5G System Design E-Book

• Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
• Kategorie: Wissenschaft und neue Technologien
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 1207

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2018

Beschreibung

This book provides a comprehensive overview of the latest research and standardization progress towards the 5th generation (5G) of mobile communications technology and beyond. It covers a wide range of topics from 5G use cases and their requirements, to spectrum, 5G end-to-end (E2E) system architecture including core network (CN), transport network (TN) and radio access network (RAN) architecture, network slicing, security and network management. It further dives into the detailed functional design and the evaluation of different 5G concepts, and provides details on planned trials and pre-commercial deployments across the globe. While the book naturally captures the latest agreements in 3^rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) New Radio (NR) Release 15, it goes significantly beyond this by describing the likely developments towards the final 5G system that will ultimately utilize a wide range of spectrum bands, address all envisioned 5G use cases, and meet or exceed the International Mobile Telecommunications (IMT) requirements for the year 2020 and beyond (IMT-2020).

5G System Design: Architectural and Functional Considerations and Long Term Research is based on the knowledge and consensus from 158 leading researchers and standardization experts from 54 companies or institutes around the globe, representing key mobile network operators, network vendors, academic institutions and regional bodies for 5G. Different from earlier books on 5G, it does not focus on single 5G technology components, but describes the full 5G system design from E2E architecture to detailed functional design, including details on 5G performance, implementation and roll-out.

Leseprobe

Table of Contents

Cover

Title Page

Contributor List

Foreword 1

Foreword 2

Acknowledgments

List of Abbreviations

Part 1: Introduction and Basics

1 Introduction and Motivation

1.1 5

th

Generation Mobile and Wireless Communications

1.2 Timing of this Book and Global 5G Developments

1.3 Scope of the 5G System Described in this Book

1.4 Approach and Structure of this Book

References

2 Use Cases, Scenarios, and their Impact on the Mobile Network Ecosystem

2.1 Introduction

2.2 Main Service Types Considered for 5G

2.3 5G Service Requirements

2.4 Use Cases Considered in NGMN and 5G PPP Projects

2.5 Typical Use Cases Considered in this Book

2.6 Envisioned Mobile Network Ecosystem Evolution

2.7 Summary and Outlook

References

3 Spectrum Usage and Management

3.1 Introduction

3.2 Spectrum Authorization

and Usage Scenarios

3.3 Spectrum Bandwidth Demand Determination

3.4 Frequency Bands for 5G

3.5 Spectrum Usage Aspects at High Frequencies

3.6 Spectrum

Management

3.7 Summary and Outlook

References

4 Channel Modeling

4.1 Introduction

4.2 Core Features of New Channel Models

4.3 Additional Features of New Channel Models

4.4 Summary and Outlook

References

Part 2: 5G System Architecture and E2E Enablers

5 E2E Architecture

5.1 Introduction

5.2 Enablers and Design Principles

5.3 E2E Architecture Overview

5.4 Novel Concepts and Architectural Extensions

5.5 Internetworking, Migration and Network Evolution

5.6 Summary and Outlook

References

6 RAN Architecture

6.1 Introduction

6.2 Related Work

6.3 RAN Architecture Requirements

6.4 Protocol Stack Architecture and Network Functions

6.5 Multi‐Connectivity

6.6 RAN Function Splits

and Resulting Logical Network Entities

6.7 Deployment Scenarios and Related Physical RAN Architectures

6.8 RAN Programmability and Control

6.9 Summary and Outlook

References

7 Transport Network Architecture

7.1 Introduction

7.2 Architecture Definition

7.3 Technology Options and Protocols

7.4 Self‐Backhauling

7.5 Technology Integration and Interfacing

7.6 Transport Network Optimization and Performance Evaluation

7.7 Summary

References

8 Network Slicing

8.1 Introduction

8.2 Slice Realization in the Different Network Domains

8.3 Operational Aspects

8.4 Summary and Outlook

References

9 Security

9.1 Introduction

9.2 Threat Landscape

9.3 5G Security Requirements

9.4 5G Security Architecture

9.5 Summary

References

10 Network Management and Orchestration

10.1 Introduction

10.2 Network Management and Orchestration Through SDN and NFV

10.3 Enablers of Management and Orchestration

10.4 Orchestration

in Multi‐Domain and Multi‐Technology Scenarios

10.5 Software‐Defined Networking

for 5G

10.6 Network Function Virtualization

in 5G Environments

10.7 Autonomic Network Management

in 5G

10.8 Summary

References

Part 3: 5G Functional Design

11 Antenna, PHY and MAC Design

11.1 Introduction

11.2 PHY and MAC Design Criteria and Harmonization

11.3 Waveform Design

11.4 Coding

Approaches and HARQ

11.5 Antenna Design, Analog, Digital and Hybrid Beamforming

11.6 PHY/MAC Design for Multi‐Service Support

11.7 Summary and Outlook

References

12 Traffic Steering and Resource Management

12.1 Motivation and Role of Resource Management in 5G

12.2 Service Classification

: A First Step Towards Efficient RM

12.3 Dynamic Multi‐Service Scheduling

12.4 Fast‐Timescale Dynamic Traffic Steering

12.5 Network‐based Interference Management

12.6 Multi‐Slice RM

12.7 Energy‐efficient

RAN Moderation

12.8 UE Context

Management

12.9 Summary and Outlook

References

13 Initial Access, RRC and Mobility

13.1 Introduction

13.2 Initial Access

13.3 States and State Handling

13.4 Mobility

13.5 Summary and Outlook

References

14 D2D and V2X Communications

14.1 Introduction

14.2 Technical Status and Standardization Overview

14.3 5G Air Interface Candidate Waveforms for Sidelink Support

14.4 Device Discovery

on the Sidelink

14.5 Sidelink Mobility Management

14.6 V2X Communications for Road Safety Applications

14.7 Industrial Implementation of V2X in the Automotive Domain

14.8 Further Evolution of D2D Communications

14.9 Summary and Outlook

References

Part 4: Performance Evaluation and Implementation

15 Performance, Energy Efficiency and Techno‐Economic Assessment

15.1 Introduction

15.2 Performance Evaluation

Framework

15.3 Network Energy Efficiency

15.4 Techno‐Economic Evaluation and Analysis of 5G Deployment

15.5 Summary

References

16 Implementation of Hardware and Software Platforms

16.1 Introduction

16.2 Solutions for Radio Frontend Implementation

16.3 Solutions for Digital HW Implementation

16.4 Flexible HW/SW Partitioning

Solutions for 5G

16.5 Implementation of SW Platforms

16.6 Implementation Example: vRAN/C‐RAN Architecture in OAI

16.7 Summary

References

17 Standardization, Trials, and Early Commercialization

17.1 Introduction

17.2 Standardization Roadmap

17.3 Early Deployments

17.4 Summary

References

Index

End User License Agreement

List of Tables

Chapter 02

Table 2‐1. NGMN use case analysis by their characteristics and the dominant 5G service type, with H = high, L = low, and M = medium denoting the stringency of requirements.

Table 2‐2. 5G PPP Phase 1 use case families.

Table 2‐3. Vertical industry business cases.

Table 2‐4. Relationship between the NGMN use case families, 5G PPP use case families and the three main 5G service types.

Chapter 03

Table 3‐1. Estimated spectrum requirements for pre‐5G technologies in the year 2020 [8].

Table 3‐2. Bands identified for IMT and under study in ITU‐R [1].

