5G for the Connected World E-Book

• Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
• Kategorie: Wissenschaft und neue Technologien
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 965

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2019

Beschreibung

Comprehensive Handbook Demystifies 5G for Technical and Business Professionals in Mobile Telecommunication Fields 

Much is being said regarding the possibilities and capabilities of the emerging 5G technology, as the evolution towards 5G promises to transform entire industries and many aspects of our society. 5G for the Connected World offers a comprehensive technical overview that telecommunication professionals need to understand and take advantage of these developments.

The book offers a wide-ranging coverage of the technical aspects of 5G (with special consideration of the 3GPP Release 15 content), how it enables new services and how it differs from LTE. This includes information on potential use cases, aspects of radio and core networks, spectrum considerations and the services primarily driving 5G development and deployment. 

The text also looks at 5G in relation to the Internet of Things, machine to machine communication and technical enablers such as LTE-M, NB-IoT and EC-GSM. Additional chapters discuss new business models for telecommunication service providers and vertical industries as a result of introducing 5G and strategies for staying ahead of the curve. Other topics include: 

• Key features of the new 5G radio such as descriptions of new waveforms, massive MIMO and beamforming technologies as well as spectrum considerations for 5G radio regarding all possible bands
• Drivers, motivations and overview of the new 5G system – especially RAN architecture and technology enablers (e.g. service-based architecture, compute-storage split and network exposure) for native cloud deployments
• Mobile edge computing, Non-3GPP access, Fixed-Mobile Convergence
• Detailed overview of mobility management, session management and Quality of Service frameworks
• 5G security vision and architecture
• Ultra-low latency and high reliability use cases and enablers, challenges and requirements (e.g. remote control, industrial automation, public safety and V2X communication)
• An outline of the requirements and challenges imposed by massive numbers of devices connected to cellular networks

While some familiarity with the basics of 3GPP networks is helpful, 5G for the Connected World is intended for a variety of readers. It will prove a useful guide for telecommunication professionals, standardization experts, network operators, application developers and business analysts (or students working in these fields) as well as infrastructure and device vendors looking to develop and integrate 5G into their products, and to deploy 5G radio and core networks.

Leseprobe

Table of Contents

Cover

About the Editors

List of Contributors

Foreword by Tommi Uitto

Foreword by Karri Kuoppamaki

Preface

Acknowledgements

Introduction

Terminology

1 Drivers and Motivation for 5G

1.1 Drivers for 5G

1.2 ITU‐R and IMT 2020 Vision

1.3 NGMN (Next Generation Mobile Networks)

1.4 5GPPP (5G Public‐Private Partnership)

1.5 Requirements for Support of Known and New Services

1.6 5G Use Cases

1.7 Business Models

1.8 Deployment Strategies

1.9 3GPP Role and Timelines

References

2 Wireless Spectrum for 5G

2.1 Current Spectrum for Mobile Communication

2.2 Spectrum Considerations for 5G

2.3 Identified New Spectrum

2.4 Spectrum Regulations

2.5 Characteristics of Spectrum Available for 5G

2.6 NR Bands Defined by 3GPP

References

3 Radio Access Technology

3.1 Evolution Toward 5G

3.2 Basic Building Blocks

3.3 Downlink Physical Layer

3.4 Uplink Physical Layer

3.5 Radio Protocols

3.6 Mobile Broadband

References

4 Next Generation Network Architecture

4.1 Drivers and Motivation for a New Architecture

4.2 Architecture Requirements and Principles

4.3 5G System Architecture

4.4 NG RAN Architecture

4.5 Non‐Standalone and Standalone Deployment Options

4.6 Identifiers

4.7 Network Slicing

4.8 Multi‐Access Edge Computing

4.9 Data Storage Architecture

4.10 Network Capability Exposure

4.11 Interworking and Migration

4.12 Non‐3GPP Access

4.13 Fixed Mobile Convergence

4.14 Network Function Service Framework

4.15 IMS Services

4.16 Emergency Services

4.17 Location Services

4.18 Short Message Service

4.19 Public Warning System

4.20 Protocol Stacks

4.21 Charging

4.22 Summary and Outlook of 5G System Features

4.23 Terminology and Definitions

References

5 Access Control and Mobility Management

5.1 General Principles

5.2 Mobility States and Functionalities

5.3 Initial Access and Registration

5.4 Connected Mode Mobility

5.5 Idle Mode mobility and UE Reachability

5.6 RRC Inactive State mobility and UE Reachability

5.7 Beam Level Mobility

5.8 Support for High Speed Mobility

5.9 Support for Ultralow Latency and Reliable Mobility

5.10 UE Mobility Restrictions and Special Modes

5.11 Inter‐System (5GS‐EPS) Mobility

5.12 Outlook

References

6 Sessions, User Plane, and QoS Management

6.1 Introduction

6.2 Basic Principles of PDU Sessions

6.3 Ultra‐reliable Low Latency Communication

6.4 QoS Management in 5GS

6.5 User Plane Transport

6.6 Policy Control and Application Impact on Traffic Routing

6.7 Session Management

6.8 SMF Programming UPF Capabilities

References

7 Security

7.1 Drivers, Requirements and High‐Level Security Vision

7.2 Overall 5G Security Architecture

7.3 3GPP Specific Security Mechanisms

7.4 SDN Security

7.5 NFV Security

7.6 Network Slicing Security

7.7 Private Network Infrastructure

References

8 Critical Machine Type Communication

8.1 Introduction

8.2 Key Performance Indicators

8.3 Solutions

References

9 Massive Machine Type Communication and the Internet of Things

9.1 Massive M2M Versus IoT

9.2 Requirements and Challenges

9.3 Technology Evolution

9.4 EPS Architecture Evolution

9.5 Cellular Internet of Things

9.6 GERAN

9.7 LTE‐M

9.8 NB‐IoT

9.9 5G for M2M

9.10 Comparison of EPS and 5GS

9.11 Future Enhancements

9.12 Other Technologies

References

10 Summary and Outlook

10.1 Summary

10.2 Outlook

Appendix of 3GPP Reference Points

Index

End User License Agreement

List of Tables

Chapter 1

Table 1.1 User experience requirements.

Table 1.2 System performance requirements.

Table 1.3 Performance requirements for time critical communication.

Table 1.4 Performance requirements for high data rate and traffic density scenar...

Table 1.5 Performance requirements for vehicles platooning.

Table 1.6 Performance requirements for advanced driving.

Table 1.7 Performance requirements for extended sensors.

Table 1.8 Performance requirements for remote driving.

Table 1.9 3GPP milestones up to Release 16.

Chapter 2

Table 2.1 Frequency bands studied for WRC‐19 and allocated for mobile service on...

Table 2.2 Frequency bands studied for WRC‐19 and not allocated for mobile servic...

Table 2.3 Main license‐exempt spectrum.

Table 2.4 Mean EIRP (Equivalent Isotropic Radiated Power) limits for RF output p...

Table 2.5 Material penetration losses.

Table 2.6 Operating bands for NR at below 6 GHz defined in 3GPP Rel‐15.

Table 2.7 Operating bands for NR above 6 GHz defined in 3GPP Rel‐15.

Chapter 3

Table 3.1 Subcarrier spacing, nominal BW and frequency range.

Table 3.2 Implementation for single code rate and block size.

Table 3.3 Implementations for multiple code rates and block sizes.

Table 3.4 NR LDPC base graphs.

Table 3.5 Sets of LDPC lifting size.

