5G Networks E-Book

• Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
• Kategorie: Wissenschaft und neue Technologien
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 1210

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2018

Beschreibung

A reliable and focused treatment of the emergent technology of fifth generation (5G) networks This book provides an understanding of the most recent developments in 5G, from both theoretical and industrial perspectives. It identifies and discusses technical challenges and recent results related to improving capacity and spectral efficiency on the radio interface side, and operations management on the core network side. It covers both existing network technologies and those currently in development in three major areas of 5G: spectrum extension, spatial spectrum utilization, and core network and network topology management. It explores new spectrum opportunities; the capability of radio access technology; and the operation of network infrastructure and heterogeneous QoE provisioning. 5G Networks: Fundamental Requirements, Enabling Technologies, and Operations Management is split into five sections: Physical Layer for 5G Radio Interface Technologies; Radio Access Technology for 5G Networks; 5G Network Interworking and Core Network Advancements; Vertical 5G Applications; and R&D and 5G Standardization. It starts by introducing emerging technologies in 5G software, hardware, and management aspects before moving on to cover waveform design for 5G and beyond; code design for multi-user MIMO; network slicing for 5G networks; machine type communication in the 5G era; provisioning unlicensed LAA interface for smart grid applications; moving toward all-IT 5G end-to-end infrastructure; and more. This valuable resource: * Provides a comprehensive reference for all layers of 5G networks * Focuses on fundamental issues in an easy language that is understandable by a wide audience * Includes both beginner and advanced examples at the end of each section * Features sections on major open research challenges 5G Networks: Fundamental Requirements, Enabling Technologies, and Operations Management is an excellent book for graduate students, academic researchers, and industry professionals, involved in 5G technology.

Leseprobe

CONTENTS

Cover

Series Page

Title Page

Copyright

Foreword

Preface

Author Bios

List of Contributors

List of Abbreviations

Introduction

I.1 Motivation and Directions

I.2 5G Requirements

I.3 Organization of the Text

I.4 Summary

Part I: Physical Layer for 5G Radio Interface Technologies

Chapter 1: Emerging Technologies in Software, Hardware, and Management Aspects Toward the 5G Era: Trends and Challenges

1.1 Introduction

1.2. 5G Requirements and Technology Trends

1.3. Status and Challenges in Hardware and Software Development

1.4 5G Network Management Aspects Enhanced with Machine Learning

1.5 Conclusion

Acknowledgment

References

Chapter 2: Waveform Design for 5G and Beyond

2.1 Introduction

2.2. Fundamentals of the 5G Waveform Design

2.3 Major Waveform Candidates for 5G and Beyond

2.4 Summary

2.5 Conclusions

References

Chapter 3: Full-Duplex System Design for 5G Access

3.1 Introduction

3.2 Self-Interference Cancellation

3.3 FD System Design: Opportunities and Challenges

3.4 Designing the FD System

3.5 System-Level Performance Analysis

3.6 Conclusions and Future Directions

References

Chapter 4: Nonorthogonal Multiple Access for 5G

4.1 Introduction

4.2 Basic Principles and Advantages of NOMA

4.3 Power-Domain NOMA

4.4 Code-Domain NOMA

4.5 Other NOMA Schemes

4.6 Comparison and Trade-Off Analysis of NOMA Solutions

4.7 Performance Evaluations and Transmission Experiments of NOMA

4.8 Opportunities and Future Research Trends

4.9 Conclusions

References

Chapter 5: Code Design for Multiuser MIMO

5.1 Introduction

5.2 Multiuser Repetition-Aided IRA Coding Scheme

5.3 Iterative Decoding and EXIT Analysis

5.4 Code Optimization Procedure

5.5 Numerical Results and Comparisons

5.6 Conclusion

Acknowledgement

References

Chapter 6: Physical Layer Techniques for 5G Wireless Security

6.1 Introduction

6.2 5G Physical Layer Architecture

6.3 Secure Full-Duplex Receiver Jamming

6.4 Secure Full-Duplex Bidirectional Communications

6.5 Secure Full-Duplex Relay Communications

6.6 Future Directions and Open Issues

6.7 Conclusion

Acknowledgment

References

Chapter 7: Codebook-Based Beamforming Protocols for 5G Millimeter Wave Communications

7.1 Introduction

7.2 Beamforming Architecture

7.3 Beam Searching Algorithm

7.4 Codebook Design

7.5 Beamforming Evaluation

7.6 Conclusion

References

Part II: Radio Access Technology for 5G Networks

Chapter 8: Universal Access in 5G Networks: Potential Challenges and Opportunities for Urban and Rural Environments

8.1 Introduction

8.2 Access for Urban Environments

8.3 Providing Access to Rural Areas

8.4 Conclusions

References

Chapter 9: Network Slicing for 5G Networks

9.1 Introduction

9.2 End-to-End Network Slicing

9.3 Network Slicing MANO

9.4 Network Slicing at the Mobile Edge

9.5 Network Slicing at the Mobile Transport

9.6 Network Slicing at the Mobile Cloud

9.7 Acknowledgment

References

Chapter 10: The Evolution Toward Ethernet-Based Converged 5G RAN

10.1 Introduction to RAN Transport Network

10.2 Evolving RAN Toward 5G Requirements

10.3 Ethernet-Based 5G RAN

10.4 Summary

References

Chapter 11: Energy-Efficient 5G Networks Using Joint Energy Harvesting and Scheduling

11.1 Introduction

11.2 System Model

11.3 Problem Formulation and Solution

11.4 Low-Complexity Algorithm

11.5 Simulation Results

11.6 Chapter Summary

References

Part III: 5G Network Interworking and Core Network Advancements

Chapter 12: Characterizing and Learning the Mobile Data Traffic in Cellular Network

12.1 Understanding the Traffic Nature: A Revisiting to α-Stable Models

12.2 The Traffic Predictability in Cellular Networks

12.3 The Prediction of Application-Level Traffic

12.4 Related Works

12.5 Conclusion

References

Chapter 13: Network Softwarization View of 5G Networks

13.1 Introduction

13.2 Key Concept of 5G

Network Softwarization View of 5G Networks

13.4 Brief History of Network Softwarization and Slicing

13.5 Issues for Slicing Towards 5G

13.6 Information-Centric Network (ICN) Enabled by Network Softwarization

13.7 Studies in ITU-T SG13 Focus Group on IMT-2020

13.8 Conclusion

References

Chapter 14: Machine-Type Communication in the 5G Era: Massive and Ultrareliable Connectivity Forces of Evolution, Revolution, and Complementarity

