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- Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
- Kategorie: Wissenschaft und neue Technologien
- Sprache: Englisch
A comprehensive reference on 6G wireless technologies, covering applications, hardware, security and privacy concerns, existing challenges, analytics methods, and much more
6G-Enabled Technologies for Next Generation delivers a thorough overview of the emerging sixth generation of wireless technology, presenting critical challenges of implementing 6G technologies including spectrum allocation, energy efficiency, security, interoperability, and more. Explaining ways we can use technologies to ensure a sustainable environment through renewable energy and a resilient industry, this book covers the applications and use cases such as smart grid, IoT, smart manufacturing, addressing security and privacy issues with privacy-preserving techniques and authentication control mechanisms.
This book discusses the analytical methods used to study the performance of 6G technologies, covering simulation techniques, performance metrics, and predictive modeling. Introducing the core principles of 6G technology, including the advantages and disadvantages of the technology and how wireless communications have evolved, energy-efficient hardware and the different types of green communication technologies is explained. Many case studies are included in this book with a detailed explanation.
Written by a team of experienced researchers, this book discusses:
- Terahertz (ThZ) communication, massive MIMO and beamforming, quantum communication, bandwidth management, and ultra-dense networks and small cell deployments
- Smart cities, telemedicine, and autonomous vehicles and schemes for waveform design, modulation, error correction, and advanced coding and modulation
- Sensor networks, edge computing and mobile cloud computing, and spatial, quantum, and dew computing
- Quantum-safe encryption, privacy-preserving technologies and techniques, threats and vulnerabilities, and authentication and access control mechanisms
- Network slicing and service differentiation, multi-connectivity and heterogeneous networks, and wireless power transfer
6G-Enabled Technologies for Next Generation is a comprehensive, up-to-date reference for students, academics, and researchers, along with professionals in the telecommunications field.
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Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2024
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Table of Contents
Cover
Table of Contents
Title Page
Copyright
Dedication
About the Authors
Preface
Acknowledgments
1 6G-Enabled Technologies: An Introduction
1.1 Introduction to 6G-Enabled Technologies
1.2 Evolution of Wireless Communication Systems
1.3 Motivation for 6G Technology
1.4 Literature Review
1.5 Key Features and Objectives of 6G in Modern Era
1.6 Advantages vs Disadvantages of 6G
1.7 Open Issues and Important Challenges Toward 6G-Enabled Technologies
1.8 Future Research Opportunities Toward 6G-Enabled Technologies in Near Future
1.9 An Open Discussion for 6G-Enabled Technologies-Based Modern Society
1.10 Summary
References
2 Fundamentals of 6G Networks
2.1 Introduction to 6G Networks
2.2 Literature Review
2.3 Terahertz (THz) Communication in 6G Networks
2.4 Massive MIMO and Beamforming in 6G Networks
2.5 Quantum Communication in 6G Networks
2.6 Artificial Intelligence in 6G
2.7 Spectrum Issues and Bandwidth Management in 6G Networks
2.8 Massive MIMO and Beamforming Techniques in 6G Networks
2.9 Ultra-Dense Networks and Small Cell Deployments in 6G Networks
2.10 Open Issues and Challenges Toward 6G Networks
2.11 Future Research Opportunities Toward 6G Networks
2.12 Summary
References
3 Next-Generation Air Interfaces for 6G
3.1 Introduction to Next-Generation Air Interfaces for 6G
3.2 Literature Review
3.3 Spectrum and Air Interface for 6G
3.4 Waveform Design and Modulation Schemes for 6G
3.5 Multiple Access Techniques for 6G Networks
3.6 Advanced Coding and Error Correction Schemes for 6G
3.7 Spectrum Challenges and Opportunities for 6G
3.8 THz Band Communication for 6G
3.9 Advanced Modulation Schemes for 6G
3.10 Open Issues and Challenges Toward 6G
3.11 Future Research Opportunities for 6G Network-Based Environment
3.12 Summary
References
4 Enabling Technologies for 6G-Based Advanced Applications