Table 3.6 SS Block subcarrier spacings in given bands.

Table 3.7 PBCH content.

Table 3.8 Physical channels for messages in NR RACH procedure.

Table 3.9 Long sequence PRACH preambles.

Table 3.10 Base formats for short sequence‐based PRACH preambles.

Table 3.11 Number of RACH occasions within a slot.

Table 3.12 Supported header compression protocols and profiles.

Chapter 4

Table 4.1 NF types in terms of states.

Table 4.2 Used terminology.

Table 4.3 NF services provided by AMF.

Table 4.4 NF services provided by SMF.

Table 4.5 NF services provided by UDM.

Table 4.6 NF services provided by NRF.

Chapter 5

Table 5.1 Characteristics of RRC states in 5G.

Chapter 6

Table 6.1 Delay critical 5QI QoS characteristics.

Chapter 8

Table 8.1 Low latency and high reliability use cases.

Table 8.2 List of technology components for latency reduction.

Table 8.3 OFDM numerologies for 5G NR (normal CP length).

Table 8.4 Reduced processing time for slot‐based scheduling.

Table 8.5 Standardized delay critical 5G QoS values.

Table 8.6 List of technology components for enhancing reliability.

Table 8.7 SINR gain due to higher AL with 40‐bit DCI.

Table 8.8 Simulation parameters for compact DCI.

Table 8.9 SINR gain with 30‐bit DCI versus 40‐bit DCI.

Table 8.10 Overall error probability for different options of PDCCH repetition.

Chapter 9

Table 9.1 Radio and system architecture feature evolution for M2M.

Table 9.2 Set of logical channels for EC‐GSM‐IoT.

Table 9.3 CC parameters for EC‐GSM‐IoT packet traffic channel.

Table 9.4 CC parameters for EC‐GSM‐IoT DL common control channels (sent in TN 1,...

Table 9.5 CC parameters for EC‐GSM‐IoT UL common control channel (single timeslo...

Table 9.6 Radio parameters of DL channels for EC‐GSM‐IoT network synchronization...

Table 9.7 Coverage enhancement modes A and B.

Table 9.8 LTE‐M link budget.

Table 9.9 NB‐IoT channels and signals.

Table 9.10 Number of signalling messages for NB‐IoT data transmission.

Table 9.11 NB‐IoT link budget for in‐band deployment mode.

Table 9.12 Other technologies for M2M/IoT.

List of Illustrations

Chapter 1

Figure 1.1 Market characteristics (people and things).

Figure 1.2 IMT 2020 usage scenarios.

Figure 1.3 5G use case categories.

Figure 1.4 FWA using cmWave or mmWave 5G radio.

Figure 1.5 5G for in‐vehicle infotainment.

Figure 1.6 5G for truck platooning.

Figure 1.7 5G for Industry 4.0.

Figure 1.8 Non‐standalone and standalone deployment options.

Figure 1.9 3GPP organizational structure.

Figure 1.10 3GPP timeline for 5G.

Chapter 2

Figure 2.1 Data usage per mobile broadband subscription – average volume for OE...

Figure 2.2 METIS‐II concept for spectrum management and sharing for 5G mobile n...

Figure 2.3 Definition of distances for pathloss models.

Chapter 3

Figure 3.1 Data rate evolution from 3GPP UMTS Release '99 to 3GPP LTE Release ...

Figure 3.2 KT 5G‐SIG user plane protocol architecture [9].

Figure 3.3 5G‐TF system architecture.

Figure 3.4 Bi‐direction frame type in KT 5G‐SIG and 5GTF.

Figure 3.5 Conventional CP‐OFDMA transmitter block diagram.

Figure 3.6 Example PSD realizations for different waveform candidates.

Figure 3.7 Transmitter unit test setup.

Figure 3.8 Receiver unit test setup.

Figure 3.9 Spectrum allocation on 2.6 GHz in Germany.

Figure 3.10 Bi‐directional slot with DL symbol, flexible symbols and UL symbol.

Figure 3.11 System bandwidth, initial BWP and configured BWP.

Figure 3.12 Digital baseband beamforming architecture, with K input streams and...

Figure 3.13 RF beamforming architecture, with B input streams with B Transmitte...

Figure 3.14 Hybrid beamforming architecture, with B input streams with B Transm...

Figure 3.15 Tanner graph for parity check matrix in Eq. (3.1).

Figure 3.16 Dimensions of LDPC base graphs.

Figure 3.17 Coding chain for LDPC.

Figure 3.18 Basic building block of polar codes.

Figure 3.19 Encoding graph of length‐4 polar codes.

Figure 3.20 Coding chain of the NR polar coding.

Figure 3.21 SS Block structure.

Figure 3.22 PSS time and frequency offset ambiguity of (a) LTE PSS sequence (le...

Figure 3.23 Detection latency for LTE and NR for 5 ms PSS/SSS transmission peri...

Figure 3.24 Detection latency for LTE and NR when LTE is having 5 ms and NR 20 ...

Figure 3.25 DMRS mapping on REs in an PRB based on Physical Cell ID.

Figure 3.26 SS Block positions within a slot as a function of SS Block subcarri...

Figure 3.27 SS Block positions within a slot as a function of SS Block subcarri...

Figure 3.28 Time multiplexing of SS Block and RMSI transmission.

Figure 3.29 Option (a) Frequency multiplexing of SS Block and RMSI transmission...

Figure 3.30 Option (b) Frequency multiplexing of SS Block and RMSI transmission...

Figure 3.31 PRACH preamble formats A1 with two different starting symbols withi...

Figure 3.32 Control plane protocol stack.

Figure 3.33 User plane protocol stack.

Figure 3.34 MgNB bearers for dual connectivity [36].

Figure 3.35 Downlink logical channel mapping to transport channels.

Figure 3.36 Uplink logical channel mapping to transport channels.

Figure 3.37 MAC PDU structure in DL.

Figure 3.38 MAC PDU structure in UL.

Figure 3.39 MAC sub‐header structures.

Figure 3.40 Beam failure detection principle.

Figure 3.41 Beam failure recovery principle.

Figure 3.42 RLC SDU segmentation into RLC PDUs.

Figure 3.43 Wall penetration loss for O2I below 6GHz.

Figure 3.44 Wall penetration loss for O2I at mmWave frequencies.

Chapter 4

Figure 4.1 Architecture domains.

Figure 4.2 Flexible connectivity model.

Figure 4.3 Service based architecture – use of service discovery.

Figure 4.4 Exposure control.

Figure 4.5 RAN architecture principles.

Figure 4.6 Inter system, multi‐access interworking view.

Figure 4.7 Non‐roaming 5G system architecture.

Figure 4.8 Roaming 5G system architecture with local breakout.

Figure 4.9 5G core with SBA framework.

Figure 4.10 Compute and storage separation – data storage architecture.

Figure 4.11 5G RAN scenarios.

Figure 4.12 5G RAN functional architecture.

Figure 4.13 NG‐RAN architecture.

Figure 4.14 Logical NG‐RAN architecture with split options.

Figure 4.15 Lower‐layer split architecture and options.

Figure 4.16 Service‐aware placement of RAN functions.

Figure 4.17 Control‐plane architecture for MR‐DC with 5GC or EPC connectivity.

Figure 4.18 Control‐plane and user‐plane interfaces for MR‐DC with 5GC or EPC c...

Figure 4.19 User‐plane architecture for MR‐DC and EN‐DC.