14.1 Overview

14.2 Introduction

14.3 Demand Analysis

14.4 Reviewing the Standardization Path* So Far

14.5 Conclusion on Machine-Type 5G

References

Part IV: Vertical 5G Applications

Chapter 15: Social-Aware Content Delivery in Device-to-Device Underlay Networks

15.1 Introduction

15.2 Related Works

15.3 System Model

15.4 Problem Formulation

15.5 Social Network-Based Content Delivery Matching Algorithm for D2D Underlay Networks

15.6 Numerical Results

15.7 Conclusions

References

Chapter 16: Service-Oriented Architecture for IoT Home Area Networking in 5G

16.1 Introduction

16.2 Service-Oriented Architecture

16.3 Related Work

16.4 Service-Oriented Architecture for Home Area Network (SoHAN)

16.5 Performance Evaluation

16.6 Conclusion

References

Chapter 17: Provisioning Unlicensed LAA Interface for Smart Grid Applications

17.1 Introduction

17.2 Smart Grid Architecture-Based 5G Communications

17.3 Bandwidth Utilization Method

17.4 System Implementation and Simulation Platform

17.5 Summary and Conclusions

References

Part V: R&D and 5G Standardization

Chapter 18: 5G Communication System: A Network Operator Perspective

18.1 Introduction

18.2 Softwarization for the 5G Communication System

18.3 5G Holistic Testbed

18.4 5G as Game Changer in the Value Chain

18.5 Conclusion

18.6 Acknowledgments

References

Chapter 19: Toward All-IT 5G End-to-End Infrastructure

19.1 Introduction

19.2 Development Status and Lesson Learned

19.3 Infrastructure Evolution of SK Telecom for 5G: ATSCALE

19.4 Detailed Architecture and Key Enabling Technology

19.5 Value Proposition

19.6 Summary and Conclusion

References

Chapter 20: Standardization: The Road to 5G

20.1 The Role of Standardization

20.2 The Main Standardization Bodies

20.3 5G Standardization Process

20.4 ITU-R

20.5 3GPP

References

Index

End User License Agreement

List of Tables

Table 1.1

Table 1.2

Table 1.3

Table 1.4

Table 2.1

Table 2.2

Table 3.1

Table 3.2

Table 3.3

Table 3.4

Table 3.5

Table 3.6

Table 3.7

Table 3.8

Table 3.9

Table 3.10

Table 3.11

Table 3.12

Table 3.13

Table 3.14

Table 3.15

Table 3.16

Table 4.1

Table 4.2

Table 4.3

Table 4.4

Table 4.5

Table 5.1

Table 5.2

Table 5.3

Table 5.4

Table 5.5

Table 5.6

Table 5.7

Table 7.1

Table 8.1

Table 10.1

Table 10.2

Table 10.3

Table 11.1

Table 12.1

Table 12.2

Table 12.3

Table 12.4

Table 15.1

Table 16.1

Table 16.2

Table 16.3

Table 17.1

Table 18.1

Table 18.2

Table 19.1

Table 19.2

List of Illustrations

Figure 1.1

Figure 1.2

Figure 1.3

Figure 1.4

Figure 1.5

Figure 1.6

Figure 1.7

Figure 1.8

Figure 1.9

Figure 1.10

Figure 1.11

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Figure 1.15

Figure 1.16

Figure 1.17

Figure 2.1

Figure 2.2

Figure 2.3

Figure 2.4

Figure 2.5

Figure 2.6

Figure 2.7

Figure 2.8

Figure 2.9

Figure 2.10

Figure 2.11

Figure 2.12

Figure 2.13

Figure 2.14

Figure 2.15

Figure 2.16

Figure 2.17

Figure 2.18

Figure 2.19

Figure 2.20

Figure 2.21

Figure 3.1

Figure 3.2

Figure 3.3

Figure 3.4

Figure 3.5

Figure 3.6

Figure 3.7

Figure 3.8

Figure 3.9

Figure 3.10

Figure 3.11

Figure 3.12

Figure 3.13

Figure 3.14

Figure 3.15

Figure 4.1

Figure 4.2

Figure 4.3

Figure 4.4

Figure 4.5

Figure 4.6

Figure 4.7

Figure 4.8

Figure 4.9

Figure 4.10

Figure 4.11

Figure 4.12

Figure 4.13

Figure 4.14

Figure 4.15

Figure 4.16

Figure 4.17

Figure 4.18

Figure 4.19

Figure 4.20

Figure 4.21

Figure 4.22

Figure 4.23

Figure 4.24

Figure 5.1

Figure 5.2

Figure 5.3

Figure 5.4

Figure 5.5

Figure 5.6

Figure 5.7

Figure 5.8

Figure 5.9

Figure 5.10

Figure 5.11

Figure 5.12

Figure 6.1

Figure 6.2

Figure 6.3

Figure 6.4

Figure 6.5

Figure 6.6

Figure 6.7

Figure 6.8

Figure 6.9

Figure 7.1

Figure 7.2

Figure 7.3

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Figure 7.6

Figure 7.7

Figure 7.8

Figure 7.9

Figure 7.10

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Figure 7.12

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Figure 7.14

Figure 8.1

Figure 8.2

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Figure 9.1

Figure 9.2

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Figure 9.6

Figure 9.7

Figure 9.8

Figure 9.9

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Figure 9.14

Figure 10.1

Figure 10.2

Figure 10.3

Figure 10.4

Figure 10.5

Figure 10.6

Figure 10.7

Figure 10.8

Figure 10.9

Figure 10.10

Figure 10.11

Figure 10.12

Figure 10.13

Figure 10.14

Figure 10.15

Figure 10.16

Figure 10.17

Figure 10.18

Figure 10.19

Figure 10.20

Figure 10.21

Figure 10.22

Figure 10.23

Figure 10.24

Figure 10.25

Figure 11.1

Figure 11.2

Figure 11.3

Figure 11.4

Figure 11.5

Figure 11.6

Figure 11.7

Figure 12.1

Figure 12.2

Figure 12.3

Figure 12.4

Figure 12.5

Figure 12.6

Figure 12.7

Figure 12.8

Figure 12.9

Figure 12.10

Figure 12.11

Figure 12.12

Figure 12.13

Figure 12.14

Figure 12.15

Figure 12.16

Figure 12.17

Figure 12.18

Figure 12.19

Figure 13.1

Figure 13.2

Figure 13.3

Figure 14.1

Figure 14.2

Figure 15.1

Figure 15.2

Figure 15.3

Figure 15.4

Figure 15.5

Figure 15.6

Figure 15.7

Figure 16.1

Figure 16.2

Figure 16.3

Figure 16.4

Figure 16.5

Figure 16.6

Figure 16.7

Figure 16.8

Figure 16.9

Figure 16.10

Figure 16.11

Figure 17.1

Figure 17.2

Figure 17.3

Figure 17.4

Figure 17.5

Figure 17.6

Figure 17.7

Figure 17.8

Figure 18.1

Figure 18.2

Figure 18.3

Figure 18.4

Figure 18.5

Figure 18.6

Figure 18.7

Figure 18.8

Figure 18.9

Figure 18.10

Figure 19.1

Figure 19.2

Figure 19.3

Figure 19.4

Figure 19.5

Figure 19.6

Figure 19.7

Figure 19.8

Figure 19.9

Figure 19.10

Figure 19.11

Figure 19.12

Figure 19.13

Figure 19.14

Figure 19.15

Figure 19.16

Figure 19.17

Figure 19.18

Figure 19.19

Figure 19.20

Figure 20.1

Figure 20.2

Figure 20.3

Figure 20.4

Figure 20.5

Figure 20.6

Figure 20.7

Guide

Cover

Table of Contents

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5G Networks

Fundamental Requirements, Enabling Technologies, and Operations Management

Anwer Al-Dulaimi, Xianbin Wang, and Chih-Lin I

Copyright © 2018 by The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. All rights reserved.

Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey.

Published simultaneously in Canada.

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

ISBN: 9781119332732

Foreword

The fifth generation (5G) mobile networks is the first wireless systems that will allow ubiquitous Gigabit service to all connected users and appliances. This revolutionary telecommunications technology will not only improve the well-known performance metrics that we rely on to measure capacity or end-to-end delays but will - for the first time - also enable measuring and proactively influencing the user experience. The arrival of 5G will have conceptual, technical, economical, and social impacts that will change the human life to new digitized culture where everything is tracked, recorded, and logged into a file that is stored somewhere in cloud. Therefore, industrial and research communities are in a race to define all the key requirements, conducting analysis, implementing testbeds, and performing field trails. Alongside, the standardization bodies are finalizing new standards that shape the commercial-off-the-shelf products. The regulatory offices of governments are also trying to deliver new legislation that regulates 5G technologies and capabilities. In the mid of this outreaching change, we as engineers need to understand diverse 5G technologies and services to shape the vision towards networks of the future.

The transformation to 5G triggers the need to restructure the mobile network architecture. On the radio access technology (RAT) side, the New Radio (NR) comprises multiple-radio interfaces transmitting over different spectrum bands. This bridges pillars of spectrum and extends NR bandwidth beyond licensed Long-Term Evolution (LTE) bands to include millimeter waves above 6 GHz; and the trusted non-3GPP access allows for access of systems like WiFi too. However, a base station with multi-radio interfaces needs to support new schemes of interoperability for rerouting packets between different radio interfaces. The goal is to be able to access the spectrum at any available band using enhanced technologies such as non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA), high-performance antennas, and massive MIMO.

The densification of macro and small cells in emerging ultradense networks (UDNs) is an architectural challenge at the Radio Access Network (RAN), in 3GPP referred to as (R)AN. A UDN requires new approaches to spectrum sharing and interference mitigation for friendly coexistence with other appliances. This also requires supporting artificial intelligence (AI) at the base station and network levels with new information exchange platforms to distribute knowledge on the spectrum status between various network nodes. From previous generations, it is understood that RAN deployments will initiate the migration process towards the 5G network. Therefore, NRs will be attached to the fourth-generation (4G) core network to use the current entities of evolved packet core (EPC) and IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS). The 3rd Generation Project (3GPP) has already drafted standards for 5G Core Network (5GC).

Nevertheless, during the transition stage, the NR base stations will be interfaced to the control and data planes through LTE RAN in a non-standalone mode. Once 5GC is deployed, the NR base stations will be disconnected from the 4G core and interfaced to 5GC in a standalone mode. At this point, 4G LTE base stations will also be disconnected fromthe 4G core and interfaced to NRs to access the 5GC. Driven by the need to optimize service and maintain higher quality of service (QoS), there is a need to verify the new suite of 5GC interfaces and define any subsequent changes to the call session initiation processes and applications storage. Once deployed, 5G networks will be able to provide unprecedented/ uninterrupted throughputs to support transmissions of ultrahigh definition (UHD) videos and Enhanced Voice Services (EVS).

The other major change in the 5G era is the employment of network function virtualization (NFV) concepts that will enhance the flexibility of deploying advanced concepts, such as edge-clouds.Moving away from proprietary hardware to use software applications running in orchestrated virtual machines requires dynamic resource scaling subject to processed traffic. The NFV will considerably alter the current network hierarchy by enabling on-fly instantiation of virtual function networks (VNFs) that virtually interconnect to each other. The software defined networking (SDN) is another feature that automates adaptation of routes between various network slices to avoid congested switches. SDN also provides the network with additional virtual layers to interconnect switches in data centers.

Provided with distributed cloud capabilities, SDN/NFV architectures enable 5Gto connect newindustries and empower unique service scenarios.This powerful ability to connect various users and appliances builds new alignment for stable access to individual components that run at vertical industries. Moreover, 5G is the networking technology for Internet of Things (IoT) backing remote access services, connected cars, and vehicle to everything (V2X) communications. Considering all these connections, there is a continuous need to investigate new green protocols and equipment for sustainable green communication networks.

With 5G designs running at full steam, there are a few pioneering projects in the world proving 5G viability via a real-world rollout. At the forefront is the UK 5GUK testbed that is the world first to deploy an end-to-end 5G system composed of heterogeneous vendor components. At the end of 2017, King College London has already demonstrated the UK first 3.5GHz Massive MIMO as well as the world first fully softwarized/virtualized 5G end-to-end call.

This new IEEE/Wiley book entitled 5G Networks: Fundamental Requirements, Enabling Technologies, andOperationsManagement is thus a very timely publication. It is an exceptional milestone document that will educate audiences from academia and industry. The book editors are from leading research and development industries that are involved directly with 5G development as well as academia that has underpinned much of its research. This book has been written by the world-renowned experts who have studied, analyzed, and proposed new solutions for all 5G protocols, potential vertical industries, and standardization efforts.

The authors are researchers, professors, directors of standards, and chief technology officers of the world leading operators. The book has 20 chapters that look at all key aspects of 5G allowing readers to obtain academic, industrial, and regulatory knowledge. Bridging theory and application, I am confident that this book will become a reference document for our community for many years to come.

Chair Professor, Centre for Telecommunications

Research Prof. Mischa Dohler, FIEEE FREng FRSA

King's College London

London, UK

Preface

From research communities to industry world, the fifth generation (5G) development is gaining momentum driven by the market demand and business opportunities. The developers of 5G network adopts new ideas involving a variety of technologies and applications beyond the boundaries of past mobile generation. In this new network, business case models and user satisfaction are very important drivers to consider. This open space for exchanging ideas is also seen at the standardization bodies where partnerships and discussions started to draft new schemes incorporating different technologies and mechanisms. The 5G is not a collection of technologies that connects humans using machines, it is a whole new technology package that connects humans and machines in one pool. Therefore, the concepts for many of the technological advances that we consider to be a crucial part of the upcoming network are still need definition prior potential 5G deployment in 2020. Although the basic network requirements are well understood such as minimal latency, powerful processing features, unified communication bus, efficient interfacing and management of machine data, and gigabyte downloading capacities. This book energies the 5G technology development further through a carful investigation of potential network radio resources, technology integration, virtualization of appliances, and foreseen standards. The studied topics demonstrate that 5G is not just about a high speed mobile internet connectivity, in fact it is about influencing society and economy advances using associated vertical applications that considers type of requested service and user satisfaction rather than connected network interface.