4.1 Introduction to Enabling Technologies and Their Role with 6G
4.2 Literature Review
4.3 Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning in 6G
4.4 Blockchain and Security in 6G Networks
4.5 Photonic and Optical Technologies in 6G
4.6 Wireless Power Transfer and Energy Harvesting in 6G
4.7 Issues and Challenges Toward Implementing Emerging Technologies in 6G
4.8 Future Research Opportunities Toward Implementing Emerging Technologies in 6G
4.9 Summary
References
5 Security and Privacy in 6G Networks
5.1 Introduction to Security and Privacy
5.2 Types, Features, and Importance of Security and Privacy
5.3 Literature Review
5.4 Quantum-Safe Encryption for 6G
5.5 Privacy-Preserving Technologies for 6G
5.6 Threats and Vulnerabilities in 6G Networks
5.7 Authentication and Access Control Mechanisms for 6G
5.8 Issues and Challenges Toward Maintaining Security and Privacy in 6G
5.9 Future Research Opportunities for Improving Security and Privacy in 6G
5.10 Summary
References
6 Applications and Use Cases of 6G Technology
6.1 Introduction to 6G Technology Applications
6.2 Literature Review
6.3 IoT-Based Smart Cities and Smart Environment – In General
6.4 Smart Cities and Urban Connectivity Using 6G
6.5 Telemedicine and Healthcare – In General
6.6 Modern Healthcare Services with 6G
6.7 Autonomous Vehicles – In General
6.8 Autonomous Vehicles and Transportation Systems in 6G Networks
6.9 Virtual and Augmented Reality in 6G Networks
6.10 Other Applications with 6G Technology in Next Decade
6.11 Technical, Nontechnical Issues and Challenges Toward 6G-Based Applications
6.12 Future Research Opportunities Toward 6G-Based Applications in Near Future
6.13 Summary
References
7 Network Architecture and Protocols for 6G
7.1 Introduction to Network Architecture and Protocols for 6G
7.2 Literature Review
7.3 Hexa-Cell and Nano-Cell Networks for 6G
7.4 Cloud/Fog/Edge Computing in 6G
7.5 Satellite Integration via 6G in Near Future
7.6 Network Slicing via 6G
7.7 Network Slicing and Service Differentiation Using 5G and 6G
7.8 Multi-Connectivity and Heterogeneous Networks in 6G Technology
7.9 QoS and Resource Management in 6G Networks
7.10 Technical, Nontechnical Issues and Challenges Toward 6G-Based Protocols and Networks
7.11 Future Research Opportunities Toward 6G-Based Protocols and Networks
7.12 Summary
References
8 Energy Efficiency and Sustainability in 6G Networks
8.1 Introduction to Energy Efficiency and Sustainability in 6G Networks
8.2 Literature Review
8.3 Energy-Efficient Hardware in Today’s Scenario (with 6G Networks)
8.4 Environmental Impact Assessment Using 6G Networks
8.5 Green Communication Technologies with 6G Networks
8.6 Energy Harvesting and Wireless Power Transfer Using 6G Networks
8.7 Energy Optimization and Management Techniques Using 6G Networks
8.8 Technical and Nontechnical Issues and Challenges Toward Energy Efficiency and Sustainability in 6G Networks
8.9 Future Research Opportunities Toward Energy Efficiency and Sustainability in 6G Networks
8.10 Summary
References
9 Performance Evaluation and Optimization in 6G Networks
9.1 Introduction to Performance Evaluation and Optimization in 6G Networks
9.2 Literature Review
9.3 Channel Modeling and Propagation Characteristics in 6G Networks
9.4 Performance Metrics and Quality of Service (QoS) in 6G Networks
9.5 Optimization Algorithms and Techniques for 6G Networks
9.6 Technical, Nontechnical Issues and Challenges Toward 6G Networks-Based Optimization and Performance Evaluation
9.7 Future Research Opportunities Toward 6G Networks-Based Optimization and Performance Evaluation
9.8 An Open Discussion
9.9 Summary
References
10 Network Planning and Deployment for 6G-Based Systems in Real World
10.1 Introduction to 6G-Based Systems
10.2 Literature Review
10.3 Network Planning and Dimensioning Strategies Using 6G Networks
10.4 Deployment of 6G-Based Systems in Real-World Sectors
10.5 Coverage and Capacity Optimization in 6G Networks
10.6 Deployment Issues and Challenges Toward Implementing 6G-Based Systems in Real-World Sectors
10.7 Technical/Nontechnical/Legal Issues Toward Implementing 6G-Based Systems in Real-World Sectors
10.8 Important Challenges Toward Implementing 6G-Based Systems in Real-World Sectors
10.9 Future Research Opportunities Toward Implementing 6G-Based Systems in Real-World Sectors
10.10 Summary
References
11 Standardization and Regulatory Aspects for 6G-Based Networks and Systems