Figure 4.20 3GPP Option 2 NR standalone architecture with 5G Core.

Figure 4.23 3GPP Option 7 E‐UTRA non‐standalone architecture with 5G Core.

Figure 4.24 NR non‐standalone architecture with EPS (also referred to as Option...

Figure 4.25 User plane architecture options.

Figure 4.26 Network slices.

Figure 4.27 Network slice with 5G system.

Figure 4.28 Network slice selection call flow.

Figure 4.29 Interworking between (e)Decor and 5G slicing.

Figure 4.30 Interworking between APN and 5G slicing.

Figure 4.31 Multi‐access edge computing framework.

Figure 4.32 Session establishment and initial UPF selection.

Figure 4.33 Reselection of UPF and application following UE mobility.

Figure 4.34 No state NF.

Figure 4.35 Stateless NFs.

Figure 4.36 State‐efficient NFs.

Figure 4.37 Stateful NFs.

Figure 4.38 AMF structure.

Figure 4.39 Routing N1/N2 messages to any AMF.

Figure 4.40 Network capability exposure with bulk subscription.

Figure 4.41 EPS to 5GS migration.

Figure 4.42 EPS to 5GS migration – system selection and routing.

Figure 4.43 5GS‐EPS interworking architecture.

Figure 4.44 Single registration mode UE.

Figure 4.45 Dual registration mode UE.

Figure 4.46 UE and network support.

Figure 4.47 5G common (multi‐access) core.

Figure 4.48 Establishment of the signaling connectivity between a UE and the 5G...

Figure 4.49 FMC use cases.

Figure 4.50 Integration of wireline access into the 5G Core.

Figure 4.51 NF and NF service.

Figure 4.52 NF, NF service and NF service operation.

Figure 4.53 System procedures and NF services.

Figure 4.54 Self‐contained service.

Figure 4.55 Re‐usable services.

Figure 4.56 Request‐Response NF service illustration.

Figure 4.57 Subscribe‐Notify NF service illustration 1.

Figure 4.58 Subscribe‐Notify NF service illustration 2.

Figure 4.59 Network function discovery framework.

Figure 4.60 System fallback toward E‐UTRAN/EPC (EPS fallback).

Figure 4.61 RAT fallback toward E‐UTRA/5GC.

Figure 4.62 Non‐roaming location services architecture.

Figure 4.63 Non‐roaming architecture for SMS over NAS.

Figure 4.64 PWS architecture.

Figure 4.65 NGAP protocol stack.

Figure 4.66 Control plane between AN and SMF.

Figure 4.67 NAS transport for SM, SMS and other services.

Figure 4.68 Control plane before the signaling IPsec SA is established between ...

Figure 4.69 Control plane after the signaling IPsec SA is established between U...

Figure 4.70 Control plane for establishment of user‐plane via N3IWF.

Figure 4.71 User plane protocol stack.

Figure 4.72 User plane protocol stack for untrusted non‐3GPP access.

Figure 4.73 NG‐RAN user plane protocol stack for gNB with F1 interface.

Figure 4.74 NG‐RAN user plane protocol stack for MN/SN in dual connectivity mod...

Figure 4.75 AS and NAS layer.

Chapter 5

Figure 5.1 States in the MM sublayer.

Figure 5.2 States for the CM.

Figure 5.3 States in the SM sublayer.

Figure 5.4 Traffic pattern illustration.

Figure 5.5 5G RRC state machine and state transitions.

Figure 5.6 5G RRC state machine embedded with NAS State machine.

Figure 5.7 UE states and state transitions for NR and interworking with E‐UTRA.

Figure 5.8 Initial registration procedure (UE context not fetched from another ...

Figure 5.9 Initial registration procedure (UE context fetched from the old AMF)...

Figure 5.10 Inter‐gNB‐DU mobility using SCG SRB (SRB3) for intra‐NR.

Figure 5.11 Inter‐gNB‐DU mobility using MCG SRB in EN‐DC.

Figure 5.12 Change of SN – MN initiated.

Figure 5.13 Change of SN – SN initiated.

Figure 5.14 SN change procedure – MN initiated.

Figure 5.15 SN change procedure – SN initiated.

Figure 5.16 MN initiated inter‐MN handover with or without SN change.

Figure 5.17 Inter‐MN handover with/without MN initiated SN change procedure.

Figure 5.18 Master node to eNB change procedure.

Figure 5.19 MN to ng‐eNB/gNB change procedure.

Figure 5.20 Xn based inter NG‐RAN handover.

Figure 5.21 Inter NG‐RAN node N2 based handover.

Figure 5.22 Conditional handover.

Figure 5.23 Registration procedure due to mobility or periodic update.

Figure 5.24 Paging procedure.

Figure 5.25 Configuration of a RRC inactive state.

Figure 5.26 Received signal shadowing when the UE passes a street corner at 30 ...

Figure 5.27 A multi‐connected UE executing make‐before‐break handover while hav...

Figure 5.28 Mobility of a multi‐connected UE consisting of two independent laye...

Figure 5.29 Inter‐system change for a UE operating in single registration mode.

Figure 5.30 Inter‐system change for a UE operating in dual registration mode.

Chapter 6

Figure 6.1 5GS user plane – a PDU Session topology example.

Figure 6.2 5G PDU Session management – impacted interfaces (as seen from SMF an...

Figure 6.3 5G User plane – multiple concurrent (e.g. local/central) access to t...

Figure 6.4 Uplink classifier solution for multiple concurrent access to the sam...

Figure 6.5 IPv6 multi‐homing solution for multiple concurrent access to the sam...

Figure 6.6 Home routed roaming mode for a PDU Session.

Figure 6.7 Local breakout roaming mode for a PDU Session.

Figure 6.8 User plane architecture and user plane topology.

Figure 6.9 5G flow based QoS framework.

Figure 6.10 Controlling UL user plane QoS.

Figure 6.11 N3 backhaul transparently carries traffic of different PDU Session ...

Figure 6.12 High‐level call flow for PDU Session establishment.

Chapter 7

Figure 7.1 Stakeholders providing 5G services.

Figure 7.2 5G high‐level security vision.

Figure 7.3 Elements of a 5G security architecture.

Figure 7.4 Mutual authentication between UE and network using EAP‐AKA′.

Figure 7.5 Mutual authentication between UE and network using 5G AKA.

Figure 7.6 5G key hierarchy.

Figure 7.7 SDN security mechanisms.

Chapter 8

Figure 8.1 V2X communication and Edge Clouds.

Figure 8.2 Example procedure for DL data transmission.

Figure 8.3 Reliability regions for downlink scheduling‐based data transmissions...

Figure 8.4 Logical network view with Edge and Telco Clouds.

Figure 8.5 Network distances.

Figure 8.6 Low latency configuration.

Figure 8.7 Micro‐operator network for verticals.

Figure 8.8 MEC platform architecture.

Figure 8.9 Flexible slot structure in 5G NR.

Figure 8.10 Mini‐slot PDSCH scheduling.

Figure 8.11 Resource allocation framework for URLLC and eMBB multiplexing: down...

Figure 8.12 Example of preemptive scheduling.

Figure 8.13 Pause‐resume scheduling mechanism in uplink.

Figure 8.14 Example of multiple SR resource configuration.

Figure 8.15 URLLC transmission with UL grant free resource.

Figure 8.16 Intra‐UE puncturing.

Figure 8.17 UL grant free transmission.