This book provides a comprehensive and advanced analysis for all 5G network segments. It is written for all audience to discuss the state of art, technologies, vertical applications, and standards. The editors vision was to provide the research community with a single document that covers all aspects of 5G research. The book is meant to be an inclusive document for theoretical concepts and recent industry developments toward 5G. The authors are world leading experts from industry and academia who are engaged in 5G projects on day-to day basis. For academic research, this book explores a wide range of challenges for 5G networks such as radio resources management, waveform design, security, etc. It will be an excellent text book for students and researchers to learn mythology and identify methods to model their solutions. The given results throughout different chapters can also be used as a reference in comparative studies. For industry research, this book defines behavior of systems, solutions and technologies for deployments, review of standards, etc. This type of material will help researchers and developers in identifying development and testing plans and use this book as technical manual.

This book concludes the work of many teams and leading researchers from around the globe. It helps learners to build upon knowledge, develop ideas, and expand visions to network level solutions. The content is written and indexed to help step-by-step knwoldge increment process for formal classrooms and self-learning. Finally, this book also bridges the gap between academia and industry through a mixture of visions that allow both communities to learn from each other and motivate each other to enhance knowledge and improve communication systems.

Anwer Al-Dulaimi, EXFO Inc., Canada

Xianbin Wang, Western University, Canada

Chih-Lin I, China Mobile Research Institute, China

Author Bios

Anwer Al-Dulaimi (M'11, SM'17) is a System Engineering Specialist in the R&D department at EXFO Inc., Toronto, Canada. Dr. Al-Dulaimi received his Ph.D. degree in electrical and computer engineering from Brunel University, London, U.K., in 2012 after receiving M.Sc. and B.Sc. honours degrees in communication engineering. He was a Postdoctoral Research Fellow in the department of electrical and computer engineering, University of Toronto, Canada. During his postdoctoral time, Dr. Al-Dulaimi contributed to the LTE research through project collaborations with Blackberry Advanced Research Team-Canada and Standardization Team, UK. He has been awarded many grants by the Wireless World Research Forum (WWRF), IEEE Standards Association (IEEE-SA), etc. He has published many academic papers and was awarded the best IEEE/WWRF Vehicular Technology Magazine paper for three times. His research interests include 5G wireless communications and network design and optimization, cloud networks, and Internet of Things. Dr. Al-Dulaimi is an IEEE Distinguished Lecturer. He is the chair of IEEE 1932.1 working group “Standard for Licensed/Unlicensed Spectrum Interoperability in Wireless Mobile Network”. He is the editor of IEEE 5G Initiative Series in IEEE Vehicular Technology Magazine, editor of vehicular networking series in IEEE Communication Standards Magazine, associate editor of IEEE Communications Magazine, editor of IEEE 5G Tech Focus letter, and guest editor of many special issues in IEEE journals. He was the recipient of the 2013 Worldwide Universities Network Cognitive Communications Consortium best paper for outstanding research in cognitive communications for his edited book entitled “Self-Organization and Green Applications in Cognitive Radio Networks”. Dr. Al-Dulaimi is an Associate Fellow of the British Higher Education Academy and registered as a Chartered Engineer by the British Engineering Council in 2010.

Xianbin Wang (S'98-M'99-SM'06-F'17) is a Professor and Canada Research Chair at Western University, Canada. He received his Ph.D. degree in electrical and computer engineering from National University of Singapore in 2001. Prior to joining Western, he was with Communications Research Centre Canada (CRC) as a Research Scientist/Senior Research Scientist between July 2002 and Dec. 2007. From Jan. 2001 to July 2002, he was a system designer at STMicroelectronics, where he was responsible for the system design of DSL and Gigabit Ethernet chipsets. His current research interests include 5G technologies, Internet-of-Things, communications security, and locationing technologies. Dr. Wang has over 300 peer-reviewed journal and conference papers, in addition to 26 granted and pending patents and several standard contributions. Dr. Wang is a Fellow of IEEE and an IEEE Distinguished Lecturer. He has received many awards and recognition, including Canada Research Chair, CRC President's Excellence Award, Canadian Federal Government Public Service Award, Ontario Early Researcher Award and five IEEE Best Paper Awards. He currently serves as an Editor/Associate Editor for IEEE Transactions on Communications, IEEE Transactions on Broadcasting, and IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology and He was also an Associate Editor for IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications between 2007 and 2011, and IEEE Wireless Communications Letters between 2011 and 2016. Dr. Wang was involved in a number of IEEE conferences including GLOBECOM, ICC, VTC, PIMRC, WCNC and CWIT, in different roles such as symposium chair, tutorial instructor, track chair, session chair and TPC co-chair.

Chih-Lin I is the Chief Scientist of Wireless Technologies of China Mobile, in charge of advanced wireless communication R&D effort of China Mobile Research Institute (CMRI). She established the Green Communications Research Center of China Mobile, spearheading major initiatives including 5G Key Technologies R&D; high energy efficiency system architecture, technologies, and devices; green energy; C-RAN and soft base station. Dr. I received her Ph.D. degree in Electrical Engineering from Stanford University, and has more than 30 years experience in wireless communication technical domain. She has worked in various world-class companies and research institutes, including wireless communication fundamental research department of AT&T Bell Labs; Headquarter of AT&T, as the Director of Wireless Communications Infrastructure and Access Technology; ITRI of Taiwan, as the Director of Wireless Communication Technology; Hong Kong ASTRI, as the VP and the Founding GD of Communications Technology Domain. Dr. I received the Trans. COM Stephen Rice Best Paper Award, and is a winner of CCCP “National 1000 talent” program. She was an elected Board Member of IEEE ComSoc, Chair of ComSoc Meeting and Conference Board, and the Founding Chair of IEEE WCNC Steering Committee. She is currently the Chair of FuTURE Forum 5G SIG, an Executive Board Member of GreenTouch, a Network Operator Council Member of ETSI NFV, and an Adjunct Professor of BUPT. Dr. I has shown frequent presence in many important and high-level public occasions for speech delivery. She is often invited as the keynote speaker for diverse audience from academia, industry and governments. She is very active in many venues such as conferences, summits, workshops, panels and so on. This year she has delivered nearly 30 speeches in lots of events such as IEEE WCNC, IEEE ICC, IEEE VTC, IEEE PIMRC, Global Professional Services Forum and so on, which included a 3-hour-long tutorial on C-RAN in Cloud RAN Conference in Paris.

List of Contributors

Ahmad Shahidan Abdullah

Faculty of Electrical Engineering

Universiti Teknologi Malaysia

Johor, Malaysia

Anwer Al-Dulaimi

R&D Department

EXFO Inc.