11.1 Introduction to 6G-Based Networks Technology and Systems
11.2 Literature Review
11.3 Standardization Bodies and Organizations for 6G and 6G-Based Networks
11.4 Spectrum Regulations and Policies for 6G
11.5 Global Collaboration and Interoperability for 6G and 6G-Based Networks
11.6 Technical/Nontechnical/Legal Issues for 6G and 6G-Based Networks
11.7 Important Challenges Toward Implementing 6G and 6G-Based Networks in Real-World Applications
11.8 Future Research Opportunities Toward Implementing 6G and 6G-Based Networks in Real-World Applications
11.9 Summary
References
12 Economic and Business Perspectives of 6G Technology for Modern Society
12.1 Introduction to Necessity of Economic and Business Perspectives of 6G for Modern Society
12.2 Literature Review
12.3 Market Opportunities and Revenue Models Using 6G for Modern Society
12.4 Business Challenges and Monetization Strategies for 6G-Based Modern Society
12.5 Industry Collaboration and Partnerships Required for 6G-Based Modern Society
12.6 An Open Discussion for 6G-Based Modern Society to Achieve Sustainable Goals
12.7 Technical, Nontechnical Issues and Challenges Toward Implementing 6G for Business/Economic Reforms for Betterment of Society
12.8 Future Research Opportunities Toward Implementing 6G for Business/Economic Reforms for Betterment of Society
12.9 Summary
References
13 Ethical and Social Implications of Using Artificial Intelligence in 6G Networks
13.1 Introduction to AI-Based 6G Networks, Systems, and Communication
13.2 Literature Review
13.3 Privacy, Surveillance, and Data Ethics for 6G-Based Systems, and Communication: From Society’s Perspective
13.4 Socioeconomic Impact and Digital Divide for 6G-Based Systems and Communication
13.5 Legal and Ethical Issues for Implementing AI in 6G Networks, Systems, and Communication in Next Decade
13.6 Technical, Nontechnical and Legal Issues Toward Using AI in 6G Networks, Systems, and Communication in Next Decade
13.7 Challenges and Open Research Questions AI-Based 6G Networks, Systems, and Communication
13.8 Interference and Coexistence Challenges Toward Using AI in 6G Networks, Systems, and Communication
13.9 Business Models and Market Challenges with Using of AI in 6G Networks, Systems, and Communication
13.10 Future Research Opportunities Toward Using AI in 6G Networks, Systems, and Communication
13.11 Summary
References
14 Future Trends and Research Directions for 6G
14.1 Beyond 6G: Vision for Future Generations
14.2 Literature Work
14.3 Emerging Technologies and Innovations for Next-Generation Society with 6G
14.4 Future Trends Beyond 6G
14.5 The Future of Wireless Communication
14.6 Future Potential Beyond 6G Technologies
14.7 Speculation on 7G and Beyond
14.8 Open Research Gaps, Technical/Nontechnical Challenges Beyond 6G
14.9 Technical/Nontechnical/Legal Issues Moving Beyond 6G
14.10 Important Challenges Toward Beyond 6G
14.11 Future Research Opportunities Beyond 6G
14.12 Summary
References
15 Evolution of Hybrid Li-Fi–Wi-Fi Networks: Technology, Barriers, Advancement, and Future
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Literature Review
15.3 Li-Fi Technology: Definition, Principles, and Transmission Techniques (in Li-Fi)
15.4 Wi-Fi Technology: Definition, Principles, Standards, and Protocols (of Wi-Fi)
15.5 Hybrid Li-Fi–Wi-Fi Networks: Introduction
15.6 Current Barriers and Challenges Toward Hybrid Li-Fi–Wi-Fi Networks
15.7 Future Directions and Research Opportunities Toward Hybrid Li-Fi–Wi-Fi Networks
15.8 Conclusion
References
16 6G-Enabled Emerging Technologies for Next-Generation Society: Challenges and Opportunities
16.1 Introduction to 6G-Enabled Technologies
16.2 Fundamentals of 6G-Enabled Technologies
16.3 Applications and Use Cases of 6G
16.4 Challenges and Issues in 6G Development
16.5 Impact of 6G on Various Industries and Sectors
16.6 Analysis and Future Scope for 6G-Enabled Technologies
16.7 Conclusion
References
17 Conclusion
17.1 Move to a New Era – A Glimpse into 6G
17.2 Unveiling the Power of 6G – A Leap Toward Hyper-connectivity
17.3 The Road to 6G – Issues and Challenges
17.4 Navigating the Road to 6G: Unveiling the Challenges
17.5 6G: Ushering in a New Era of Business Transformation
References
Index
End User License Agreement
List of Tables
Chapter 1
Table 1.1 Advantages and disadvantages of 6G technology.
Chapter 4
Table 4.1 Data analytics and AI in 6G.