Table 3‐3. Aggregate adjacent channel interference at the fixed service receiver [22].

Chapter 04

Table 4‐1. Parameters of path loss models for different outdoor scenarios.

Table 4‐2. Parameters of path loss models for different indoor scenarios.

Chapter 06

Table 6‐1. Latency

contributions of protocol stack layers in LTE [19].

Table 6‐2. RAN‐specific API calls [42].

Chapter 08

Table 8‐1. Key points and main open issues related to the support of network slicing.

Chapter 10

Table 10‐1. Components of the ETSI NFV framework.

Table 10‐2. Functional split of 5GEx interfaces and candidate solutions [21].

Chapter 12

Table 12‐1. Accuracy score for each classification mechanism.

Table 12‐2. Interference‐based TDD configuration classification.

Chapter 13

Table 13‐1. Implications of the main 5G services and their requirements on the 5G control plane functions.

Table 13‐2. Initial access options nomenclature. O: analog omni‐directional, D: analog directional, Dig: digital directional.

Table 13‐3. RRC states in 5G.

Table 13‐4. Number of high rise APs.

Chapter 14

Table 14‐1. The effect of DCC methods on certain key performance indicators. The arrows indicate that the magnitudes increase (↑) or decrease (↓) when the methods are active.

Table 14‐2. System performance w.r.t. system capacity (parameter:

).

Chapter 15

Table 15‐1. Summary of simulation performance evaluation results from METIS‐II [12].

Table 15‐2. Parameters for eMBB and mMTC traffic profiles.

Table 15‐3. ARPU estimates in EUR for EU 28 countries for 2020‐2025 period.

Chapter 16

Table 16‐1. Parameters for the numerical complexity analysis.

Table 16‐2. Mean time for FH link read/write and compression/decompression.

Table 16‐3. HW load of RRU/DU.

Table 16‐4. Parameters for the different C‐RAN deployments.

Chapter 17

Table 17‐1. Overview of 5G field trials in Japan in 2017.

Table 17‐2. Summarized list of trials by SK Telecom.

List of Illustrations

Chapter 01

Figure 1‐1. Main drivers behind past cellular communications generations and 5G.

Figure 1‐2. Combined overall 5G timeline of the mentioned different bodies.

Figure 1‐3. Illustration of the scope of the 5G system design covered in this book, in the form of few selected examples of the many topics covered in the book.

Chapter 02

Figure 2‐1. Key capabilities of IMT beyond 2020 [2]. a) Expected enhancements of IMT‐2020 vs. IMT‐Advanced.

b) Importance of KPIs for different service types.

Figure 2‐2. UC families considered by NGMN with representative UCs [6].

Figure 2‐3. Current value chain of the mobile telecommunications industry.

Figure 2‐4. Current value net of MNOs [14].

Figure 2‐5. Evolution of the value net of MNOs with 5G [14].

Chapter 03

Figure 3‐1. Concept for spectrum management and spectrum sharing [6].

Figure 3‐2. Voronoi cells in a 37 cell scenario, with 0.5 km inter‐site distance (ISD) and 20% error in phase and distance.

Figure 3‐3. Required system gain for different deployment scenarios in relation to frequency ranges [22].

Figure 3‐4. Impact of beamforming on coexistence under license‐exempt operation [6].

Figure 3‐5. Functional architecture of a holistic spectrum management system.

Chapter 04

Figure 4‐1. Evolution of the SCM/WINNER II channel model family.

Figure 4‐2. LOS probability in a shopping mall at different frequencies [12].

Figure 4‐3. (Left) Calculated penetration loss at 2 GHz for transverse‐magnetic (TM) polarization with incident angles of 0

°

(solid) and 45

°

(dashed); (Right) Calculated penetration loss for TM polarization for concrete of 15 cm width, and glass slabs with incident angle of 0

°

.

Figure 4‐4. Schematic of knife edge diffraction blockage model [16].

Figure 4‐5. RMS delay spread versus frequency in UMi‐Street Canyon (Left) and Indoor Office (right) in the 3GPP NR channel model [3] (0.5‐100 GHz) and the mmMAGIC channel model [5] (2‐96 GHz for outdoor and 2‐60 GHz for indoor).

Figure 4‐6. Comparison between UMi LOS path loss with and without ground reflection modeling.

Chapter 05

Figure 5‐1. An example of a network‐sliced architecture.

Figure 5‐2. Applying softwarization in a network slice.

Figure 5‐3. A tenant‐enabled network.

Figure 5‐4. High‐level overview on a typical MEC environment.

Figure 5‐5. E2E architecture overview [5].

Figure 5‐6. Functional split between NG‐RAN and 5G core [8].

Figure 5‐7. Comparison between the LTE and 5G QoS architecture [8][10].

Figure 5‐8. Abstract spectrum sharing architecture.

Figure 5‐9. Example of a 5G transport network reference architectural framework [20].

Figure 5‐10. 3GPP 5G system modularized architecture.

Figure 5‐11. Connecting an access‐agnostic core network with multiple access networks.

Figure 5‐12. Architectural options for roaming services; (a) conventional and (b) new option.

Figure 5‐13. Possible enhanced network controller architecture.

Figure 5‐14. Simplified architecture for interworking between 4G and 5G [10].

Figure 5‐15. Specific 4G/5G interworking options considered by 3GPP [29].

Figure 5‐16. LWA radio protocol architecture for the non‐collocated scenario [9].

Figure 5‐17. Non‐roaming architecture for the 5G CN with non‐3GPP access [10].

Chapter 06

Figure 6‐1. High‐level architecture of the 5G‐RAN [3][5] as assumed in this chapter. Note that for brevity here only gNBs and a 5G core network are depicted ‐ for (e)LTE / NR interworking scenarios, see Section 5.5.1.

Figure 6‐2. Examples for user plane NFs that are specific, agnostic or overarching w.r.t. AIVs or services.

Figure 6‐3. Comparison of UP processing between LTE and 5G (where the letter H indicates headers).

Figure 6‐4. Possibly service‐tailored protocol stack configurations in 5G [20][21].

Figure 6‐5. Layer 2 UP latency after service‐specific optimizations [23].

Figure 6‐6. Example NF instantiations in a 5G multi‐service and multi‐tenancy RAN [24].

Figure 6‐7. UP aggregation (left) and a possible RRC diversity option (right) for LTE‐A/5G multi‐connectivity [21].

Figure 6‐8. Additional bearer split and UP aggregation options for 5G/5G multi‐connectivity.

Figure 6‐9. Different variants of 5G/Wi‐Fi multi‐connectivity

[21]. Note that all 3 variants are possible with or without bearer split.

Figure 6‐10. Architectural evolution from 4G to 5G: Towards a two‐dimensional split into CP/UP NFs and CUs/DUs [27].

Figure 6‐11. Main horizontal split options for the 5G RAN, see also [5].

Figure 6‐12. RAN split interface data rate requirements for UP traffic [15][18].

Figure 6‐13. Likely most relevant overall split constellations in the 5G RAN [27][31].

Figure 6‐14. Deployment scenarios envisioned by 3GPP [5].

Figure 6‐15. Multi‐operator multi‐vendor indoor deployment scenarios considered by SCF.

Figure 6‐16. 3‐tier RAN functional split in view of different deployment scenarios.

Figure 6‐17. High‐level SD‐RAN architecture.

Chapter 07

Figure 7‐1. Converged heterogeneous network and compute infrastructures [5].

