3D Displays E-Book

Ernst Lueder

• Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
• Kategorie: Wissenschaft und neue Technologien
• Serie: Wiley Series in Display Technology
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 417

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2011

Beschreibung

This book addresses electrical engineers, physicists, designers of flat panel displays (FDPs), students and also scientists from other disciplines interested in understanding the various 3D technologies. A timely guide is provided to the present status of development in 3D display technologies, ready to be commercialized as well as to future technologies. Having presented the physiology of 3D perception, the book progresses to a detailed discussion of the five 3D technologies: stereoscopic and autostereoscopic displays; integral imaging; holography and volumetric displays, and: * Introduces spatial and temporal multiplex for the two views needed for stereoscopic and autostereoscopic displays; * Outlines dominant components such as retarders for stereoscopic displays, and fixed as well as adjustable lenticular lenses and parallax barriers for auto- stereoscopic displays; * Examines the high speed required for 240 Hz frames provided by parallel addressing and the recently proposed interleaved image processing; * Explains integral imaging, a true 3D system, based on the known lenticulars which is explored up to the level of a 3D video projector using real and virtual images; * Renders holographic 3D easier to understand by using phasors known from electrical engineering and optics leading up to digital computer generated holograms; * Shows volumetric displays to be limited by the number of stacked FPDs; and, * Presents algorithms stemming from computer science to assess 3D image quality and to allow for bandwidth saving transmission of 3D TV signals. The Society for Information Display (SID) is an international society, which has the aim of encouraging the development of all aspects of the field of information display. Complementary to the aims of the society, the Wiley-SID series is intended to explain the latest developments in information display technology at a professional level. The broad scope of the series addresses all facets of information displays from technical aspects through systems and prototypes to standards and ergonomics

Leseprobe

Contents

Cover

Wiley–SID Series in Display Technology

Title Page

Copyright

Dedication

Preface

Series Preface

Introduction

Chapter 1: The Physiology of 3D Perception

1.1 Binocular Viewing or Human Stereopsis

1.2 The Mismatch of Accommodation and Disparity and the Depths of Focus and of Field

1.3 Distance Scaling of Disparity

1.4 Interocular Crosstalk

1.5 Psychological Effects for Depth Perception

1.6 High-Level Cognitive Factor

Acknowledgments

Optical Society of America (OSA)

References

Chapter 2: Stereoscopic Displays

2.1 Stereoscopic Displays with Area Multiplexing

2.2 Combined Area and Time Division Multiplex for 3D Displays

2.3 Stereoscopic Time Sequential Displays

2.4 Special Solutions for Stereoscopic Displays

2.5 Stereoscopic Projectors

2.6 Interleaved, Simultaneous, and Progressive Addressing of AMOLEDs and AMLCDs

2.7 Photo-Induced Alignment for Retarders and Beam Splitters

Acknowledgments

References

Chapter 3: Autostereoscopic Displays

3.1 Spatially Multiplexed Multiview Autostereoscopic Displays with Lenticular Lenses

3.2 Spatially Multiplexed Multiview Autostereoscopic Displays with Switchable Lenticular Lenses

3.3 Autostereoscopic Displays with Fixed and Switchable Parallax Barriers

3.4 Time Sequential Autostereoscopic Displays and Directional Backlights

3.5 Depth-Fused 3D Displays

3.6 Single and Multiview 3D Displays with a Light Guide

3.7 Test of 3D Displays and Medical Applications

Acknowledgments

References

Chapter 4: Assessment of Quality of 3D Displays

4.1 Introduction and Overview

4.2 Retrieving Quality Data from Given Images

4.3 Algorithms Based on Objective Measures Providing Disparity or Depth Maps

4.4 An Algorithm Based on Subjective Measures

4.5 The Kanade–Lucas–Toman (KLT) Feature Tracking Algorithm

4.6 Special Approaches for 2D to 3D Conversion

4.7 Reconstruction of 3D Images from Disparity Maps Pertaining to Monoscopic 2D or 3D Originals

Acknowledgments

References

Chapter 5: Integral Imaging

5.1 The Basis of Integral Imaging

5.2 Enhancement of Depth, Viewing Angle, and Resolution of 3D Integral Images

5.3 Integral Videography

5.4 Convertible 2D/3D Integral Imaging

Acknowledgments

References

Chapter 6: Holography for 3D Displays

6.1 Introduction and Overview

6.2 Recording a Hologram and Reconstruction of the Original 3D Image

6.3 A Holographic Screen

6.4 Digital Holography Based on the Fourier Transform

6.5 A Holographic Laser Projector

Acknowledgments

References

Chapter 7: Volumetric 3D Displays

7.1 The Nature of Volumetric Displays

7.2 Accessing and Activating Voxels in Static Volumetric Displays

7.3 Swept Volume or Mechanical 3D Displays

Acknowledgments

References

Chapter 8: A Shot at the Assessment of 3D Technologies

Index

Wiley SID Series in Display Technology

Series Editor:

Anthony C. Lowe

Display Systems: Design and Applications

Lindsay W. MacDonald and Anthony C. Lowe (Eds.)