Figure 8.18 UDSF as part of the 5G core architecture.

Figure 8.19 Example of micro‐diversity operation.

Figure 8.20 Example of baseline transmission and joint‐transmission: (a) baseli...

Figure 8.21 Performance comparison between baseline (regular unicast based tran...

Figure 8.22 Illustration of decoding ACK/NACK signals.

Figure 8.23 Performance of CQI report.

Figure 8.24 Example of DL HARQ processing with multi‐slot scheduling (Option 1)...

Figure 8.25 Example of individual scheduling for each blind repetition independ...

Figure 8.26 Reliable transmission of DL assignment information (Option 3).

Figure 8.27 PDCCH repetition before data transmission (Option 4).

Figure 8.28 Error probability for PDSCH decoding.

Figure 8.29 Example of UL HARQ processing.

Figure 8.30 Example of UL HARQ processing with multi‐slot scheduling.

Figure 8.31 Example of DL HARQ processing with multi‐slot scheduling.

Figure 8.32 Example of make‐before‐break handover.

Chapter 9

Figure 9.1 System architecture feature evolution for M2M.

Figure 9.2 MTC architecture.

Figure 9.3 SMS in MME architecture.

Figure 9.4 CIoT architecture.

Figure 9.5 Control plane data over SCEF or P‐GW.

Figure 9.6 C‐plane via SCEF.

Figure 9.7 User plane CIoT EPS optimization.

Figure 9.8 Connection suspend procedure according 3GPP TS 23.401.

Figure 9.9 Connection resume procedure according 3GPP TS 23.401.

Figure 9.10 SMS data path.

Figure 9.11 UE requesting coverage enhancement.

Figure 9.12 Reliable data service.

Figure 9.13 MBMS delivery to UEs with non‐synchronous power saving cycles.

Figure 9.14 QoS differentiation.

Figure 9.15 Control plane overload control.

Figure 9.16 Illustration of the application of coverage classes in a sensitivit...

Figure 9.17 Burst phase shift on UL for overlaid CDMA (examples of multiplexing...

Figure 9.18 LTE‐M downlink operation.

Guide

Cover

Table of Contents

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5G for the ConnectedWorld

Edited by

Devaki Chandramouli

NokiaTexasUSA

Rainer Liebhart

NokiaMunichGermany

Juho Pirskanen

WirepasTampereFinland

Copyright

This edition first published 2019

© 2019 John Wiley & Sons Ltd

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Library of Congress Cataloging‐in‐Publication Data

Names: Chandramouli, Devaki, editor. | Liebhart, Rainer, editor. | Pirskanen,

Juho, editor.

Title: 5G for the connected world / edited by Devaki Chandramouli, Nokia,

Texas, USA, Rainer Liebhart, Nokia, Munich, Germany, Juho Pirskanen, Wirepas, Tampere,

Finland.

Description: First edition. | Hoboken, NJ : John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2019. |

Includes bibliographical references and index. |

Identifiers: LCCN 2018051891 (print) | LCCN 2018056369 (ebook) | ISBN

9781119247074 (AdobePDF) | ISBN 9781119247135 (ePub) | ISBN 9781119247081

(hardcover)

Subjects: LCSH: Mobile communication systems‐‐Technological innovations. |

Broadband communication systems--Technological innovations. | Wireless

sensor networks‐‐Technological innovations.

Classification: LCC TK5103.2 (ebook) | LCC TK5103.2 .A147 2019 (print) | DDC

621.3845/6‐‐dc23

LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2018051891

Cover Design: Wiley

Cover Image: Iaremenko Sergii/Shutterstock

About the Editors

DEVAKI CHANDRAMOULI has over 18 years of experience in the telecommunication industry. She spent the early part of her career with Nortel Networks and is currently with Nokia. At Nortel, her focus was on the design and development of embedded software solutions for CDMA networks. Later, she represented Nortel on the Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX) Forum with a focus on WiMAX architecture and protocol development. At Nokia, her focus areas include architecture and protocol development of 5G System and EPS related topics. She has been instrumental in developing Nokia's vision for 5G System Architecture and she has also been instrumental in developing Nokia's strategy for radio and architecture standardization (phased) approach in the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP). She leads 5G System Architecture specification in 3GPP SA2 and continues to focus on active contribution toward evolution of 5G System work in SA2. She is now Head of North American Standardization in Nokia. She has co‐authored IEEE papers on 5G, co‐authored a book on “LTE for Public Safety” published by Wiley in 2015. She has (co‐)authored over 100 patents in wireless communications. Devaki received her B.E. in Computer Science from Madras University (India) and M.S. in Computer Science from University of Texas at Arlington (USA).

RAINER LIEBHART has 25 years of experience in the telecommunication industry. He held several positions within the former Siemens Fixed and Mobile Networks divisions and now in Nokia Mobile Networks. He started his career as SW Engineer, worked later as standardization expert in 3GPP and the European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI) in the area of Internet Protocol Multimedia Subsystem (IMS), took over responsibilities as WiMAX and Mobile Packet Core System Architect and was head of the Mobile Core Network standardization team in Nokia Networks for more than eight years. He was also the Nokia Networks main delegate in 3GPP SA2 with the focus on Long‐Term Evolution/System Architecture Evolution (LTE/SAE). After working as Research Project Manager within Nokia Bell Labs with a focus on 5G, he is now Head of 5G Solution Architecture in the Mobile Networks Global Product Sales department of Nokia. He is (co‐)author of over 70 patents in the telecommunication area and co‐editor of the book “LTE for Public Safety” published at Wiley. Rainer Liebhart holds an M.S. in Mathematics from the Ludwig‐Maximilians University in Munich, Germany.

JUHO PIRSKANEN has 18 years of experience on technology development on wireless radio technologies such as 3G, HSPA, LTE and WLAN and most recently on 5G. He has held several positions in Nokia Networks, Nokia Wireless Modem, Renesas Mobile Corporation and Broadcom Corporation and then again at Nokia Networks for 5G research and standardization. He has participated actively for several years on different standardization forums such as 3GPP and IEEE802.11 by doing numerous technical presentations, being rapporteur of technical specifications and leading different delegations. His research work has resulted in more than 40 (co‐)authored patent families on different wireless technologies and several publications on radio interface solutions including 5G. On 5G his research focused on physical layer and radio protocol layer concepts and first implementations of the 5G radio solutions. In late 2017, he joined Wirepas having headquarters in Tampere, Finland. Wirepas develops de‐centralized wireless IoT mesh networks that can be used to connect, locate and identify lights, sensors, beacons, assets, machines and meters with unprecedented scale, density, flexibility and reliability. Juho Pirskanen holds a Master of Science in Engineering, from Tampere University of Technology, Finland.