Chapter 12
Table 12.1 Type of challenges and Monetization Strategies for 6G-Based Moder...
Chapter 13
Table 13.1 Challenges and open research questions related to AI-based 6G net...
Table 13.2 Interference and coexistence challenges.
Chapter 16
Table 16.1 Summary of 5G limitation and challenges.
Table 16.2 Literature review work.
List of Illustrations
Chapter 1
Figure 1.1 Evolution of 6G technology.
Figure 1.2 Different elements of wireless communication.
Figure 1.3 Key features of 6G.
Figure 1.4 6G-based system’s future applications.
Chapter 2
Figure 2.1 Evolution of 6G.
Figure 2.2 Key feature of 6G.
Figure 2.3 AI-enabled 6G network.
Figure 2.4 Challenges over 5G vs 6G.
Figure 2.5 6G wireless communication network.
Chapter 3
Figure 3.1 Advantage with 6G.
Figure 3.2 6G architecture.
Figure 3.3 Integrated air space background in 6G scenarios.
Figure 3.4 Radio communication for 6G.
Chapter 4
Figure 4.1 Key technologies for 6G.
Figure 4.2 6G-enabling technologies with futuristic technologies.
Figure 4.3 Evolution of 6G technologies.
Figure 4.4 Phase-wise evolution.
Figure 4.5 Key technologies of 6G network.
Figure 4.6 When AI meets 6G.
Figure 4.7 Intelligent cloud architecture for the 6G RAN.
Figure 4.8 AR, VR, and spatial computing.
Figure 4.9 Importance of 6G on blockchain technology.
Figure 4.10 Challenges and opportunities in 6G wireless systems.
Chapter 5
Figure 5.1 Difference between privacy and security.
Figure 5.2 Security and Privacy: key requirements.
Figure 5.3 6G privacy-preserving technologies.
Figure 5.4 Security threats in 6G.
Chapter 6
Figure 6.1 Evolution of mobile networks.
Figure 6.2 Potential applications of 6G.
Figure 6.3 Smart cities using 6G mobile technology.
Figure 6.4 6G-based smart cities based on enabling technologies.
Figure 6.5 Remote medical healthcare with 6G mobile technology.
Figure 6.6 Key features of autonomous driving with 6G mobile technology.
Figure 6.7 6G cellular networks and connected autonomous networks.
Figure 6.8 6G-based ITS.
Figure 6.9 AI-empowered 6G-enabled technologies.
Chapter 7
Figure 7.1 Technological evolution up to 6G in mobile communication.
Figure 7.2 6G architecture.
Figure 7.3 Cloud-based radio access network architecture for 6G mobile commu...
Figure 7.4 Technological enablers for integrating intelligence into 6G.
Figure 7.5 Network slicing in 6G network.
Figure 7.6 Security issues in 6G networks.
Figure 7.7 Vision and research directions of 6G technologies and application...
Chapter 8
Figure 8.1 Pillars of 6G.
Figure 8.2 6G taxonomy.
Figure 8.3 An architecture of green base stations.
Chapter 9
Figure 9.1 6G network performance management using ML.
Figure 9.2 Performance metrices for 6G communication.
Figure 9.3 6G channel requirements.
Figure 9.4 Data and model dual-driven THz channel modeling flowchart.
Figure 9.5 6G use cases, requirement, and metrices.
Figure 9.6 6G network: use cases.
Chapter 10
Figure 10.1 The shift of 6G communications: vision and requirements.
Figure 10.2 Development vision for 6G wireless communication.
Figure 10.3 Use cases of 6G.
Figure 10.4 6G: future research challenges and opportunities.
Chapter 11
Figure 11.1 Use of 6G in autonomous driving.
Figure 11.2 6G use cases: overview.
Figure 11.3 AI in 6G.
Figure 11.4 Wireless brain–computer interaction using 6G.
Chapter 12
Figure 12.1 Industry 4.0 with 6G.
Figure 12.2 Quintuple helix model and sustainable development of 6G.
Figure 12.3 6G vision.
Chapter 13
Figure 13.1 The architecture of AI-enabled 6G networks.
Figure 13.2 6G architecture for vertical applications in near future.
Figure 13.3 Importance of AI in 6G-based communication network in near futur...
Chapter 14
Figure 14.1 Evolution of 6G and beyond.
Figure 14.2 An overview of 6G wireless communication network.
Figure 14.3 Haptic interaction with machines.
Figure 14.4 IoE with 6G mobile technology.
Figure 14.5 Emerging use cases: 6G and beyond.
Figure 14.6 Schemes and technologies for future wireless communication netwo...