Figure 7‐2. (a) 5G transport control plane architecture, (b) Slice abstraction towards tenant.

Figure 7‐3. Generic network architecture. Exchange nodes contain different OLTs, which are part of a central office, in order to serve the different access trees.

Figure 7‐4. 5G‐XHaul components and resources: a) Unified mobile FH/BH over converged wireless/optical data centre networks, b) Functional split of DU processing, c) Elastic allocation of TSON resources for heavy CPRI traffic and light‐weight Ethernet flows.

Figure 7‐5. Self‐backhauling, i.e., sharing of radio technology and radio resources between BH and access links.

Figure 7‐6. High‐level Ethernet‐based encapsulation formats for different functional split options and example fields within the application “payload” field.

Figure 7‐7. Provider backbone bridging (PBB), constituting a MAC‐in‐MAC

format.

Figure 7‐8. a) Average traffic per BS based on the dataset [42], b)‐c) Total power consumption and total service delay over time for a traditional RAN and joint FH/BH scenarios with and without processing sharing.

Figure 7‐9. (a) Reference measurements of the platform without the splits, (b) Real‐time evaluation of the MAC/PHY splits for UDP based transferring of data. RT: Real time.

Figure 7‐10. Real‐time evaluation of the PDCP/RLC splits for different protocols. RT: Real time.

Figure 7‐11. (a) Monitoring in a converged FH using in‐line Ethernet “smart” probes, (b) Example of KPI extraction and monitoring (delay and frame‐delay variation, FDV) in an Ethernet FH.

Chapter 08

Figure 8‐1. Key principles of network slicing.

Figure 8‐2. Exemplary implementation of network slices in the 5G CN with common and slice‐specific NFs.

Figure 8‐3. Representative RAN slicing scenarios with different level of resource sharing and isolation.

Figure 8‐4. Slice‐aware MAC scheduling architecture.

Figure 8‐5. Examples for service‐ or slice‐specific network functions or configurations thereof [22].

Figure 8‐6. Slicing in the context of cross‐provider orchestration [26].

Figure 8‐7. E2E network slice example for 5G services on factory premises.

Figure 8‐8. Implementation options for multi‐slice resource management.

Figure 8‐9. Phases of network slice lifecycle management [30].

Figure 8‐10. Domain‐specific FCAPS management and lifecycle management of a network slice.

Chapter 09

Figure 9‐1. Security and trust domains in traditional networks.

Figure 9‐2. The impact of virtualization on the security and trust domains in 5G network.

Figure 9‐3. 5G security and trust domain paradigm.

Figure 9‐4. Key architectural differences between 4G and 5G, with implications on the approaches towards achieving transport infrastructure security.

Figure 9‐5. Automated 5G network security.

Figure 9‐6. Possible control, management and orchestration architecture supporting automated security [15].

Figure 9‐7. Details of NFV orchestrator.

Chapter 10

Figure 10‐1. Abstract view of basic SDN components.

Figure 10‐2. Abstract SDN architecture overview.

Figure 10‐3. Recursive hierarchical SDN architecture.

Figure 10‐4. ETSI NFV architecture [5].

Figure 10‐5. Development of YANG modules in IETF [10].

Figure 10‐6. Infrastructure and tenant SDN controllers in the NFV architecture.

Figure 10‐7. Peer controllers in the ONF architecture.

Figure 10‐8. 5GEx reference architectural framework [21].

Figure 10‐9. Functional architecture of 5GEx [21].

Figure 10‐10. Proposed hierarchical ABNO architecture including hierarchical levels topological view and detail of hABNO architecture.

Figure 10‐11. Possible architecture for autonomic management [36].

Figure 10‐12. Autonomic management control loop.

Chapter 11

Figure 11‐1. CCDF of the PAPR for DFT‐s‐OFDM and OFDM signals with/without PAPR reduction schemes (top) and corresponding EVM performance (bottom).

Figure 11‐2. Performance comparison of the waveform candidates for asynchronous UL access (scenario 1, top) and mixed numerology coexistence (scenario 2, bottom).

Figure 11‐3. PSD of different waveforms without any hardware impairments (top) and with phase noise (bottom).

Figure 11‐4. EVM performance of different waveforms with hardware impairments.

Figure 11‐5. Harmonized transmitter for multi‐carrier waveform generation.

Figure 11‐6. Turbo encoder with periodic puncturing.

Figure 11‐7. Tanner graph example of an ME‐LDPC code with a base graph size of 24 nodes.

Figure 11‐8. Channel polarization.

Figure 11‐9. Parity‐check Polar encoder including classical CRC Polar encoder.

Figure 11‐10. Hybrid beamforming with analogue RF beamforming.

Figure 11‐11. Practical examples of deployment scenarios of MMIMMO systems, see Section 3.4 in [9].

Figure 11‐12. Helsinki airport simulated deployment scenario.

Figure 11‐13. Sub‐frame design variants. GP: Guard Period.

Figure 11‐14. High‐level description of the three access protocols types considered: (a) Multi‐stage access protocol with an access, connection establishment and data phase; (b) Two‐stages access protocol with access and data phases; and (c) One‐stage access with combined access and data phase.

Chapter 12

Figure 12‐1. Overview of service classification techniques.

Figure 12‐2. Example mechanism for the service classification process.

Figure 12‐3. Performance evaluation results considering the indicative scenario.

Figure 12‐4. High‐level illustration of the main interfaces to the dynamic scheduler for unicast transmissions.

Figure 12‐5. Basic illustration of possible scheduling of users on a slot resolution for a TDD scenario, where

T

slot

is the time duration of a slot and UL/DL indicates UL/DL.

Figure 12‐6. Latency values from packet latency cumulative distribution function (CDF) with variable TTI configurations and offered loads for a mix of eMBB and low‐latency traffic © 2017 IEEE [25].

Figure 12‐7. Sketch of the basic principles of punctured scheduling on the DL shared data channel.

Figure 12‐8. Three transceivers: Ideal rate matching, puncturing at transmitter (Tx) only, and puncturing at both Tx and receiver (Rx) with (a) transport block size (TBS): 17568 bits, (b) TBS: 28366 bits [26]. QAM: Quadrature Amplitude Modulation.

Figure 12‐9. Overview of service flow delivery mechanism and 5G QoS architecture [4] [15] [30].

Figure 12‐10. Average percentage (%) of interfered links as functions of the number of concurrent links in 1 km

2

, without and with different PGIA algorithms.

Figure 12‐11. Average throughput (marked as THR in the figure) per link as a percentage (%) of the total throughput achievable by one single link as functions of the number of concurrent links in 1 km

2

, without and with different PGIA algorithms.

Figure 12‐12. The user throughput for each packet for the video service.

Figure 12‐13. NN operation in 5G dynamic radio topology.

Figure 12‐14. User throughput CDFs on DL with different deployment scenarios (a), (b), and (c), together with the throughput gain of the NN deployments compared to pico cell deployments at the 10th and the 50th percentiles of the CDFs (d). Mean user throughput (denoted as

φ

) levels are provided in the legends © 2017 IEEE [43].

Figure 12‐15. Mean user throughput for different NN activations © 2016 IEEE [44].

Figure 12‐16. Mean user throughput for different LAA NN Activations © 2017 IEEE [46].

Figure 12‐17. Basic SWCM encoder and decoder structures © 2016 IEEE [54].

Figure 12‐18. SWCM and MLD achievable rate regions © 2016 IEEE [54].