Electronic Display Measurement: Concepts, Techniques, and Instrumentation

Peter A. Keller

Reflective Liquid Crystal Displays

Shin-Tson Wu and Deng-Ke Yang

Colour Engineering: Achieving Device Independent Colour

Phil Green and Lindsay MacDonald (Eds.)

Display Interfaces: Fundamentals and Standards

Robert L. Myers

Digital Image Display: Algorithms and Implementation

Gheorghe Berbecel

Flexible Flat Panel Displays

Gregory Crawford (Ed.)

Polarization Engineering for LCD Projection

Michael G. Robinson, Jianmin Chen, and Gary D. Sharp

Fundamentals of Liquid Crystal Devices

Deng-Ke Yang and Shin-Tson Wu

Introduction to Microdisplays

David Armitage, Ian Underwood, and Shin-Tson Wu

Mobile Displays: Technology and Applications

Achintya K. Bhowmik, Zili Li, and Philip Bos (Eds.)

Photoalignment of Liquid Crystalline Materials: Physics and Applications

Vladimir G. Chigrinov, Vladimir M. Kozenkov, and Hoi-Sing Kwok

Projection Displays, Second Edition

Matthew S. Brennesholtz and Edward H. Stupp

Introduction to Flat Panel Displays

Jiun-Haw Lee, David N. Liu, and Shin-Tson Wu

LCD Backlights

Shunsuke Kobayashi, Shigeo Mikoshiba, and Sungkyoo Lim (Eds.)

Liquid Crystal Displays: Addressing Schemes and Electro-Optical Effects, Second Edition

Ernst Lueder

Transflective Liquid Crystal Displays

Zhibing Ge and Shin-Tson Wu

Liquid Crystal Displays: Fundamental Physics and Technology

Robert H. Chen

3D Displays

Ernst Lueder

This edition first published 2012

© 2012, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd

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Library of Congress Cataloguing-in-Publication Data

Lueder, Ernst, 1932-

3D displays / Ernst Lueder.

p. cm.

Includes bibliographical references and index.

ISBN 978-1-119-99151-9 (cloth)

1. Three-dimensional display systems. I. Title. II. Title: Three D displays.

TK7882.I6L84 2012

621.39'87–dc23

2011032490

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.

Print ISBN: 978-1-119-99151-9

ePDF ISBN: 978-1-119-96275-5

oBook ISBN: 978-1-119-96276-2

ePub ISBN: 978-1-119-96304-2

Mobi ISBN: 978-1-119-96305-9

To Helen whose skills in computers and language were very helpful

Preface

Flat panel display technology and manufacture have now reached the level of maturity required to introduce 3D displays to the marketplace. The book covers five approaches to realize 3D perception, namely stereoscopic and autostereoscopic displays, integral imaging, holography and volumetric displays.

I owe thanks to Dr. Tony Lowe who with his thorough understanding of scientific trends very much supported the book on 3D technologies. I very much profited from Dan Schott's excellent knowledge about flat panel display technologies and I am very grateful for that. Based on his profound evaluation of new display technologies, Dr. Christof Zeile drew my attention to various new publications. I very much appreciate his support.

I would also like to express my appreciation of the excellent work performed by the typesetters.

The competent contribution to the index by Neil Manley is gratefully acknowledged.

As in earlier books, I am greatly indebted to Heidi Schuehle for diligently and observantly typing the manuscript and to Rene Troeger for the professional and accomplished drawing of the figures.

Ernst Lueder

Scottsdale, USA, October 2011

Series Preface

Professor Lueder wrote his first book “Liquid Crystal Displays” for the Wiley-SID Series in Display Technology in the year 2000. That book went on to become the best seller in the entire series and is now in its second edition. I am therefore delighted to be writing a foreword to Ernst Lueder's newest work, this time on the topical subject of 3D Displays.

Most sighted human beings have a perception of what 3D means. We are familiar with what we see around us, that we perceive some objects to be nearer than others, that distant objects traversing our field of view appear to move more slowly than and are obscured by those nearer to us, and so on. A smaller but growing fraction of the population is familiar with 3D movies and television. However, a majority will have only a vague understanding of how our brains operate on visual stimuli to create our familiar three-dimensional view of the world. When it comes to creating 3D images on displays, further levels of complexity are required not only to avoid eye strain by displaying inconsistent or misleading visual cues, but to process prodigiously large quantities of data at sufficient speeds to enable real-time 3D visualisation.

This book sets out to present its subject in a manner which places it on a sound mathematical basis. After an overview of the physiology of 3D perception, there follow detailed descriptions of stereoscopic and autostereoscopic displays which are, after all, the most developed of 3D display technologies. Much attention is given to the synthesis of 3D from 2D content, a most important topic, given the quantity of 2D content already available. Quality issues are addressed next, with particular emphasis on methods to improve the visual quality of 3D imagery and to reduce the bandwidth required to transmit it, with special emphasis on a method known as depth image-based rendering. The book then describes three types of displays (integral imaging, holography and volumetric displays) which, although less developed than stereoscopic and autostereoscopic displays, are able to present real three-dimensional images in which the view changes - with nearer objects obscuring more distant ones - as the viewer changes position. This is in contrast to providing a mere illusion of three-dimensionality, as is the case with many stereoscopic images.

