure and Leakage Tests of Water Mains

Problems/Questions

References

Chapter 10: Water Quality Characteristics and Drinking Water Standards

10.1 Objectives of Water-Quality Management

10.2 Natural Available Water Resources

10.3 Public Health Issues and Drinking Water Treatment

10.4 Physical Characteristics and Constituents

10.5 Chemical Characteristics and Constituents

10.6 Biological Characteristics and Constituents

10.7 Radiological Characteristics and Constituents

10.8 Drinking Water Quality Standards

10.9 Industrial Water Quality Standards

10.10 Bathing Waters

10.11 Fishing and Shellfish Waters

10.12 Irrigation Waters

10.13 Quality of Water from Various Sources

10.14 Good Quality Water

10.15 Self-Purification and Storage

10.16 Objectives of Water Examination

10.17 Methods of Examination

10.18 Standard Tests

10.19 Expression of Analytical Results

10.20 Tapping a Source of Water

Problems/Questions

References

Chapter 11: Water Treatment Systems

11.1 Purpose of Water Treatment

11.2 Treatment of Raw Water

11.3 Unit Operations and Unit Processes

11.4 Gas Transfer

11.5 Ion Transfer

11.6 Solute Stabilization

11.7 Solids Transfer

11.8 Nutrient or Molecular Transfer and Interfacial Contact

11.9 Disinfection

11.10 Miscellaneous Operations/Processes

11.11 Coordination of Unit Operations/Processes

11.12 Selection of Water Treatment Technologies

11.13 Control of Turbidity, Color, and Biological Contamination

11.14 Organic Contaminant Removal

11.15 Inorganic Contaminant Removal and Control

11.16 Water Renovation

11.17 Treatment Kinetics

11.18 Monitoring Water Quality

11.19 Distribution to Customers

11.20 Glossary of Water Treatment Systems

Problems/Questions

References

Chapter 12: Chemicals Feeding, Mixing, and Flocculation

12.1 Introduction

12.2 Handling, Storing, and Feeding Chemicals

12.3 Rapid Mixing

12.4 Rapid Mixing and Slow Flocculation

12.5 Flocculation

12.6 Mixing and Stirring Devices

12.7 Flocculator Performance

12.8 Costs

Problems/Questions

References

Chapter 13: Aeration, Gas Transfer, and Oxidation

13.1 Sources of Gases in Water

13.2 Objectives of Gas Transfer

13.3 Absorption and Desorption of Gases

13.4 Rates of Gas Absorption and Desorption

13.5 Types of Aerators

13.6 Factors Governing Gas Transfer

13.7 Design of Gravity Aerators

13.8 Design of Fixed-Spray Aerators

13.9 Design of Movable-Spray Aerators

13.10 Design of Injection Aerators

13.11 Mechanical Aerators

13.12 Oxidation for Removal of Dissolved Iron and Manganese

13.13 Removal of Specific Gases

13.14 Removal of Odors and Tastes

Problems/Questions

References

Chapter 14: Coagulation

14.1 Introduction

14.2 The Colloidal State

14.3 Colloidal Structure and Stability of Colloids

14.4 Destabilization of Colloids

14.5 Influencing Factors

14.6 Coagulants

14.7 Coagulation Control

Problems/Questions

Special Reference

References

Chapter 15: Screening, Sedimentation, and Flotation

15.1 Treatment Objectives

15.2 Screening

15.3 Sedimentation

15.4 Types of Sedimentation

15.5 Settling Basins

15.6 Upflow Clarification

15.7 General Dimensions of Settling Tanks

15.8 Sludge Removal

15.9 Inlet Hydraulics

15.10 Outlet Hydraulics

15.11 Sedimentation Tank Loading, Detention, and Performance

15.12 Shallow Depth Settlers

15.13 Gravity Thickening of Sludge

15.14 Natural Flotation

15.15 Dissolved Air Flotation Process

Problems/Questions

References

Chapter 16: Conventional Filtration

16.1 Granular Water Filters

16.2 Granular Wastewater Filters

16.3 Granular Filtering Materials

16.4 Preparation of Filter Sand

16.5 Hydraulics of Filtration

16.6 Hydraulics of Fluidized Beds—Filter Backwashing

16.7 Removal of Impurities

16.8 Kinetics of Filtration

16.9 Filter Design

16.10 Filter Appurtenances and Rate Control

16.11 Length of Filter Run

16.12 Filter Troubles

16.13 Plant Performance

Problems/Questions

References

Chapter 17: Alternative and Membrane Filtration Technologies

17.1 Introduction of Filtration Technologies

17.2 Direct Filtration

17.3 Slow Sand Filtration

17.4 Package Plant Filtration

17.5 Diatomaceous Earth Filtration

17.6 Cartridge Filtration

17.7 Membrane Filtration

17.8 Selecting the Appropriate Filtration Treatment System