Figure 12‐19. Link‐level performance for the 2/2‐layer SWCM MIMO scheme, interference‐aware successive decoding (IASD), IAD, and MMSE‐IRC in the

MIMO Ped‐B interference channel with average INR of 15 dB © 2016 IEEE [54].

Figure 12‐20. Selection of dynamic TDD configuration with pilot contamination effect © 2017 IEEE [59].

Figure 12‐21. Left: Signaling steps in a centralized implementation, and Right: Greedy sequence assignment gains over random assignments.

Figure 12‐22. CDF of the total power consumption for 3 and 2 coordinated BSs employing joint transmission hybrid beamforming and joint transmission fully digital beamforming, respectively. The target spectral efficiency is 4 bit/s/Hz.

Figure 12‐23. SLA control loop.

Figure 12‐24. Flow chart of algorithm for RM for network slicing.

Figure 12‐25. Simulation results of RM for network slicing.

Figure 12‐26. (a) Integrated access and BH deployment scenario using sBH gNBs [74], (b) Normal RAN‐sBH operation, (c) Coordinated RAN‐sBH active‐mode operation [15] [70], see also Section 7.4.

Figure 12‐27. The RAN coordination layer concept and application for cell switch‐on/off.

Figure 12‐28. Framework for adaptive UE measurement configuration process © 2017 IEEE.

Chapter 13

Figure 13‐1. A day in the life of a 5G UE, showing basic control plane functionality.

Figure 13‐2. Example of 5G lean design compared to LTE for one PRB. Since there are no active users in the cell, the 5G cell can turn off the PDCCH symbols (yellow/light grey dots), decrease the periodicity of the synchronization signals (green/grey dots) and decrease the RS transmissions (red/black dots).

Figure 13‐3. Example of the relative 5G power consumption vs. LTE for different NR cell DTX probabilities.

Figure 13‐4. Example of configurable SS burst set transmission.

Figure 13‐5. Misdetection probability vs data SNR.

Figure 13‐6. Delay vs. overhead for a) synchronization phase and b) random access phase.

Figure 13‐7. On the left: the considered mmWave multi‐user system. On the right: an example of the convergence process of the GA‐based beamforming for systems with (

α

 = 0.001) and without (

α

 = 0) delay cost of the algorithm.

Figure 13‐8. Signaling exchange for grouping and for RACH attempt.

Figure 13‐9. Average collision rate for the group‐based system access compared with LTE.

Figure 13‐10. Comparison of the collision or retransmission probability for high‐ and low‐priority requests.

Figure 13‐11. 5G RRC state machine [16].

Figure 13‐12. Signaling procedure of mobility during Connected Inactive and RRC activation/inactivation [16].

Figure 13‐13. Inactivation with service specific configuration [16].

Figure 13‐14. RAN Tracking Areas [16].

Figure 13‐15. RTA update procedure [18].

Figure 13‐16. RAN‐based paging [18].

Figure 13‐17. UE in RRC Connected Inactive state transmits small packet in UL data.

Figure 13‐18. Slot scheme for the presented multi‐connectivity uplink measurement framework. Green and red dashed lines refer to the control messages exchanged via the legacy communication link and the high‐capacity backhaul connections, respectively.

Figure 13‐19. a) High‐ and low‐rise APs, b) two‐tier deployment.

Figure 13‐20. Possible system architectures involving cluster heads.

Figure 13‐21. Summary of signaling procedure for UE‐autonomous SgNB addition, change, and release.

Figure 13‐22. Signaling flow diagram illustrating the basic principles of synchronized RA‐less handover.

Figure 13‐23. Simple illustration of the timing diagram for synchronous RA‐less handover: (a) case where the UE receives data only from a single cell at time, (b) option with hysteresis time where the UE receives data from both cells.

Figure 13‐24. Mean measured cross‐correlations between the received signals in LOS and NLOS scenarios, as a function of the spacing between the forward predictor antenna and a rearward main antenna on the roof of a vehicle moving at 50 km/h. Results are shown without and with the use of a pre‐compensator of the mutual electromagnetic coupling between the antennas.

Figure 13‐25. Normalized MSE of the predictions of complex channel coefficients as a function of antenna separation, using the predictor antenna scheme – Left: theoretical limits for the NMSE, calculated from the measured correlations between the two antenna signals. Right: corresponding measured prediction performance.

Chapter 14

Figure 14‐1. D2D scenario with synchronization toward one BS.

Figure 14‐2. Overview of the synchronization effects of D2D sidelink transmission.

Figure 14‐3. a) OFDM waveform in the time domain affected by timing offset. b) Received OFDM spectrum for different values of sampling delay error.

Figure 14‐4. Waveform candidates for 5G, OFDM (top), FBMC (middle), UFMC (next page), time (left), frequency (right).

Figure 14‐5. BER performance with respect to the timing offset. The target BER determines the highest tolerable TO.

Figure 14‐6. Energy efficiency comparison between orthogonal and underlay discovery according to the announcers payload (A’s payload) [37].

Figure 14‐7. Procedure of autonomous discovery (broadcast message).

Figure 14‐8. Single cluster mean discovery time with HD and FD, assuming the IAN receiver and four frequency resources [39].

Figure 14‐9. Minimum discovery time for HD and FD assuming the IAN and the IC receiver [39].

Figure 14‐10. Effect of mobility on D2D communication reliability.

Figure 14‐11. Sphere packing in a motorway to select simultaneous transmitters. White vehicles transmit simultaneously, and black vehicles wait for other transmission opportunities.

Figure 14‐12. Selection of simultaneous transmitters for two different ranges.

Figure 14‐13. First ring of neighbours.

Figure 14‐14. The hidden node problem.

Figure 14‐15. Application of D2D communication in non‐public‐safety scenarios.

Figure 14‐16. Signalling diagram in multi‐cell scenario.

Figure 14‐17. System performance w.r.t. battery life.

Figure 14‐18. (a) Illustrations of D2D pairs, BS and cellular user distributions in the simulation (b) Performance comparisons between proposed cooperative D2D transmission method and without any cooperative method at different D2D pair number.

Chapter 15

Figure 15‐1. ITU‐R process and its alignment with 3GPP specifications.

Figure 15‐2. Traffic density for the “wide area coverage” deployment scenario.

Figure 15‐3. Coverage obtained for a 50 Mbps target user throughput in DL in the “wide area coverage” deployment scenario.

Figure 15‐4. User experienced data rate for the “video broadcasting” scenario.

Figure 15‐5. Packet loss rate for the “video broadcasting” scenario.

Figure 15‐6. Traffic volume density vs. packet arrival rate for dense urban information society.

Figure 15‐7. Packet reception ratio vs. distance in the Madrid Grid urban scenario.

Figure 15‐8. Relative increase of average DL throughput for different access priorities. Performance achieved at packet arrival rate of 1 packet/s (low load) is the baseline (100%).

Figure 15‐9. Relative increase of average packet transmission latency for different access priorities. Performance achieved at packet arrival rate of 1 packet/s (low load) is the baseline (100%).

Figure 15‐10. Illustration of power consumption behaviour of a BS with a constant power spectrum density.

Figure 15‐11. RAN energy efficiency for the dense urban information society use case.

Figure 15‐12. RAN energy efficiency gain for the dense urban information society use case over a baseline 4G deployment.

Figure 15‐13. Cumulative discounted cash flow of an MNO with different numbers of MNOs in the area [45].