List of Contributors

Subramanya Chandrashekar

Nokia

Bangalore

India

Betsy Covell

Nokia

Naperville

USA

Sami Hakola

Nokia

Oulu

Finland

Volker Held

Nokia

Munich

Germany

Hannu Hietalahti

Nokia

Oulu

Finland

Jürgen Hofmann

Nokia

Munich

Germany

Keeth Jayasinghe

Nokia

Espoo

Finland

Toni Levanen

Tampere University

Tampere

Finland

Zexian Li

Nokia

Espoo

Finland

Andreas Maeder

Nokia

Munich

Germany

Jarmo Makinen

Nokia

Espoo

Finland

Tuomas Niemela

Nokia

Espoo

Finland

Karri Ranta‐aho

Nokia

Espoo

Finland

Rapeepat Ratasuk

Nokia

Naperville

USA

Rauno Ruismäki

Nokia

Espoo

Finland

Peter Schneider

Nokia

Munich

Germany

Mikko Säily

Nokia

Espoo

Finland

Thomas Theimer

Nokia

Munich

Germany

Laurent Thiebaut

Nokia

Paris‐Saclay

France

Samuli Turtinen

Nokia

Oulu

Finland

Mikko Uusitalo

Nokia

Espoo

Finland

Fred Vook

Nokia

Naperville

USA

Sung Hwan Won

Nokia

Seoul

South Korea

Foreword by Tommi Uitto

It has been said that hyper‐successes often happen in business when three distinct and major inflection points or disruptions coincide. Not just one, not two, but three. With that theory, we can explain the hyper‐success of GSM. First, there was a new global and open standard for mobile communication technology, driving up volumes and allowing for an ecosystem to emerge. Second, deregulation took place, allowing for competition with the incumbent, previously monopolistic operators. Third, electronics had evolved to a point, where mobile devices have become affordable for a bigger mass of the population. And sure enough, mobile telephony proliferated throughout the world and made people's lives more enjoyable, secure, efficient and effective. Obviously, businesses also benefited from the ability of their employees to stay connected with one another and Internet regardless of their location. With the advent of 5G, we have the ingredients for something equally profound to happen. You see, the introduction of 5G as a wireless technology is more or less coinciding with adoption of both cloud computing and Artificial Intelligence (AI)/Machine Learning (ML) by operators. Looking back, we can certainly be satisfied with the improvements that 3G and 4G brought as mobile communication technologies, as well as the new device paradigms, pricing models and business models that were introduced in parallel with them. But 5G can become a much bigger step for the humankind, relatively speaking, than 3G and 4G did at their time of introduction and adoption. With the extreme mobile broadband aspects of 5G, we have so much speed and capacity that it is difficult to see how we could run out of it with applications and use cases known today. With design criterion of one million connected objects per square kilometer, we can say that 5G has been designed for the Internet of Things (IoT) from the outset. It will be more affordable and technically feasible than ever before to embed radio sensors and transceivers in physical objects. With ultra‐reliable low‐latency communication (URLLC) performance criteria and functionalities in 5G, we open a host of new use cases and business potential as we can be certain enough about a reliable and robust connection to a physical object accurately in space and time. In addition to such superior wireless connectivity and capacity, we then have virtually infinite computing capacity thanks to cloud computing. And not just any computing, not linear or simplistically deterministic computing, but rather computing that learns with AI, ML, including deep learning. A self‐improving machine that can collect data and command objects in a wireless manner. Furthermore, a technology called network slicing will allow us to logically segregate different performance sets by using the common cloud infrastructure end‐to‐end, rather than building separate physical networks for separate use cases. It is difficult to see why just about any physical or physical/digital business process could not be automated with such technology. Therefore, we can expect 5G, together with Cloud and AI/ML, to have, relatively speaking, a bigger, more profound impact on enterprise than previous generations of mobile communications have had. For consumers, we are lifting and eradicating many barriers to use mobile technology to its full potential. To put it another way, we are creating ubiquitous embedded computing, not just islands of computing, not just communication networks. We are seamlessly interweaving physical and digital worlds. We will have a perfect, programmable model of the physical world in digital space. Welcome to the 5G future. The authors are deeply involved in the work on 5G – network slicing technology as an example – and are in a prime position to provide valuable first‐hand insights on 5G‐related 3GPP activities and all relevant technical details.

Tommi Uitto

President

Mobile Networks

Nokia

Foreword by Karri Kuoppamaki

Wireless connectivity touches almost every aspect of our daily lives, and LTE has delivered the ubiquitous high‐speed wireless broadband experience for us. This has unlocked the potential of mobile video and the mobile innovation that rides on those networks that we interact with every day. Lyft, Uber, Snapchat, Venmo, Square, Instagram … these are companies that simply would not exist without LTE. In addition to new innovations, global leaders such as Facebook, Alphabet, Amazon, and Netflix adapted their businesses to benefit from mobile broadband and their growth exploded!

As a result, mobile data use keeps growing, and there seems to be no end for consumer demand for more. Additionally, the need for more sophisticated mobile broadband services as well as new industries and users adopting the power of mobile broadband will push the limit on LTE technology creating a need for the next generation of mobile technology – 5G.

The next‐generation of wireless technology, 5G, will not only enhance and improve the services we enjoy today, but will also transform entire industries, from agriculture to transportation and manufacturing to become more capable, efficient, and intelligent. In other words, the evolution toward 5G is a key component in the digital transformation of almost every industry as well as of society. As such, 5G is an integral component of our continued Un‐Carrier journey into the future.

Although the promise and vision of 5G is well described, the 5G system behind it is somewhat covered in a veil of mystery. This book explaining the new 5G system from an end‐to‐end perspective, from vision and business motivation to spectrum considerations and then the technology from Radio to Core Network and service architecture demystifies what the 5G system is about. I would like to thank the authors for doing an excellent job in translating this complex topic into a book, and I hope it will serve as a useful tool for anyone wanting to understand what 5G really is all about.

Karri Kuoppamaki

Vice President

Network Technology

Development and Strategy

T‐Mobile USA

Preface

After the considerable success of LTE, why do we need a new system with a new radio and a new core? First, 5G will boost some of the LTE key performance indicators to a new horizon: capacity, latency, energy efficiency, spectral efficiency, and reliability. We will describe the relevant radio and core features to enable optimizations (5G to be 10, 100, or 1000 times better than LTE) in these areas in respective chapters of the book. But this is only half of the 5G story. With the service‐based architecture 5G Core supports natively a cloud‐based architecture, the higher layer split of the radio protocol as specified by 3GPP paves the path for a cloud‐based implementation of the radio network or parts of it and network slicing will open totally new revenue streams for operators by offering their network as a service to vertical industries. Slicing will enable operators implementing logical networks for diverse use cases (e.g. industrial applications) in an optimal way on their physical hardware. The 5G System also supports compute and storage separation natively, and introduces enablers to support the ability to perform dynamic run time load (re‐)balancing with no impact to user's services. In addition, open interfaces and the possibility to expose data from network functions to third parties via open APIs enables operators to monetize these contextual real‐time and non‐real‐time data or simply use the data to optimize network deployment and configuration. Operators can broker information to different industries like providers of augmented reality services, traffic steering systems, factories, logistical systems, and utilities. Real‐time big data analytics will play a crucial role for this brokering model.

In a nutshell, the main intention of this book is to explain what 5G is from a technical point of view (considering 3GPP Release 15 content), how it can be used to enable new services, and how it differs from LTE. The book covers potential 5G use cases, radio and core aspects, and deals also with spectrum considerations and new services seen as drivers for 5G. Although 5G will not support IoT and massive machine‐type‐communication from the very beginning in 3GPP Rel‐15, we felt that this topic is extremely important and thus we provided a detailed description about IoT, M2M, and technical enablers like LTE‐M, NB‐IoT, GSM, 5G in this book.

Some familiarity of the reader with the basics of 3GPP networks, especially with LTE/EPC, would be helpful, but this is not a pre‐requisite to understand the main parts of this book. The reader can find a more detailed description of the book's content in the introduction section.