Toronto, Canada

Saba Al-Rubaye

Instituto de Telecomunicações

Campus Universitário de Santiago

Aveiro - Portugal

Ahmad Alsharoa

Electrical and Computer

Engineering department

Iowa State University (ISU)

Ames, IA

USA

Huseyin Arslan

Department of Electrical Engineering

University of South Florida

Tampa, FL

USA

and

School of Engineering and Natural Sciences

Istanbul Medipol University

Istanbul, Turkey

Jingwen Bai

Intel Corporation

Intel Lab

Santa Clara, CA

USA

Ioannis-Prodromos Belikaidis

R&D Department

WINGS ICT Solutions

Athens, Greece

Kui Cai

Science and Math Cluster

Singapore University of Technology and Design

Singapore

Abdulkadir Celik

Computer, Electrical, Mathematical

Sciences & Engineering Division

King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST)

Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

Batu K. Chalise

Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering

New York Institute of Technology

Old Westbury, NY

USA

Kishor Chandra

Electrical Engineering, Mathematics and Computer Science Department

Delft University of Technology

Delft, The Netherlands

Jun Cheng

Department of Intelligent

Information Engineering and Sciences

Doshisha University

Kyoto, Japan

Yuhao Chi

State Key Laboratory of Integrated

Services Networks

Xidian University

Xi'an, China

Sung-en Chiu

University of California

Electrical and Computer Engineering

San Diego, CA

USA

Alex Jinsung Choi

Deutsche Telekom

T-Laboratories Innovation

Friedrich-Ebert-Allee 140,

53113 Bonn

Germany

Yang-seok Choi

Intel Corporation

Intel Lab

Santa Clara, CA

USA

John Cosmas

Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering

Brunel University London

Uxbridge, UK

Xavier Costa-Pérez

5G Networks R&D Group

NEC Laboratories Europe GmbH

Heidelberg, Germany

Linglong Dai

Department of Electronics Engineering Tsinghua University

Beijing, China

Panagiotis Demestichas

R&D Department

WINGS ICT Solutions

Athens, Greece

and

Department of Digital Systems

University of Piraeus

Piraeus, Greece

Ali Fatih Demir

Department of Electrical Engineering

University of South Florida

Tampa, FL

USA

Zhiguo Ding

School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering

The University of Manchester

Manchester, UK

Mohamed Elkourdi

Department of Electrical Engineering

University of South Florida

Tampa, FL

USA

Norsheila Fisal

Faculty of Electrical Engineering

Universiti Teknologi Malaysia

Johor, Malaysia

Frank H. P. Fitzek

5G Lab Germany and Technical

University Dresden

Dresden, Germany

Vassilis Foteinos

R&D Department

WINGS ICT Solutions

Athens, Greece

Renaud Di Francesco

Sony Europe Research and Standardisation Department

Sony Mobile

Lund, Sweden

Maria Pia Galante

Technology Innovation Department

TIM

Torino, Italy

Caixia Gao

School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering

North China Electric

Power University

Beijing, China

Andrés Garcia-Saavedra

5G Networks R&D Group

NEC Laboratories Europe GmbH

Heidelberg, Germany

Andreas Georgakopoulos

R&D Department

WINGS ICT Solutions

Athens, Greece

Fabio Giust

5G Networks R&D Group

NEC Laboratories Europe GmbH

Heidelberg, Germany

Abdul Hadi Fikri Abdul Hamid

Faculty of Electrical Engineering

Universiti Teknologi Malaysia

Johor, Malaysia

Shuangfeng Han

China Mobile Research Institute

China Mobile Communications

Corporation

Beijing, China

Syed Ali Hassan

School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (SEECS)

National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST)

Islamabad, Pakistan

Chih-Lin I

Wireless Technologies

China Mobile Research Institute

China Mobile Communications

Corporation

Beijing, China

Mostafa Ibrahim

School of Engineering and Natural Sciences

Istanbul Medipol University

Istanbul, Turkey

Muhammad Ali Imran

School of Engineering

University of Glasgow

Glasgow, UK

Bruno Jacobfeuerborn

Deutsche Telekom AG

Berlin, Germany

Dushantha Nalin K. Jayakody

National Research Tomsk

Polytechnic University

Tomsk, Russia

Sangsoo Jeong

SK Telecom

Network Technology R&D Center

Hwangsaeul-ro, 258beon-gil,

Bundang-gu, Seongnam-si,

Gyeonggi-do

Korea

Ruicheng Jiao

Department of Electronics

Engineering Tsinghua University

Beijing, China

Sungho Jo

SK Telecom

Network Technology R&D Center

Hwangsaeul-ro, 258beon-gil,

Bundang-gu, Seongnam-si,

Gyeonggi-do

Korea

Ahmed E. Kamal

Electrical and Computer

Engineering department

Iowa State University (ISU)

Ames, IA

USA

Peter Karlsson

Sony Europe Research and Standardisation Department

Sony Mobile

Lund, Sweden

Jouni Korhonen

Nordic Semiconductor

Espoo, Finland

Evangelos Kosmatos

R&D Department

WINGS ICT Solutions

Athens, Greece

Vinod Kristem

Intel Corporation

Intel Lab

Santa Clara, CA

USA

Rongpeng Li

College of Information Science and Electronic Engineering

Zhejiang University

Hangzhou, China

Xi Li

5G Networks R&D Group

NEC Laboratories Europe GmbH

Heidelberg, Germany

Ying Li

State Key Laboratory of Integrated

Services Networks

Xidian University

Xi'an, China

Orestis-Andreas Liakopoulos

R&D Department

WINGS ICT Solutions

Athens, Greece

Marco Liebsch

5G Networks R&D Group

NEC Laboratories Europe GmbH

Heidelberg, Germany

Shahid Mumtaz

Instituto de Telecomunicações

Aveiro, Portugal

Akihiro Nakao

The Fifth Generation Mobile

Communications Promotion

Forum (5GMF)

Tokyo, Japan

Muhammad Shahmeer Omar

School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (SEECS)

National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST)

Islamabad, Pakistan

Jinhyo Park

SK Telecom

ICT R&D Center

SK T-Tower, 65, Eulji-ro, Jung-gu

Seoul, Korea

Anggrit Dewangkara Yudha Pinangkis

Electrical Engineering, Mathematics and Computer Science Department

Delft University of Technology

Delft, The Netherlands

R. Venkatesha Prasad

Electrical Engineering, Mathematics and Computer Science Department

Delft University of Technology

Delft, The Netherlands

Junaid Qadir

Information Technology University

Lahore, Pakistan

Chen Qi

College of Information Science and Electronic Engineering

Zhejiang University

Hangzhou, China

Mohd Rozaini Abd Rahim

Faculty of Electrical Engineering

Universiti Teknologi Malaysia

Johor, Malaysia

Rozeha A. Rashid

Faculty of Electrical Engineering

Universiti Teknologi Malaysia

Johor, Malaysia

Ahmad M. Rateb

Faculty of Electrical Engineering

Universiti Teknologi Malaysia

Johor, Malaysia

Jonathan Rodriguez

Instituto de Telecomunicações

Aveiro, Portugal

and

University of South Wales

Pontypridd, UK

G. Romano

Technology Innovation Department

TIM

Torino, Italy

Mohd Adib Sarijari

Faculty of Electrical Engineering

Universiti Teknologi Malaysia

Johor, Malaysia

Kohei Satoh

The Fifth Generation Mobile

Communications Promotion

Forum (5GMF)