Chapter 16

Figure 16‐1. Concept of a three‐band transmitter with an example of signal carrier positions.

Figure 16‐2. Architecture of a possible multi‐antenna transmitter.

Figure 16‐3. Architecture overview of the various stages of the IBFD SIC. The dashed parts are not used in the IBFD implementation.

Figure 16‐4. BS computational complexity in terms of number of real‐valued multiplications per Tx/Rx symbol – NR wideband.

Figure 16‐5. Multiplications and additions of the proposed harmonized and the non‐harmonized implementation of the six waveforms.

Figure 16‐6. Number of flops of the proposed harmonized and the non‐harmonized implementation of the six waveforms.

Figure 16‐7. REPLICA CMP [29] with

P

processors,

M

c

‐way multi‐mesh network and

P

active memory modules (P=processor core, I=instruction memory module, t=scratchpad, c=step cache, a=active memory unit, M=shared memory module, L=local memory module and S=switch).

Figure 16‐8. OpenAirInterface (OAI) three‐tier heterogeneous RAN architecture, see also Section 6.7.

Figure 16‐9. Considered C‐RAN network topology.

Figure 16‐10. FH throughput needed for 5 MHz and 10 MHz bandwidth.

Figure 16‐11. RTT of the FH and RF for 5 MHz/10 MHz bandwidth.

Figure 16‐12. User plane packet delay jitter for 5 MHz/10 MHz bandwidth.

Figure 16‐13. User plane good‐put of several deployment scenarios.

Figure 16‐14. User plane packet RTT for 5 MHz and 10 MHz BW.

Figure 16‐15. RRU prototype.

Figure 16‐16. Indoor deployment floorplan.

Figure 16‐17. Campus outdoor deployment.

Chapter 17

Figure 17‐1. The 3GPP standardization timeline for 5G [2].

Figure 17‐2. The ITU‐R IMT‐2020 (5G) timeline [8].

Figure 17‐3. 5G Pan‐European trials roadmap strategy [14].

Figure 17‐4. Promotion and uptake of next‐generation mobile service implementation projects in Japan.

Figure 17‐5. Nine promotion models considered in Japan.

Figure 17‐6. 5G R&D and system field trials in Japan.

Figure 17‐7. Trial examples, a) and b) at 4.5 GHz and 28 GHz, and c) at 28 GHz.

Figure 17‐8. 5G key five vertical services that Korea is interested in during 2018‐2022.

Figure 17‐9. SK Telecom's T5: The world's 1st 5G Connected Cars.

Figure 17‐10. SK Telecom's Happy Dream Park Baseball stadium.

Figure 17‐11. KT's 5G Trial Sites at Ganghwamun and PyeongChang.

Figure 17‐12. KT's 5G deployment plan for the 2018 Winter Olympics.

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5G System Design

Architectural and Functional Considerations and Long Term Research

Edited by

Patrick Marsch

Deutsche Bahn AG, Germany

Ömer Bulakçı

Huawei German Research Center (GRC), Germany

Olav Queseth

Ericsson Research, Sweden

Mauro Boldi

Telecom Italia, Italy

This edition first published 2018© 2018 John Wiley & Sons Ltd

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, except as permitted by law. Advice on how to obtain permission to reuse material from this title is available at http://www.wiley.com/go/permissions.

The right of Patrick Marsch, Ömer Bulakc¸ı, Olav Queseth and Mauro Boldi to be identified as the authors of the editorial material in this work has been asserted in accordance with law.

Registered Office(s)John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, USAJohn Wiley & Sons Ltd, The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex, PO19 8SQ, UK

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Library of Congress Cataloging‐in‐Publication data applied for

ISBN: 9781119425120

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To my wife Ines and our kids Philipp and Daniel for their continuous love and support, and to the great team in Nokia Wrocław that I was privileged to work with in the past years.

Patrick Marsch

To my family for their continuous support and encouragement over the years and my big brother Mesut Bulakçı, MD for guiding me to the right career path at my early age.

Ömer Bulakçı

For Eskil, Ellen and Ester.

Olav Queseth

To the memory of my father Ivano.

Mauro Boldi

Contributor List

Adrian Kliks

Poznan University of Technology

Akira Matsunaga

KDDI

Alessandro Grassi

Politecnico di Bari

Alexandros Kaloxylos

University of Peloponnese

Ali Yaver

Nokia

Andreas Georgakopoulos

WINGS ICT Solutions

Anna Tzanakaki

University of Bristol

Antonio de la Oliva

Universidad Carlos III de Madrid

Athul Prasad

Nokia Bell Labs

Balázs Sonkoly

Budapest University of Technology and Economics

Caner Kilinc

Ericsson

Carolina Canales

Ericsson

Catherine Douillard

IMT Atlantique

Chan Zhou

Huawei German Research Center

Changqing Yang

Huawei

Charbel Abdel Nour

IMT Atlantique

Chen Xiaobei

IMT 2020

Chia‐Yu Chang

EURECOM

Chris Pearson

5GAmericas

Christian Mannweiler

Nokia Bell Labs

Damiano Rapone

Telecom Italia

Daniel Calabuig

Universitat Politècnica de València

Daniel Camps Mur

I2CAT

Dario Sabella

Intel

David Garcia‐Roger

Universitat Politècnica de València

David Gutierrez Estevez

Samsung

David Martín‐Sacristán

Universitat Politècnica de València

Davide Sorbara

Telecom Italia

Didier Bourse

Nokia

Dieter Ferling

Nokia Bell Labs

Dimitra Simeonidou

University of Bristol

Dong Ku Kim

5G Forum Korea

Du Ho Kang

Ericsson

Eckhard Grass

IHP

Elena Trouva

NCSRD

Emmanouil Pateromichelakis

Huawei German Research Center

Evangelos Kosmatos

WINGS ICT Solutions

Felix Ngobigha

University of Essex

Fernando Sanchez Moya

Nokia

Frank Schaich

Nokia Bell Labs

Frederic Pujol

iDate

Fredrik Tillman

Ericsson

Gennaro Boggia

Politecnico di Bari

Gerd Zimmermann

Deutsche Telekom

Geza Koczian

University of Essex

Gian Michele Dell'Aera

Telecom Italia

Giorgio Calochira

Telecom Italia

Giovanna D'Aria

Telecom Italia

Giuseppe Piro

Politecnico di Bari

Hans Dieter Schotten

DFKI

Hans Otto Scheck

Nokia

Hao Lin

Orange

Hirsam El Shaer

Vodafone

Hitoshi Yoshino

Softbank

Hong Beom Jeon

Korea Telecom

Honglei Miao

Intel

Hua Wang

Keysight

Ioannis‐Prodromos Belikaidis

WINGS ICT Solutions

Jakob Belschner

Deutsche Telekom

Jan Christoffersson

Ericsson

Jesús Gutiérrez

IHP

Ji Lianghai

University of Kaiserslautern

Jian Luo

Huawei German Research Center

Jinhyo Park

SK Telecom

Jose Alcaraz‐Calero

UWS

Jose F. Monserrat

Universitat Politècnica de València

Josep M. Fabrega

CTTC

Josep Mangues

CTTC

Kai Habel

Fraunhofer HHI

Katerina Demesticha

WINGS ICT Solutions

Klaus Pedersen

Nokia Bell Labs

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Samsung

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CTTC

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Budapest University of Technology and Economics