This book is intended for a variety of readers such as telecommunication professionals, standardization experts, network operators, analysts, and students. It is also intended for infrastructure and device vendors planning to implement 5G in their products, and regulators who want to learn more about 5G and its future applicability for a large variety of use cases. We hope everyone interested in the subject of this book benefits from the content provided.

The race towards 5G has already begun in major markets round the world like North America, China, Japan, and South Korea. To be first on the market with 5G is a key differentiator between operators and vertical industries. The year 2018 will be the first where 5G commercial networks are deployed in some key markets, even on a medium or large scale. People will start benefitting from the huge and broad step forward 5G is bringing to them individually with faster traffic downloads, faster setup times, lower latency, higher connection reliability and to the whole society with smarter cities, factories and traffic control coping with the challenges of the future. This brings us close to the vision of a truly connected world where everyone and everything are potentially connected with each other.

The Editors

December 2018

Acknowledgements

The book has benefited from the extensive contribution and review of many subject matter experts and their proposals for improvements. The editors would like to thank in particular the following people for their extensive contribution and review that helped to complete this book:

Subramanya Chandrashekar, Betsy Covell, Sami Hakola, Volker Held, Hannu Hietalahti, Jürgen Hofmann, Günther Horn, Keeth Jayasinghe, Toni Levanen, Zexian Li, Andreas Maeder, Jarmo Makinen, Tuomas Niemela, Karri Ranta‐aho, Rapeepat Ratasuk, Rauno Ruismäki, Mikko Säily, Peter Schneider, Thomas Theimer, Laurent Thiebaut, Samuli Turtinen, Mikko Uusitalo, Fred Vook, Sung Hwan Won.

We would also like to thank Sandra Grayson, Louis Vasanth Manoharan, Rajitha Selvarajan and Mary Malin from Wiley for their continuous support during the editing process.

Finally, we thank our families for their patience and cooperation during the writing of the book.

The editors appreciate any comments and proposals for enhancements and corrections in future editions of the book. Feedback can be sent directly to [e-mail], [e-mail], [e-mail].

Introduction

This book explains the new 5G system from an end‐to‐end perspective, starting from the 5G vision and business drivers, deployment and spectrum options going to the radio and core network architectures and fundamental features including topics like QoS, mobility and session management, network slicing and 5G security. The book also contains an extensive discussion of IoT‐related features in GSM, LTE, and 5G. As indicated in the preface, some familiarity of the reader with basic concepts of mobile networks and especially with LTE/EPC is beneficial, although not a must for all chapters.

Chapter 1 will address the drivers and motivation for 5G. It will also provide insights into 5G use cases, requirements from various sources, like NGMN, ITU‐R and 5GPPP, and its ability to support new services. In addition, it will touch on the business models enabled by the new radio and core architecture, and on possible deployment strategies. Furthermore, it will provide insights into organizations involved in defining use cases, requirements and developing the 5G eco system. It also provides an overview of the 3GPP timeline and content of Release 15 and Release 16. This chapter does not require detailed technical knowledge about mobile networks.

Chapter 2 provides insights into spectrum considerations for the new 5G radio regarding all possible bands. Additionally, readers will get a good understanding of the characteristics of available new spectrum for 5G that sets fundamental requirements for radio design deployment and how spectrum is used, based on available channel models and measurements. It will also provide information about regional demands for licensed and unlicensed spectrum and about new regulatory approaches for spectrum licensing in the 5G era.

Chapter 3 describes the new 5G radio access technology. It includes the evolution of LTE access towards 5G, description of new waveforms, massive MIMO, and beamforming technologies, which are key features of the new 5G radio. This chapter will also explain the physical layer frame structure with its necessary features and functionalities. Furthermore, the chapter will explain the complete physical layer design and procedures in both downlink and uplink. Finally, the chapter explains the radio protocols operating on top of the 5G physical layer and procedures required to build the complete 5G radio access system. This chapter will also discuss solutions on how 5G caters to the extreme bandwidth challenge, considering challenges providing broadband access in indoor, rural, sub‐urban, and urban areas.

Chapter 4 provides detailed insights into the drivers and motivations for the new 5G system. It gives an overview of the System Architecture, RAN architecture, architectural requirements, basic principles for the new architecture, and the role of technology enablers in developing this new architecture. It provides a comparison with EPS, describes the essence of the 5G system, newly introduced features, and explains how interworking between EPS and the 5G system will work in detail. This chapter details the key features including network slicing, data storage principles for improved network resiliency and information exposure, generic exposure framework, architectural enablers for mobile edge computing, support for non‐3GPP access, fixed‐mobile convergence, support for IMS, SMS, location services, public warning system, and charging. It also includes a summary of control and user plane protocol stacks.

Chapter 5 describes the 5G mobility management principles followed in radio and core network. It will also provide a comparison of 5G mobility management with existing mobility management in LTE/EPC. This will include a description of 5G mobility states, connected and idle mode mobility for standalone and non‐standalone deployments. It will also include procedures for interworking towards LTE/EPC. Furthermore, it will provide insights into how mobility support for ultra‐high reliability applications or highly mobile devices is achieved in 5G, considering single connectivity and multi‐connectivity features.

Chapter 6 provides an overview of Session Management and QoS principles in 5G. It defines the data connectivity provided by the 5GS (PDU sessions, PDU session continuity modes, traffic offloading, etc.). It describes the 5GS QoS framework (QoS Flows, parameters of 5GS QoS, reflective QoS, etc.). Finally, it gives an overview of how applications can influence traffic routing and policy control for PDU sessions.

Chapter 7 provides insights into the 5G security vision and architecture. It explains device and network domain security principles and procedures based on 3GPP standards. This also includes a description of the key hierarchy used within the 5G security framework. In addition, this chapter provides an overview of NFV, SDN, and network slicing security challenges and corresponding solutions.

Chapter 8 provides an overview of ultra‐low latency and high reliability use cases, their challenges and requirements, e.g. remote control, industrial automation, public safety, and V2X communication. It also provides an overview of radio and core network related solutions enabling low latency and high reliability from an end‐to‐end perspective.

Chapter 9 provides a description of 5G solutions and features supporting massive machine type communication and IoT devices. The chapter outlines the requirements and challenges imposed by a massive number of devices connected to cellular networks. In addition, the chapter also gives a detailed overview of how M2M and IoT communication is supported with technologies like LTE‐M, NB‐IoT, and GSM along with System Architecture enhancements supported for M2M and IoT devices.

Chapter 10 is meant as a summary and wrap‐up of the whole book, highlighting the most important facts about 5G and providing an outlook of new features that can be expected in future 3GPP releases.