Tokyo, Japan

Hamdan Sayuti

Faculty of Electrical Engineering

Universiti Teknologi Malaysia

Johor, Malaysia

Vincenzo Sciancalepore

5G Networks R&D Group

NEC Laboratories Europe GmbH

Heidelberg, Germany

Takashi Shimizu

The Fifth Generation Mobile

Communications Promotion

Forum (5GMF)

Tokyo, Japan

Guanghui Song

Department of Intelligent

Information Engineering and Sciences

Doshisha University

Kyoto, Japan

Himal A. Suraweera

Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering

University of Peradeniya

Peradeniya, Sri Lanka

Shilpa Talwar

Intel Corporation

Intel Lab

Santa Clara, CA

USA

Stavroula Vassaki

R&D Department

WINGS ICT Solutions

Athens, Greece

Panagiotis Vlacheas

R&D Department

WINGS ICT Solutions

Athens, Greece

Bichai Wang

Department of Electronic Engineering

Tsinghua University

Beijing, China

Ping Wang

Apple Inc.

Santa Clara, CA

USA

Xianbin Wang

Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering

Western University London

ON, Canada

Risto Wichman

Department of Signal Processing and Acoustics

Aalto University

Espoo, Finland

Chen Xu

School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering

North China Electric Power University

Beijing, China

Feng Xue

Intel Corporation

Intel Lab

Santa Clara, CA

USA

Shu-ping Yeh

Intel Corporation

Intel Lab

Santa Clara, CA

USA

Zarrar Yousaf

5G Networks R&D Group

NEC Laboratories Europe GmbH

Heidelberg, Germany

Honggang Zhang

College of Information Science and Electronic Engineering

Zhejiang University

Hangzhou, China

Zhifeng Zhao

College of Information Science and Electronic Engineering

Zhejiang University

Hangzhou, China

Gan Zheng

Wolfson School of Mechanical

Electrical and Manufacturing Engineering

Loughborough University

Leicestershire, United Kingdom

Zhenyu Zhou

School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering

North China Electric

Power University

Beijing, China

List of Abbreviations

2G

Second-generation

3G

Third-generation

3GPP

Third-Generation Partnership Project

4G

Fourth-generation

5G

Fifth-generation

5GMF

Fifth-Generation Mobile Communication Promotion Forum

AAA

Authentication, authorization, accounting

AaaS

Analytics as a Service

AAL

Active-assisted living

ACI

Adjacent channel interference

ADC

Analog-to-digital converter

ADM

Alternative direction method

AF

Access function

AM

Active mode

AMF

Access and mobility management function

AMI

Advanced metering infrastructure

AN

Access network

AN

Active networks

API

Application programming interface

APOLLO

Analytics Platform for Intelligent Operation

AR

Augmented reality

ARP

Address Resolution Protocol

ARP

Allocation retention priority

ARQ

Automatic repeat query

ATM

Asynchronous transfer mode

AUSF

Authentication service

aWESoME

A web service middleware for ambient intelligence

AWGN

Additive white Gaussian noise

AxC

Antenna carrier flows

B2B

Business-to-business

B2C

Business-to-consumer

B2C/B2B

Business-to-consumer/business-to-business

BBU

Base band unit

BER

Bit error rate

BF

Basic frames

BH

BackHaul

BLER

Block error ratio

BLP

Binary linear programming

BP

Basic pursuit

BPM

Business process management

BPSO

Binary particle swarm optimization

BS

Base station

BSS

Business support system

BSS/OSS

Business support systems/operation supporting system

CAPEX

Capital expenditure

CCDF

Complementary cumulative distributive function

CCN

Content-centric networking

CCNF

Common Control Network Functions

CCP

Cloud computing platform

CDF

Cumulative distribution function

CDM

Code-division multiplexing

CDMA

Code-division multiple access

CEI

Customer Experience Index

CEM

Customer experience management

CIR

Channel impulse response

CM

Connectivity management

CMDP

Constrained Markov decision process

CMF

Context management function

cmWave

Centimeter wave

CN

Core network

CO

Central office

CoMP

Coordinated multipoint

COSMOS

Composable, open, scalable, mobile-oriented system

COTS

Commercial off-the-shelf

CP

Cyclic prefix

CP

Control plane

CP/UP

Control plane/user plane

CPRI

Common Public Radio Interface

CQI

Channel quality indicator

CRAN

Cloud radio access network

C-RAN

Centralized RAN

CRP

Chinese restaurant process

CRS

Cell-specific reference signal

CS

Compressive sensing

CS

Coordinated scheduling

CSCC

Common spectrum control channel

CSF

Centralized service functions

CSI

Channel state information

CSI-IM

Channel Station Interference Information Measurement

CSI-RS

Channel state information reference signal

CSMA

Carrier-sense multiple access

CTU

Contention transmission units

CU

Central unit

CUE

Cellular user equipment

D2D

Device-to-device

DA

Distribution automation

DAC

Digital-to-analog converters

DC

Data Center

DC

Dual connectivity

DCA

Dynamic channel assignment

DCF

Distributed coordination function

DCN

Dedicated core networks

DDL–OMP

Dynamic dictionary learning-orthogonal matching pursuit

DEA

Differential evolution algorithm

DEV

Devices

DF

Decision feedback

DFR

Dynamic functional recomposition

DFT

Digital Fourier transform

DL

Downlink

DMRS

Demodulation reference signal

DoD

Diagnostic on device

D-RAN

Distributed RAN

DS-CDMA

Direct sequence-CDMA

DSP

Digital signal processing

DU

Distributed unit

DU

Digital unit

E-UTRAN

Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Network

E2E

End-to-end

EE

Energy efficiency

EH

Energy harvesting

EM

Element managers

eMBB

Enhanced mobile broadband

EMS

Element management system

ENSD

End-to-end NSD

EO

Evolutionary optimization

ESP

Encapsulated security payload

eV2X

Enhanced vehicle-to-everything

EXIT

Extrinsic information transfer function

FBMC

Filter-bank multicarrier

FCC

Federal Communications Commission

FCOMMA

Fronthaul Enhancement CP/UP Separation, Open Architecture, MEC &M-CORD, Analytics(SON) Agent