Leonardo Gomes Baltar

Intel

Luciana Costa

Telecom Italia

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Telefónica

Luis Miguel Contreras Murillo

Telefónica

Madalina Baltatu

Telecom Italia

Malte Schellmann

Huawei German Research Center

Marco Caretti

Telecom Italia

Marco Di Girolamo

Hewlett Packard Enterprise

Marco Giordani

University of Padova

Marco Gramaglia

Universidad Carlos III de Madrid

Marco Mezzavilla

NYU

Maria Carmela De Gennaro

Magneti Marelli

Mark Doll

Nokia Bell Labs

Markos Anastasopoulos

University of Bristol

Marten Ericsson

Ericsson

Martin Kurras

Fraunhofer HHI

Mauro Boldi

Telecom Italia

Mehrdad Shariat

Samsung

Michael Färber

Intel

Michał Maternia

Nokia

Michela Svaluto Moreolo

CTTC

Mike Parker

University of Essex

Mikko Säily

Nokia Bell Labs

Milos Tesanovic

Samsung

Miquel Payaró

CTTC

Muhammad Shuaib Siddiqui

i2CAT

Nathan Gomes

University of Kent

Navid Nikaein

EURECOM

Nicolas Barati

NYU

Nikos Makris

UTH Nitlab

Nuno Pratas

Aalborg University

Nuria Molner

IMDEA Networks and Univ. Carlos III de Madrid

Nurul H. Mahmood

Aalborg University

Ömer Bulakc¸ı

Huawei German Research Center

Olav Queseth

Ericsson

Pablo Serrano

Universidad Carlos III de Madrid

Panagiotis Demestichas

University of Piraeus

Panagiotis Spapis

Huawei German Research Center

Paris Flegkas

UTH Nitlab

Patrick Marsch

Nokia (now Deutsche Bahn)

Paul Arnold

Deutsche Telekom

Peter Rost

Nokia Bell Labs

Philippos Assimakopoulos

University of Kent

Qi Wang

UWS

Raffaele D’Errico

CEA‐LETI

Raffaele de Peppe

Telecom Italia

Ramon Casellas

CTTC

Raúl Muñoz

CTTC

Rauno Ruismaki

Nokia Bell Labs

Raymond Knopp

EURECOM

Ricard Vilalta

CTTC

Riccardo Trivisonno

Huawei German Research Center

Salah El Ayoubi

Orange (now CentraleSupélec)

Samer Bazzi

Huawei German Research Center

Sandra Roger

Universitat Politècnica de València

Sergio Barberis

Telecom Italia

Shangbin Wu

Samsung

Shubhranshu

ITRI

Sinh L. H. Nguyen

Aalto University

Stavroula Vassaki

WINGS ICT Solutions

Stuart D. Walker

University of Essex

Sylvie Mayrargue

CEA‐LETI

Takehiro Nakamura

NTT DOCOMO

Tao Chen

VTT

Tapio Rautio

VTT

Taylan Şahin

Huawei German Research Center and Technische Universität Berlin

Terje Tjelta

Telenor

Thanasis Korakis

UTH Nitlab

Thomas Rosowski

Deutsche Telekom

Thorsten Wild

Nokia Bell Labs

Tomasz Mach

Samsung

Tommy Svensson

Chalmers University of Technology

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Intel

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Telefónica

Vladica Sark

IHP

Volker Jungnickel

Fraunhofer HHI

Wei Jiang

DFKI

Wu Yong

Huawei

Xavier Costa

NEC

Yang Yang

Intel

Yinan Qi

Samsung

Yu Bao

Orange

Yukihiko Okumura

NTT DOCOMO

Yves Bellego

Orange

Foreword 1

Digital technologies have a profound transformative impact on our societies and economies. The digital revolution opens the door to novel activities, applications and business cases that could not be envisaged before. As part of the Digital Single Market initiative launched as one of the ten priorities of the Juncker Commission, the European Commission proposed in 2016 an ambitious package of measures to foster the advent of a digital society and economy in Europe.

5G is an important pillar of this strategy. The European 5G vision co‐created with a multiplicity of actors is fully aligned with our wider digitization strategy, as 5G is designed to support smart connectivity in domains as diverse as the automotive, healthcare, factories, energy or media sectors.

The stakes are high. 5G has the potential to open new B2B businesses, whilst operators are currently facing a stagnation of their revenues in Europe. Market estimates point at a potential of € 550 billion extra revenues in 2025 from vertical industries, adding to the classical broadband consumer markets. The “connectivity package” released in September 2016 by the European Commission has thus proposed an ambitious strategy for 5G in Europe. It includes a new connectivity strategy moving Europe in the Gigabit/s connectivity era, a reform of the telecom regulatory framework with specific spectrum and investment friendly measures, and a 5G Action Plan with a package of actions to put in place the right framework conditions for the launch of 5G in Europe in 2020.

European efforts are indeed key to keep abreast of a fierce global competition. The USA and South Korea have already announced the deployment of early versions of 5G technology in 2018. Japan plans 5G introductions in 2020, and China pursues a bold technological development plan. These pre‐commercial initiatives are putting high pressure on the quick release of the required standards. In that context, it is imperative that the European 5G strategy targeting vertical markets gets quickly validated, both from a technology and business perspective. The 5G Action Plan consequently calls for early cross‐industry and large‐scale trials in Europe. These will be supported by the next phase of the 5G Public Private Partnership (5G PPP), a € 700 million Research and Innovation initiative launched in 2013 by the European Commission to materialize our bold ambitions in this domain.

The European 5G vision requires a versatile network platform that can adapt to demanding requirements of a multiplicity of business models, whilst current networks are more designed as “one size fits all” platforms. Moving towards 5G, deployment will largely piggyback on the results of previous phases of the 5G PPP, which have invested tremendous 5G research efforts in a multiplicity of domains, covering issues as diverse as new radio access technologies, network architectures with co‐operation of a multiplicity of fixed or mobile access networks including satellites, operation of new spectrum in the millimeter wave ranges, network virtualization, redesign of the core network, applications of software techniques to network management, as typical examples.

This book presents the results of the research carried out in these multiple domains during the first phase (2014‐16) of the 5G PPP. It shows an impressive set of technological achievements, unlocking many of the roadblocks on the road towards achieving the most demanding KPIs of 5G, such as data rates beyond 10 Gbit/s, latencies in the milliseconds range, or service creation and deployment within a few minutes. This work has also been instrumental in supporting the European industry to make informed choices for what concerns 5G standards and spectrum requirements and allocation.

I am grateful to all the colleagues who have shown undivided commitment to make 5G a reality in Europe, and I am sure that the readers will enjoy reading this book as a testimony to these efforts.

Khalil Rouhana, Deputy Director‐General in DG CONNECT,European Commission

Foreword 2

As chairman of the 5G Infrastructure Association board, it is with great pleasure that I see this book come to fruition, and I welcome the chance to add a personal message of support. I believe this is a timely and important work, which in hindsight will be seen as one of the key results from the 5G pre‐standardization period.

Although not limited to only European research work, the major input to this book represents the key results from the 5G Public Private Partnership (5G‐PPP) research programme. Within the 5G PPP programme, the 5G Infrastructure Association (5G IA) is the organization which represents European industry. The 5G IA is committed to the advancement of 5G in Europe and to building global consensus on 5G. To this aim, the Association brings together a global industry community of telecoms & digital actors, such as operators, manufacturers, research institutes, universities, verticals and SMEs. I believe this book may play a useful role for this 5G IA goal of advancement of 5G, by providing a definitive source for the current state of 5G research.