The book concludes with a chapter aptly named “A Shot at the Assessment of 3D Technologies” This is not so much a guess at what is coming next, but rather a logical in futuro extension of the technologies and methods already described and, to my reading, a credible one.

This is a complete book, full of the necessary equations, with many illustrations and replete with references. The subject matter, whilst complex, is very clearly presented and will provide readers with a sound technical basis from which to develop their skills further into the exciting field of three-dimensional display science.

Anthony LoweBraishfield, UK, 2011

Introduction

The design and manufacture of displays are now mature enough to introduce three-dimensional (3D) displays into the marketplace. This happened first with displays for mobile devices in the form of near-to-the-eye displays, but home TV will follow suit.

This book covers five approaches to realize 3D perception, namely, stereoscopic and autostereoscopic displays, integral imaging, holography, and volumetric displays.

The intention guiding the book is to promote a well-founded understanding of the electro-optic effects of 3D systems and of the addressing circuits. Equations are as a rule not simply stated but are derived, or, if not fully done so, at least hints for the derivation are given. An example of this concept is the explanation of the basics of holography by phasors, which will be outlined, but which are also known from electrical engineering or from the Jones vector. This renders complex facts associated with holograms easier to understand.

Emphasis is placed on stereoscopic and autostereoscopic displays as they are closest to being commercialized. The basic components of stereoscopic displays are patterned retarders and to a lesser degree wire grid polarizers. Autostereoscopic displays rely on beam splitters, lenticular lenses, parallax barriers, light guides and various types of 3D films. All of these elements are explained in detail.

The glasses required for stereoscopic displays distinguish between the left and the right eye views either by shutters or by circular polarization. Linearly polarized glasses have the disadvantage of being sensitive to tilting of the head.

Special attention is given to 3D systems working in a spatial or temporal multiplex, as well as in a combination of the two, and to novel fast addressing schemes. In order to suppress crosstalk and blur, a 240 Hz frame rate is preferred. The increased speed of addressing is handled by parallel processing and by the recently published interleaved addressing, which also parallels the images. Special care is taken to outline how the autostereoscopic approach is able to provide side views, the perspectives, of the object.

This paves the way for an understanding of integral images (IIs) with a pickup stage for information similar to the lenticular lenses of the autostereoscopic displays. Very naturally this leads to the ingenious design of an II projector working with real and virtual images where the viewer can walk around the displayed object, thus enjoying a first solution for a true 3D display.

The chapter on holography leads the reader on to digital computer-generated holography, which is not yet a real-time process.

Volumetric displays consist of a stack of LCDs, each of which is devoted to a particular depth, where also the limitations of the fusion of the images become noticeable.

Notably, Chapter 4 is devoted to familiarizing designers of flat panel displays with the work done by computer scientists on the assessment and improvement of 3D image quality. Algorithms are introduced for evaluating the properties of 3D displays based on objective and subjective criteria and on tracking the motion of selected special features. Special attention is drawn to establishing disparity maps and preparing a 3D image ready for transmission with a bandwidth-saving “depth image - based rendering” (DIBR). Head tracking for 3D reception by a group of single viewers is not included.

Chapter 2

Stereoscopic Displays

The viewer of stereoscopic displays has to use eye glasses. The two views required for 3D vision are obtained either by placing both views into the area of the screen, a method called area division multiplex, or by presenting the views as a time sequential display, also called time division multiplex. In the first approach each view can only exhibit half the resolution of a 2D display. Contrary to that, in the second approach the full resolution of a one-view display is maintained, but the addressing of the time sequential display must work at twice the speed of a regular 2D display.

For area division the light of the two views is polarized differently in order to distinguish the views. In case of a linear polarization, two perpendicular polarizations, crossed polarizations, are used, while circular polarization works with the right-handed and left-handed versions. The eye glasses have lenses, each of which allows only one of the polarizations to pass. So the right eye perceives only the image with one type of polarization and the left eye only the image with the other type of polarization. The solutions with area division differ in the way they create the second polarization from a given first one.

The eye glasses for the time division approach can also operate without polarization as shutter glasses in an on–off mode. While the image for the right eye is displayed, the right eye lens is transparent and the left eye lens opaque, and vice versa for the left eye. The next section is devoted to area division, followed by a section on time division.

2.1 Stereoscopic Displays with Area Multiplexing

The generation of the second polarization from a given polarization is achieved either by using a retarder or a wire grid polarizer (WGP), where the latter is often also complemented by an additional retarder. The two approaches are treated below in separate sections.

2.1.1 Retarders for the Generation of Polarizations

The two views are realized in Figure 2.1