Terminology

2G

2nd Generation

3G

3rd Generation

3GPP

3rd Generation Partnership Project

4G

4th Generation

5G

5th Generation

5G NR

5G New Radio

5G RG

5G Residential Gateway

5GAA

5G Automotive Association

5GACIA

5G for Connected Industries and Automation

5GC

5G Core

5G‐GUTI

5G Globally Unique Temporary Identifier

5GIA

5G Infrastructure Association

5GPPP

5G Public‐Private Partnership

5QI

5G QoS Identifier

5G‐SIG

5G Special Interest Group

5GS

5G System

5G‐S‐TMSI

5G S‐Temporary Mobile Subscription Identifier

5GTF

5G Task Force

6G

6th Generation

AAA

Authentication, Authorization and Accounting

AC

Access Class

ACC

Adaptive Cruise Control

ACK

Acknowledgement

ADSL

Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line

AES

Advanced Encryption Standard

AF

Application Function

AGCH

Access Grant Channel

AI

Artificial Intelligence

AKA

Authentication and Key Agreement

AL

Aggregation Level

AM

Acknowledged Mode

AMF

Access and Mobility Management Function

AOA

Angle of Arrival

AOD

Angle of Departure

API

Application Programming Interface

APN

Access Point Name

AR

Augmented Reality

ARQ

Automatic Repeat Request

ARIB

Association of Radio Industries and Businesses

ARP

Allocation and Retention Policy

ARPC

Average Revenue Per Customer

ARPD

Average Revenue Per Device

ARPF

Authentication Credential Repository and Processing Function

ARPU

Average Revenue Per User

ARQ

Automatic Repeat Request

AS

Access Stratum

AS

Application Server

ASN.1

Abstract Syntax Notation Number 1

ATIS

Alliance for Telecommunications Industry Solutions

AUSF

Authentication Server Function

AV

Authentication Vector

BBF

Broad‐Band Forum

BCCH

Broadcast Control Channel

BCH

Broadcast Channel

BFD

Beam Failure Detection

BFI

Beam Failure Instance

BFR

Beam Failure Recovery

BG

Base Graph

BLE

Bluetooth Low Energy

BLER

Block Error Rate

BNG

Broadband Network Gateway

BPSK

Binary Phase Sift Keying BS

BS

Base Station

BSD

Bucket Size Duration

BSR

Buffer Status Report

BSIC

Base Station Identity Code

BSS

Base Station Subsystem

BTS

Base Transceiver Station

BWP

Bandwidth Part

CAPEX

Capital Expenditures

CBC

Cell Broadcast Centre

CBE

Cell Broadcast Entity

CBRA

Contention Based Random Access

CBS

Cell Broadcast Service

CC

Coverage Class

CCCH

Common Control Channel

CCE

Control Channel Element

CCSA

China Communication Standards Association

CDF

Charging Data Function

CDMA

Code Division Multiple Access

CDN

Content Delivery Network

CDR

Charging Data Record

CE

Coverage Enhancement

CE

Control Elements

CFRA

Contention Free Random Access

CGF

Charging Gateway Function

CHF

Charging Function

CIoT

Cellular IoT

C‐ITS

Cooperative Intelligent Transportation Systems

CK

Cyphering Key

CM

Connection Management

cmWave

centimeter Wave frequencies

cMTC

critical Machine Type Communication

CN

Core Network

CoMP

Coordinated Multipoint Transmission

CORESET

Control Resource Set

CP

Control Plane

CP

Cyclic Prefix

CPE

Customer Premises Equipment

CP‐OFDMA

Cyclic Prefix Orthogonal Frequency‐Division Multiple Access

CPRI

Common Public Radio Interface

CQI

Channel Quality Indicator

C‐RAN

Centralized RAN

CRC

Cyclic Redundancy Check

C‐RNTI

Cell Radio Network Temporary Identifier

CS

Circuit Switched

CSI

Channel State Information

CSI‐RS

Channel State Information Reference Signal

CSFB

Circuit‐Switched Fallback

CSS

Common Search Space

CU

Central Unit

CUPS

Control/User Plane Separation

DCCH

Dedicated Control Channel

DCI

Downlink Control Information

DECOR

Dedicated Core Network

DEI

Drop Eligible Indicator

DFT‐s‐OFDM

Discrete Fourier Transform‐spread‐OFDM

DHCP

Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol

DL

Downlink (Network to UE)