This book is timely because we are at a water shed in both the 5G PPP and in terms of 5G in general. Within the 5G PPP, we are at a time where most of the phase 1 projects have completed or are about to complete. This means that a lot of the fundamental 5G research has been completed and the focus of the programme in phase 2 will move more towards demonstration of trial systems and integration of vertical domains such as automotive, e‐health and Industry 4.0. As such, it is a perfect time to document and disseminate the key results of those phase 1 5G PPP projects.

In terms of the broader view, 5G is also moving from the pre‐standardization to post‐standardization phase. At the time of writing this book, 3GPP has almost concluded on the so‐called first drop of 5G technology, focusing on non‐stand‐alone operation of 5G in conjunction with (e)LTE. This first drop will of course not include the complete functionality, and it is important to point out that standardization will need many years to completely specify 5G. Nonetheless, some aspects of 5G will be finalized in the near future, and the influence of the 5G PPP projects on many of the design choices made both through direct research and creation of pre‐standardization consensus should not be underestimated.

As well as giving an important snapshot of where we are in terms of 5G today and some clear guidance of where we think it should go in the future, I believe the depth and quality shown in this book is a clear validation for the vision and goals of the 5G PPP in general. There is still much work to do to make 5G a reality that lives up to the promised goals, and I believe this book is an important step on that journey.

Dr. Colin Willcock, Chairman of the Board, 5GInfrastructure Association

Acknowledgments

In the mid of 2015, the first phase of 5th Generation Public Private Partnership (5G PPP) projects kicked off, and the time until now has been hectic, but also very rewarding. During this period, 5G has moved from vision and concepts to technologies that are almost ready to be deployed, and we are glad and proud to have been part of this work.

This book is based on the outcome of 12 projects within the 5G PPP framework, as detailed in Section 1.2, and complemented by contributions from various additional 5G experts across the globe. We would like to thank all the contributors for the substantial effort and engagement invested into this book, despite the fact that the writing of the book collided with that of the final deliverables of most of the involved projects. In particular, we would like to express a big thank you to the main chapter editors for consolidating the often diverse viewpoints and terminologies used by different projects or entities into a coherent story. Knowing that many contributors have also spent their free time to finalize the book, and given that the work behind the development of new technologies like 5G is typically as demanding and time‐consuming as it is rewarding and inspiring, we would also like to thank the families of the contributors for their continuous patience and support.

Naturally, we would like to thank the European Commission for funding the projects that have led to this book, and in particular Bernard Barani for his personal support of the book.

Beyond the researchers who have been directly involved in the projects, there are of course much more persons involved in our home organizations. We would hence like to thank all our colleagues in the mobile communications industry, research institutes and universities for inspiring discussions, the contribution of ideas, and the help on various tasks.

Dr. Bulakçı would also like to thank Wu Jianjun and Dr. Egon Schulz from Huawei for the support in preparation of this book.

Last but not least, we would like to thank Sandra Grayson, Louis Manoharan and Adalfin Jayasingh from Wiley for the pleasant collaboration and continuous support throughout the writing and production process of this book.

Patrick Marsch, Ömer Bulakçı, Olav Queseth and Mauro BoldiOn behalf of the book contributors

List of Abbreviations

Term

Meaning

3D

Three‐Dimensional

3G

3

rd

Generation (

cellular communications

)

3GPP

3

rd

Generation Partnership Project

4G

4

th

Generation (

cellular communications

)

5G

5

th

Generation (

cellular communications

)

5G AP

5G Action Plan

5G IA

5G Infrastructure Association

5G PPP

5

th

Generation Public Private Partnership

5GAA

5G Automotive Association

5GC

5G Core Network

5GMF

Fifth Generation Mobile Communication Promotion Forum

5GPoAs

5G Points of Attachment

5GTTI

5G Trial & Testing Initiative

AAS

Active Antenna System

ABG

Alpha Beta Gamma

ABS

Almost Blank Subframes

ABNO

Applications‐Based Network Operations

ACDM

Algebraic Channel Decomposition Multiplexing

ACK

Acknowledged

A‐CPI

Application‐Controller Plane Interface

ADB

Aggregated Data Bundle

ADC

Analog‐to‐Digital Converter

AE

Action Enforcer

AF

Application Function

AF‐x

Adaptation Function–

number

x

AI

Air Interface

AIV

Air Interface Variant

AL

Aggregation level

AM

Acknowledged Mode

AMC

Adaptive Modulation and Coding

AMF

Access and Mobility Management Function

AN

Access Network

ANDSF

Access Network Discovery and Selection Function

AN‐I

Access Network‐Inner (

layer

)

ANN

Artificial Neural Networks

AN‐O

Access Network‐Outer (

layer

)

ANQP

Access Network Query Protocol

AP

Access Point

API

Application Programming Interface

APT

Average Power Tracking

AR

Augmented Reality

ARIB

Association of Radio Industries and Businesses

ARP

Allocation and Retention Priority

ARPU

Average Revenue Per User

ARQ

Automatic Repeat reQuest

AS

Access Stratum

ASIC

Application Specific Integrated Circuit

AS‐PCE

Active Stateful Path Computation Element

ATIS

Alliance for Telecommunications Industry Solutions

AUSF

Authentication Server Functions

BB

BaseBand

BBU

BaseBand Unit

BCH

Reed Muller or Bose, Ray‐Chaudhuri and Hocquenghem codes

BCJR

Bahl, Cocke, Jelinek and Raviv algorithm

BF

BeamForming

BF‐OFDM

Block‐Filtered OFDM

BH

BackHaul

BLER

Block Error Rate

BMS

Broadcast/Multi‐cast Services

BPSK

Binary Phase Shift Keying

BRP

Beam Resource Pool

BS

Base Station

BSM

Basic Safety Message

BSR

Buffer State Reporting

BSS

Business Support System

B‐TAG

Backbone VLAN Tag

BV

Bandwidth‐Variable

BVT

Bandwidth‐Variable Transponders

C/I

Carrier‐to‐Interference (

ratio

)

CA

Carrier Aggregation

CAGR

Compound Annual Growth Rate

CAM

Cooperative Awareness Messages

CAPEX

Capital Expenditures

CCDF

Complementary Cumulative Distribution Function

CCE

Control Channel Entity

CCH

Control Channel

CCNF

Common Control Network Functions

CCSA

China Communications Standards Association

CD

Code Division

CDF

Cumulative Distribution Function

CDMA

Code Division Multiple Access

CDN

Content Delivery Network

CH

Cluster Head

CI

Close‐In

CIoT

Cellular Internet of Things

C‐ITS

Cooperative‐ITS

CLI

Cross‐Link Interference

CMO

Control, Management and Orchestration

CMOS

Complementary Metal‐Oxide Semiconductor

CN

Core Network

CoMP

Coordinated/Cooperative Multi‐Point

COST

European Cooperation in Science and Technology

COTS

Commercial Off‐The‐Shelf

CP

Control Plane

CPE

Common Phase Error

CPM‐19

Conference Preparatory Meeting in 2019

CP‐OFDM

Cyclic Prefix OFDM

CPRI

Common Public Radio Interface

CPU

Central Processing Unit

CQI

Channel Quality Indicator

C‐RAN or CRAN

Centralized/Cloud Radio Access Network

CRC

Cyclic Redundancy Check

C‐RNTI

Cell Radio Network Temporary Identifier

CRS

Cell‐specific Reference Symbols

CSI

Channel State Information

CSIT

Channel State Information (

transmitter side

)