FCS

Frame check sequence

FD

Full duplex

FDE

Frequency-domain equalization

FDMA

Frequency-division multiple access

FDS

Frequency-domain spreading

FDV

Frame delay variation

FEC

Forward error correction

FFR

Fractional frequency reuse

FH

FrontHaul

FLR

Frame loss ratio

FM

Flow management

FMSS

Flexible mobile service steering

FN

False negatives

FP

False positives

FPC

Fractional power control

FPGA

Field-programmable gate array

FRAND

Fair, reasonable, and nondiscriminatory

FRER

Frame replication and elimination for reliability

FSM-KW

Fourier series method with Kaiser Window

GAIA

Global access to the Internet for all

Gas

Genetic algorithms

GBR

Guaranteed bit rate

GEO

Geostationary

GFDM

Generalized frequency-division multiplexing

GG

Green grid

GM

Grand master

GNSS

Global Navigation Satellite System

GOCA

Group orthogonal coded access

GPP

General-purpose processors

GPRS

General Packet Radio Service

GPS

Global Positioning System

gRPC

Google Remote Procedure Call

GS

Gale–Shapley

GTP

GPRS Tunneling Protocol

GWCN

Gateway Core Network

HAN

Home area network

HAP

Higher altitude platforms

HARQ

Hybrid automatic retransmit request

HD FDD

Half-Duplex Frequency-Division Duplex

HetNet

Heterogeneous networks

HF

Hyperframes

HR

Human resources

HW/SW

Hardware/software

IA

Impact analysis

IaaS

Infrastructure-as-a-Service

IBFD

In-band full duplex

ICI

Intercarrier interference

ICN

Information-centric networks

ICT

Information and communication technology

IDMA

Interleave-division multiple access

IEC

International Electrotechnical Committee

IET

Interspersing Express Traffic

IETF

Internet Engineering Task Force

IFG

Interframe gap

IGMA

Interleave-grid multiple access

IM

Instantaneous messaging

IML

Individual message level

IntM

Interference mitigation

IoT

Internet of Things

IP

Internet Protocol

IPR

Intellectual Property Right

IRA

Irregular repeat–accumulate

ISD

Intersite distance

ISG

Industry Specification Group

ISI

Intersymbol interference

ISP

Internet Service Provider

ITU

International Telecommunications Union

IX

Internet Exchange

JMPA

Joint message passing algorithm

JP

Joint processing

KA

Keep alive

KASO

Knowledge-aware and service-oriented

KPI

Key Performance Indicator

LAA

Licensed-assisted access

LAP

Low-altitude platform

LCM

Life cycle management

LCRS

Low-code rate spreading

LDM

Layered-division multiplexing

LDP

Label Distribution Protocol

LDPC

Low-density parity check

LDS

Low-density signature

LDS-CDMA

Low-density spreading–code-division multiple access

LDS-SVE

Low-density spreading–signature vector extension

LeaPS

Lean Packet System

LEO

Low Earth orbit

LINP

Logically isolated network partitions

LLR

Log-likelihood ratio

LNA

Low-noise amplifier

LNSD

Local NSD

Log-MPA

Logarithmic-domain message passing algorithm

LoS

Line-of-sight

LPN

Low-power node

LSSA

Low code rate and signature-based shared access

LTE

Long-term evolution

LTE-A

Long-term evolution-advanced

M2M

Machine-to-machine

MAC

Media access control

MANO

Management and orchestration

MAP

Maximum a

posteriori

MBB

Mobile broadband

MBER

Minimum bit error rate

MBH

Mobile BackHaul

MCC

Mission-critical communication

MCL

Maximum possible coupling loss

M-CORD

Mobile-Central Office rearchitected as a data center

MEC

Mobile edge computing

MECaaS

Mobile edge computing as a service

MEO

Medium Earth orbit

MF

Matched filter

MFH

Mobile FrontHaul

MIM

Mobile instantaneous messaging

MIMO

Multiple-input and multiple-output

ML

Machine learning

ML

Maximum-likelihood

MLE

Maximum-likelihood estimation

MM

Mobility management

MMC

Massive machine communication

MME

Mobility management entity

mMIMO

Massive MIMO

MMSE

Minimum mean-squared error

mMTC

Massive machine-type communications

mmWave

Millimeter wave

MNO

Mobile network operators

MOCN

Multioperator Core Network

MPA

Message passing algorithm

MPLS

Multiprotocol label switching

MPLS-TP

Multiprotocol label switching–transport profile

MRC

Maximum ratio combining

MBS

Microcell BS

MSC

Mobile switching centers

MSPP

Multiservice Provisioning Platform

MTA

Multitenancy application

MTBF

Mean time between failures

MUD

Multiuser detection

MU-MIMO

Multiple-user multiple-input multiple-output

MUSA

Multiuser shared access

MU-SCMA

Multiuser SCMA

MWC

Mobile World Congress

NAS

Network access stratum

NBI

Northbound Interface

NCMA

Nonorthogonal coded multiple access

NDN

Named Data Networking

NETCONF

Network Configuration Protocol

NFV

Network Function Virtualization

NFVO

Network Function Virtualization Orchestrator

NGC

Next-generation core

NGFI

Next-Generation Fronthaul Interface

NGMN

Next-Generation Mobile Networks

NG-OSS

Next-Generation Operations Support System

NLoS

Non-line-of-sight

NMS

Network Management System

NN

Neural networks

NOCA

Nonorthogonal coded access

NOMA

Nonorthogonal multiple access

NR

New radio

NS

Network Services

NSD

Network Services Descriptor

NSGA

Nondominated sorting genetic algorithm

NSIL

Network slice instance layer

NSI

Network slice instances

NSSAI

Network slice selection assistance information

NVS

Network virtualization substrate

OAM

Operations, administration, and maintenance

OBSAI

Open-Base Station Architecture Initiative

OCP

Open Compute Project

OEM

Original equipment manufacturers

OFDM

Orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing

OFDMA

Orthogonal frequency-division multiple access

OLPC

Open-loop power control

OMA

Orthogonal multiple access

OMP

Orthogonal matching pursuit

OOBE

Out-of-band emissions

OPEX

Operating expenditure

OSF

Operation supporting functions

OSS

Operation Supporting System

OTN

Optical Transport Networks

OTT

Over the top

PA

Power amplifier

PAPR

Peak-to-average power ratio

PBB-TE

Provider Backbone Bridge Traffic Engineering

PCF

Policy control

PCRF

Policy and charging rules function

PDCP

Packet Data Convergence Protocol

PDF

Probabilistic density function

PDMA

Pattern-division multiple access

PECP

Path Computation Element Protocol

PEP

Policy enforcement points

PHB

Per-hop behavior

PIC

Parallel interference cancellation

PLE

Path loss exponent

PMI

Precoding matrix indicator

PNC

Piconet controller

PNF

Physical network function

POaaS

Policy as a Service

PoC

Proof of concept

POF

Protocol oblivious forwarding

PON

Passive Optical Network

POTN

Packet Optical Transport Network

PPIC

Partial parallel interference cancellation

PRB

Physical resource block

PRTC

Primary Reference Time Clock

PSO

Particle swarm optimization

PTN

Packet transport networks

PTS

Packet transport system

PW

Pseudowire

QAM

Quadrature amplitude modulation

QCI

QoS class identifier

QoE

Quality of experience