DMRS

Demodulation Reference Signal

DN

Data Network

DNAI

Data Network Access Identifier

DNN

Data Network Name

DoS

Denial of Service

DRB

Data Radio Bearer

DRX

Discontinuous Reception

DTCH

Dedicated Traffic Channel

DSL

Digital Subscriber Line

DU

Distributed Unit

E2E

End‐to‐End

EAB

Extended Access Barring

EAP

Extensible Authentication Protocol

EASE

EGPRS Access Security Enhancements

EC

European Commission

EC

Extended Coverage

EC‐GSM‐IoT

Extended Coverage for GSM based Internet of Things

eCPRI

enhanced CPRI

EC SI

Extended Coverage System Information

eDECOR

Enhanced Dedicated Core Network

EDGE

Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution

eDRX

Extended idle mode DRX

EGPRS

Enhanced GPRS

EIR

Equipment Identity Register

EIRP

Equivalent Isotropic Radiated Power

eMBB

enhanced Mobile Broadband

EMM

EPS Mobility Management

EMSK

Extended Master Session Key

EN‐DC

E‐UTRAN ‐ New Radio ‐ Dual‐Connectivity

EPC

Evolved Packet Core

ePDG

Enhanced Packet Data Gateway

EPS

Evolved Packet System

E‐SIM

Embedded SIM

ESM

EPS Session Management

E‐SMLC

Enhanced SMLC

ETH

Ethernet

ETSI

European Telecommunications Standards Institute

EU

European Union

E‐UTRAN

Evolved Universal Mobile Telecommunications System Terrestrial RAN

eUTRAN

Evolved Universal Mobile Telecommunications System Terrestrial RAN

FAR

Forwarding Action Rule

FAR

False Alarm Rate

FCC

Federal Communications Commission

FCCH

Frequency Correction Channel

FDD

Frequency Division Duplex

FFT

Fast Fourier Transform

FH

Frequency Hopping

FMC

Fixed Mobile Convergence

FN

Frame Number

F‐OFDM

Filtered OFDM

FQDN

Fully Qualified Domain Name

FR

Frequency Range

FUA

Fixed Uplink Allocation

FWA

Fixed Wireless Access

GBR

Guaranteed Bitrate

GERAN

GSM / EDGE RAN

GFBR

Guaranteed Flow Bitrate

GGSN

Gateway GPRS Support Node

GMLC

Gateway Mobile Location Centre

gNB

Gigabit NodeB, Next Generation NodeB

GPRS

General Packet Radio Service

GPSI

Generic Public Subscription Identifier

GSM

Global System for Mobile communications

GSMA

GSM Association

GTP

GPRS Tunneling Protocol

GUAMI

Globally Unique AMF Identifier

GUTI

Globally unique temporary UE identity

HARQ

Hybrid Automatic Repeat Request

HBRT

Hardware‐Based Root of Trust

HD

High Definition

HLcom

High Latency Communication

HLR

Home Location Register

HLS

High‐Layer Split

HPLMN

Home PLMN

HR

Home Routed

HSDPA

High Speed Downlink Packet Access

HSPA

High Speed Packet Access

HSS

Home Subscriber Server

HSUPA

High Speed Uplink Packet Access

HTTP

Hypertext Transfer Protocol

HW

Hardware

I 4.0

Industry 4.0

IaaS

Infrastructure as a Service

ICT

Information and Communication Technology

ID

Identity

IETF

Internet Engineering Task Force

IK

Integrity Key

IKEv2

Internet Key Exchange Version 2

IMS

IP Multimedia Subsystem

IMSI

International Mobile Subscriber Identity

IMT

International Mobile Telecommunications

IMT‐2020

ITU‐R process for defining 5G IMT technologies

InH

Indoor Hotspot

IoT

Internet of Things

IP

Internet Protocol

IPR

Intellectual Property Rights

IPsec

Internet Protocol Security

IR

Incremental Redundancy

ISDN

Integrated Services Digital Network

ISG

Industry Specification Group

ISI

Inter Symbol Interference

ISM

Industrial Scientific and Medical

ITS

Intelligent Traffic Systems

ITU

International Telecommunications Union

ITU‐R

ITU Radiocommunication Sector

IWF

Interworking Function

IWK

Interworking

KPI

Key Performance Indicator

LADN

Local Area Data Network

LAI

Location Area Identity

LAN

Local Area Network

LBO

Local Breakout

LCG

Logical Channel Group

LCH

Logical Channel

LCP

Logical Channel Prioritization

LCS

Location Services

LDPC

Low‐Density Parity Check coding

LLR

Log‐Likelihood Ratio

LLS

Low‐Layer Split

LMF

Location Management Function

LOS

Line of Sight

LPWA

Low Power Wide Area

LRF

Location Retrieval Function

LSA

Licensed Shared Access

LSB

Least Significant Bit

LTE

Long Term Evolution

LTE‐M

LTE category M1

M2M

Machine to Machine

MAC

Media Access Control

MC

Multi‐Connectivity

MCS

Modulation and Coding Scheme

MBMS

Multimedia Broadcast / Multicast Service

MCC

Mobile Country Code

MCG

Master Cell Group

MCL

Maximum Coupling Loss

MDBV

Maximum Data Burst Volume

ME

Mobile Equipment

MEC

Multi‐Access Edge Computing

MeNB

Master eNB

METIS

Mobile and wireless communications Enablers for the Twenty‐twenty Information Society

MFBR

Maximum Flow Bitrate

MFCN

Mobile/Fixed Communication Network

MIB

Master Information Block

MIB‐NB

Master Information Block ‐ Narrowband

MICO

Mobile Initiated Communication Only

ML

Machine Learning

MM

Mobility Management

MME

Mobility Management Entity

mMIMO

massive Multiple‐Input‐Multiple‐Output

mmWave

millimeter Wave frequencies

mMTC

massive Machine Type Communication

MN

Master Node

MNC

Mobile Network Code

MNO

Mobile Network Operator

MOTD

Multilateration Observed Time Difference

MPDCCH

MTC Physical Downlink Control Channel

MR‐DC

Multi RAT Dual Connectivity

MS

Millisecond

MSB

Most Significant Bit

MSG1…4

Message 1 to 4 in RACH procedure

MSI

Minimum System Information

MSC

Mobile Switching Centre

MSISDN

Mobile Subscriber ISDN Number

MSK

Master Session Key

MTA

Multilateration Timing Advance

MTC

Machine Type Communication

N3IWF

Non‐3GPP Interworking Function

NaaS

Network as a Service

NACK

Negative Acknowledgement

NAI

Network Access Identifier

NAPS

Northbound API for SCEF ‐ SCS/AS Interworking

NAS

Non‐Access Stratum

NAT

Network Address Translation

NB‐IoT

Narrow Band IoT

NCC

Network Color Code

NE‐DC

NR E‐UTRAN ‐ Dual Connectivity

NEF

Network Exposure Function

NF

Network Function

NFV

Network Function Virtualization

NGAP

Next Generation Application Protocol

NGEN‐DC

Next Generation EN‐DC

NGMN

Next Generation Mobile Networks

NG‐RAN

Next Generation RAN

NIDD

Non‐IP Data Delivery

NLOS

Non‐Line of Sight

NPBCH

Narrowband Physical Broadcast Channel

NPDCCH

Narrowband Physical Downlink Control Channel

NPDSCH

Narrowband Physical Downlink Shared Channel

NPRACH

Narrowband Physical Random Access Channel

NPSS

Narrowband Primary Synchronization Signal

NPUSCH

Narrowband Physical Uplink Shared Channel

NPV

Net Present Value

NR

New Radio

NRF

Network Repository Function

NRT

Non‐Real Time

NS

Network Slice

NSA

Non‐Standalone

NSSAI

Network Slice Selection Assistance Information

NSSF

Network Slice Selection Function

NSSS

Narrowband Secondary Synchronization Signal

O&M

Operation and Maintenance

OA&M

Operations, Administration & Maintenance

OAM

Orbital Angular Momentum

OAuth

Open Authorization

OECD

Organization for Economic Co‐operation and Development

OFDM

Orthogonal Frequency‐Division Multiplexing

ONF

Open Networking Foundation

OPEX

Operating Expenses

OSI

Other System Information

OTT

Over‐the‐Top

PA

Power Amplifier

PaaS

Platform as a Service

PACCH

Packet Associated Control Channel

PAPR

Peak to Average Power Ratio

PBCH

Physical Broadcast Channel

PC

Personal Computer

PCA

Packet Control Acknowledgement

PCC

Policy and Charging Control

PCCH

Paging Control Channel

PCell

Primary Cell

PCF

Policy Control Function

PCH

Paging Channel

PCI

Physical Cell Identity

PCO

Protocol Configuration Options

PCP

Priority Code Point

PDB

Packet Delay Budget

PDCCH

Physical Downlink Control Channel

PDCP

Packet Data Convergence Protocol

PDN

Packet Data Network

PDP

Packet Data Protocol

PDSCH

Physical Downlink Shared Channel

PDTCH

Packet Data Traffic Channel

PDU

Protocol Data Unit

PEI

Permanent Equipment Identifier

PEO

Power Efficient Operation

PER

Packet Error Rate

PFCP

Packet Forwarding Control Protocol

PFD

Packet Flow Descriptor

P‐GW

PDN Gateway

PGW‐C

P‐GW Control Plane Function

PGW‐U

P‐GW User Plane Function

PH

Power Headroom

PHY

Physical Layer

PHR

Power Headroom Report

PICH

Paging Indication Channel

PLMN

Public Land Mobile Network

PMI

Precoding Matrix Indicator

PoC

Proof of Concept

PON

Passive Optical Network

PPDR

Public Protection and Disaster Relief

PRACH

Physical Random Access Channel

PRB

Physical Resource Blocks

P‐RNTI

Paging RNTI

PS

Packet Switched

PSA

PDU Session Anchor

PSCell

Primary Secondary Cell

PSD

Power Spectral Density

PSM

Power Save Mode

PSTN

Public Switched Telephone Network

PSS

Primary Synchronization Signal

PTW

Paging Time Window

PUSCH

Physical Uplink Shared Channel

PWS

Public Warning System

QAM

Quadrature Amplitude Modulation

QC‐LDPC

Quasi‐Cyclic LDPC

QFI

QoS Flow Identifier

QoE

Quality of Experience

QoS

Quality of Service

QPSK

Quaternary Phase‐Shift Keying

R

Code Rates in channel coding

RA

Routing Area

RA

Random Access

RACH

Random Access Channel

RAN

Radio Access Network

RAR

Random Access Response

RAT

Radio Access Technology

RAU

Routing Area Updating

RB

Radio Bearer

RCC

Radio Frequency Color Code

RDI

Reflective QoS flow to DRB mapping Indication

RDS

Reliable Data Service

RF

Radio Frequency

RFC

Request for Comments

RG

Residential Gateway

RI

Rank Indicator

RIT

Radio Interface Technology

RLC

Radio Link Control Protocol

RLF

Radio Link Failure

RM

Registration Management

RM

Reed‐Muller

RMSI

Remaining Minimum System Information

RNTI

Radio Network Temporary Identifier

RO

RACH Occasion

RoHC

Robust Header Compression

RQI

Reflective QoS Attribute

RQoS

Reflective QoS

RRC

Radio Resource Control Protocol

RSRP

Reference Signal Received Power

RSRQ

Reference Signal Received Quality