CSMA/CA

Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Avoidance

CSP

Communication Service Provider

CTC

Convolutional Turbo Codes

CTO

Chief Technology Officer

CU

Central Unit

D2D

Device‐to‐Device

D2N

Device‐to‐Network

DAC

Digital‐to‐Analog Converter

DAS

Distributed Antenna System

DBSCAN

Density‐Based Spatial Clustering of Applications with Noise

DC

Dual Connectivity

DCC

Decentralized Congestion Control

DCI

Downlink Control Information

DCN

Dedicated Core Network

D‐CPI

Data‐Controller Plane Interface

DD‐OFDM

Direct Detection OFDM

DDoS

Distributed Denial of Service

DECOR

Dedicated Core

DEI

Drop Eligible Indicator

DEN

Decentralized Environmental Notification

DFT

Digital Fourier Transform

DFT‐s‐OFDM

DFT‐spread OFDM

DL

Downlink

DM

Decision‐Maker

DMC

Dense Multipath Component

DMRS

DeModulation Reference Signal

DNS

Domain Name System

DoS

Denial of Service

DPD

Digital Pre‐Distortion

DPDK

Data Plane Development Kit

DR

D2D Receiver

D‐RAN

Distributed Radio Access Network

DRB

Data Radio Bearer

DRX

Discontinuous Reception

DSC

Decentralized Congestion Control Sensitivity Control

DSP

Digital Signal Processor

DSRC

Dedicated Short Range Communications

DT

Decision Tree

DTT

Digital Terrestrial Television

DTX

Discontinuous Transmission

DU

Distributed Unit

DVB

Digital Video Broadcasting

DWDM

Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing

E2E

End‐to‐End

EATA

European Automotive‐Telecom Alliance

EC

European Commission

ECDSA

Elliptic Curve Digital Signature Algorithm

EDCA

Enhanced Distributed Channel Access

eDECOR

evolved DECOR

eICIC

Enhanced Inter‐Cell Interference Coordination

eIMTA

Enhanced Interference Mitigation and Traffic Adaptation

EIRP

Effective Isotropic Radiated Power

eLTE

enhanced Long‐Term Evolution

EM

Element Management

eMBB

enhanced Mobile BroadBand

eMBMS

enhanced Mobile Broadband Multimedia Services

EMF

Electro‐Magnetic Field

eNB

enhanced Node‐B

EPC

Enhanced Packet Core

ePDCCH

enhanced PDCCH

EPS

Evolved Packet System

ET

Envelope Tracking

ETH

Ethernet

ETN

Edge Transport Nodes

ETSI

European Telecommunications Standards Institute

EU

European Union

E‐UTRA

Evolved‐UTRA

EVM

Error Vector Magnitude

F1

Horizontal interface in the RAN

F1‐C

Horizontal interface in the RAN (control plane)

F1‐U

Horizontal interface in the RAN (user plane)

FBMC

Filter Bank Multi‐Carrier

FBR

Front‐to‐Back Ratio

FCAPS

Fault Configuration, Accounting, Performance, Security

FCC

Federal Communications Commission

FC‐OFDM

Flexibly Configured – OFDM

FD

Full Duplex

FDD

Frequency Division Duplexing

FDM

Frequency Division Multiplexing

FDMA

Frequency Division Multiple Access

FDV

Frame‐Delay Variation

FEC

Forward Error Correction

FeICIC

Further enhanced Inter‐Cell Interference Coordination

FFT

Fast Fourier Transform

FH

Fronthaul

FI

Float Intercept

FIR

Finite Impulse Response

FN

False Negatives

FP

False Positives

FPGA

Field Programmable Gate Array

FQAM

Frequency Quadrature Amplitude Modulation

FS

Feature Selection

Fs‐C

Intra‐RAN control plane interface

FSPL

Free‐Space Path Loss

Fs‐U

Intra‐RAN user plane interface

FTP

File Transfer Protocol

FTTA

Fiber‐to‐the‐Antenna

GA

Genetic Algorithm

GAA

General Authorized Access

GaN

Gallium Nitride

GAN

Generic Access Network

GDB/GLDB

GeoLocation DataBase

GEPON

Gigabit Ethernet PON

GFDM

Generalized Frequency Division Multiplexing

GLOSA

Green Light Optimal Speed Advice

GMPLS

Generalized Multi‐Protocol Label Switching

gNB

Gigabit (enhanced) Node‐B

GOPS

Giga Operations

GPON

Gigabit PON

GPP

General Purpose Processing

GPRS

General Packet Radio Service

GPS

Global Positioning System

GSCM

Geometry‐based Stochastic Channel Model

GSM

Global System for Mobile Communications

GTP

GPRS Tunnelling Protocol

GUI

Graphical User Interface

HARQ

Hybrid Automatic Repeat reQuest

HD

High Definition

HO

HandOver

HPA

High Power Amplifier

HSIC

Hybrid Self Interference Cancellation

HSPA

High‐Speed Packet Access

HSS

Home Subscriber System

HSTD

Horizontal Security and Trust Domains

HTHP

High Tower High Power

HW

Hardware

I2I

Indoor‐to‐Indoor

IaaS

Infrastructure‐as‐a‐Service

IAD

Interference‐Aware Detection

IAN

Interference‐as‐Noise

IASD

Interference‐Aware Successive Decoding

IAT

Inter‐Arrival Time

IATN

Inter Area Transport Node

IBFD

In‐Band Full‐Duplex

ICI

Inter Carrier Interference

ICIC

Inter‐Cell Interference Coordination

I‐CPI

Intermediate‐Controller Plane Interface

ICT

Information and Communications Technology

ID

Identifier

IDFT

Inverse DFT

IEEE

Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers

IETF

Internet Engineering Task Force

iFFT

inverse Fast Fourier Transform

IFOM

IP Flow Mobility

IIC

Industrial Internet Consortium

IIR

Infinite Impulse Response

IMS

IP Multimedia Subsystem

IMT

International Mobile Telecommunications

IMT2020 or IMT‐2020

IMT for year 2020 and beyond

IMT‐A

IMT‐Advanced

INR

Interference‐to‐Noise Ratio

IoT

Internet of Things

IP

Internet Protocol

IPr

Intellectual Property

IPsec

Internet Protocol Security

IPv4

Internet Protocol version 4

IPv6

Internet Protocol version 6

IQ

Inphase and Quadrature Phase

IR

Incremental Redundancy

IR‐HARQ

incremental redundancy HARQ

ISD

Inter‐Site Distance

ISG

Industry Standard Group (in ETSI)

ISI

Inter Symbol Interference

ISM

Industrial, Scientific and Medical

ISO

International Organization for Standardization

IT

Information Technology

I‐TAG

Backbone Service Instance Tag

ITS

Intelligent Transport Systems

ITU

International Telecommunication Union

ITU‐R

ITU ‐ Radiocommunication sector

JT

Joint transmission

KED

Knife Edge Diffraction

KPI

Key Performance Indicator

KSP

Known Symbol Padding

KTX

Korea Train eXpress

LAA

License(d)‐Assisted Access

LBT

Listen‐Before‐Talk

LCP

Logical Channel Prioritization

LD

Linear Discriminant

LDM

Local Dynamic Map

LDPC