QoS

Quality of service

QPSK

Quadrature phase shift keying

RAM

Random-access memory

RAN

Radio access network

RAT

Radio access terminal

RAT

Radio access technologies

RB

Resource block

RCA

Root cause analysis

RDMA

Repetition division multiple access

RE

Renewable energy

REC

Radio equipment controller

RF

Radio frequency

RFID

Radio frequency identification

RI

Rank indicator

RLNC

Random linear network coding

RM

Risk management

RMSE

Root mean square error

RNL

Radio network layer

ROADM

Reconfigurable optical add drop multiplexing

RoE

Radio over Ethernet

RRC

Radio resource control

RRH

Remote radio head

RRM

Radio resource management

RRU

Remote radio unit

RS

Reference signal

RSMA

Resource spread multiple access

RU

Radio Unit

RWBS

Repeated weighted boosting search

RX

Receiver

SAF

Store-and-forward

SAM

Security and AAA management

SAMA

Successive interference cancellation amenable multiple access

SAN

Storage Area Network

SBI

Southbound interface

SBS

Small cell BS

SCADA

Supervisory control and data acquisition

SCMA

Sparse code multiple access

SD

Sphere detector

SDC

Software-defined computing

SDDC

Software-defined data center

SDK

Software development tool kit

SDMA

Spatial-division multiple access

SDN

Software-defined networking

SDO

Standards developing organizations

SDR

Software-defined radio

SDRA

Software-defined resource allocation

SDRAN

Software-defined radio access network

SDS

Software-defined storage

SDT

Software-defined topology

SE

Spectrum efficiency

SFC

Service function chaining

SGSN

Serving GPRS switching nodes

SIC

Successive interference cancellation

SIC

Self-interference cancellation

SIL

Service instance layer

SIM

Subscriber identity module

SINR

Signal to interference and noise ratio

SISO

Single-input single-output

SLA

Service-level agreements

SM

Sleep mode

SMARTER

New Services and Markets Technology Enablers

SMF

Session management function

SMS

Short message service

SoHAN

Service-oriented architecture for home area network

SON

Self-organized networking

SONAC

Service-oriented network autocreation

SQMO

Slice QoS/QoE MANO

SQMon

Service quality monitoring

SRS

Sounding reference signal

STA

Station

STDFE

Space-time decision feedback equalization

STE

Space-time equalizer

SVM

Support vector machine

SYLPH

Services layer over light physical device

TA

Timing advance

TAE

Time alignment error

TAS

Time-aware shapers

TC

Transparent clock

TC

Traffic class field

TCO

Total cost of ownership

TCP

Transmission control protocol

TDD

Time-division duplex

TDM

Time-division multiplexing

TDMA

Time-division multiple access

Telco

Telecommunication Company

TETRA

Terrestrial Trunked Radio

TG

Traditional grid

TH

Turbo Hadamard

TiaaS

Telco Infrastructure as a Service

TIP

Telecom Infrastructure Project

TN

True negatives

TNL

Transport network layer

TP

True positives

T-PANI

T-Packet Analysis and Network Intelligence

T-SDN

Transport SDN

TSN

Time-sensitive networking

TTI

Transmission time interval

TTM

Time to market

TVWS

TV band white space

TX

Transmitter

UA

Universal access

UAV

Unmanned areal vehicles

UCA

Uniform cylindrical array

UCTN

Unified and converged transport network

UDM

Unified data management

UHDTV

Ultrahigh-definition television

UI

User interface

UICC

Universal integrated circuit card

UL

Uplink

ULPC

Uplink power control

Unified-O

Unified orchestration

UP

User plane

URC

Unity rate code

URLLC

Ultrareliable and low-latency communications

USIM

Universal Subscriber Identity Module

UWB

ultra-wideband

UX

User experience

V2X

Vehicular-to-anything communication

vCore

Virtualized core

vEPC

Virtualized evolved packet core

VI

Virtual infrastructures

vIDS

Virtualized intrusion detection system

VIM

Virtual infrastructure manager

vIPS

Virtualized intrusion prevention system

VM

Virtual machine

VNE

Virtual network embedding

VNF

Virtual network function

VNFC

Virtualized network function domain

VNFD

Virtualized network function descriptor

VNF-FG

VNF forwarding graphs

VNFM

VNF manager

VNFM

Virtualized network function manager

VR

Virtual reality

V-RAN

Virtualized radio access network

VTN

Virtual tenant network

WCDMA

Wideband code-division multiple access

WDM

Wavelength-division multiplexing

WER

Word error rate

WiLD

Wi-Fi over long distance

WLAN

Wireless local area networks

WPAN

Wireless personal area networks

WRC

World Radio Conference

XaaS

Anything as a Service

Introduction

Anwer Al-Dulaimi1, Xianbin Wang2, and Chih-Lin I3

1R&D Department, EXFO Inc., Toronto, Canada

2Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Western University London, ON, Canada

3Wireless Technologies, China Mobile Research Institute, Beijing, China

The fifth generation (5G) mobile network is a new generation of wireless systems that is intended to connect users faster and more reliable than any previous generation. The industry is expecting 5G to support 1000-fold gains in capacity to meet consumer demand driven by ultra high definition (UHD) videos and cloud-based applications. The 5G will deliver the underlaying architecture that connects all machinery and human-type users with large bandwidth considering the type of requested service. In addition, 5G needs to support ultra-low latencies for new use cases, such as the virtual reality in vehicle-type communications. The enabling techniques for such services include millimeter waves, network identification with small cells, massive MIMO, beamforming, and full duplex. The concept of spectrum extensions also motivated new areas of research to extend the cellular spectrum to unlicensed band above 6 GHz. Moreover, the rapid changes in radio access network can also be seen in 5G core network (5GC) by introducing service-based interfaces (SBI) for slicing end-to-end architecture. It is well understood that many other variations will be implemented at different layers and network segments for fully adaptive network that can steer traffic to corresponding users or processing entities. In reality, 5G is a new suite of technology that continue to evolve with very specific requirements considering capacity and performance. Therefore, it is crucial to define the trends for the 5G evolution and how to abstract related directions for research. In this book, we divide the 5G challenges into five parts to investigate: physical layer for 5G radio interface technologies, radio access technology for 5G networks, 5G network interworking and core network advancements, vertical 5G applications, and R&D and 5G standardization. We further detail the technical challenges and given solutions in this chapter.

I.1 Motivation and Directions

I.1.1 Changes in Mobile Market and Trends of Future Services