Figure 14.7 AI-enabled intelligent 6G network.
Figure 14.8 Toward 6G: future directions and challenges.
Chapter 15
Figure 15.1 Schematic diagram of a hybrid Li-Fi–Wi-Fi network.
Figure 15.2 Wi-Fi use cases.
Figure 15.3 Hybrid Li-Fi.
Figure 15.4 Heterogenous Li-Fi–Wi-Fi with multipath transmission protocol fo...
Chapter 16
Figure 16.1 Evolution of 6G in terms of network services and security issues...
Figure 16.2 6G network.
Figure 16.3 Application of 6G network.
Figure 16.4 6G vision.
Figure 16.5 Analysis and future scope for 6G-enabled technologies.
Figure 16.6 Coming and future applications enabled by 6G.
Chapter 17
Figure 17.1 Overview of technology.
Guide
Cover
Table of Contents
Series Page
Title Page
Copyright
Dedication
About the Authors
Preface
Acknowledgments
Begin Reading
Index
End User License Agreement
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IEEE Press445 Hoes LanePiscataway, NJ 08854
IEEE Press Editorial BoardSarah Spurgeon, Editor-in-Chief
Moeness Amin
Jón Atli Benediktsson
Adam Drobot
James Duncan
Ekram Hossain
Brian Johnson
Hai Li
James Lyke
Joydeep Mitra
Desineni Subbaram Naidu
Tony Q. S. Quek
Behzad Razavi
Thomas Robertazzi
Diomidis Spinellis
6G-Enabled Technologies for Next Generation
Fundamentals, Applications, Analysis and Challenges
Amit Kumar Tyagi
Shrikant Tiwari
Shivani Gupta
Anand Kumar Mishra
Copyright © 2025 by The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Dedicated toMy mom Anita Tyagi and dad Devraj Singh Tyagi,My beloved daughter – Vernika TyagiAnd my beloved son – Apoorv Tyagi
My Mentors and GuidesDr. G. Aghila (Director, National Institute of Technology, Tiruchirappalli)Dr. N. Sreenath (Professor, Puducherry Technological University, Puducherry)
My Product and Competency Team
My Investors and Partners in Technology
Publishing Team at John Wiley and Sons
About the Authors
Dr Amit Kumar Tyagi is working as Assistant Professor, at the National Institute of Fashion Technology, 110016 New Delhi, India. Previously, he has worked as Assistant Professor (Senior Grade 2) and Senior Researcher at Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Chennai Campus, 600127 Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India (for the period of 2019–2022). He received his Ph.D. degree (full-time) in 2018 from Pondicherry Central University, 605014 Puducherry, India. About his academic experience: he joined as an assistant professor at Lord Krishna College of Engineering, Ghaziabad (LKCE) (for the period of 2009–2010 and 2012–2013). He was an assistant professor and Head of Research at Lingaya’s Vidyapeeth (formerly known as Lingaya’s University), Faridabad, Haryana, India (for the period of 2018–2019). He has contributed to several projects such as “AARIN” and “P3- Block” to address some of the open issues related to the privacy breaches in vehicular applications (such as parking) and medical cyber physical systems (MCPS). He has published over 250 papers in refereed high-impact journals, conferences, and books, and some of his articles awarded best paper awards. His current research focuses on next-generation machine-based communications, blockchain technology, smart and secure computing and privacy. He is a regular member of different societies like ACM, CSI, Ramanujan Mathematical Society, Cryptology Research Society, and senior member of IEEE.
Shrikant Tiwari (Senior Member, IEEE) received his Ph.D. in the Department of Computer Science & Engineering (CSE) from the Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi (India) in 2012 and M.Tech. in computer science and technology from the University of Mysore (India) in 2009. Currently, he is working as an Associate Professor in the School of Computing Science and Engineering (SCSE), Galgotias University, Greater Noida, Gautam Budha Nagar, Uttar Pradesh 203201 (India). He has authored and co-authored more than 60 national and international journal publications, book chapters, and conference articles. He has five patents filed to his credit. His research interests include machine learning, deep learning, computer vision, medical image analysis, pattern recognition, and biometrics. Dr Tiwari is a FIETE and member of ACM, IET, CSI, ISTE, IAENG, and SCIEI. He is also a guest editorial board member and a reviewer for many international journals of repute.
Dr Shivani Gupta currently working as a senior assistant professor in Vellore Institute of Technology, Chennai. She received B.E. degree in computer science and engineering from the Madhav Institute of Technology and Science (MITS), Gwalior, India, in 2006, and M.Tech. from the RGPV, Bhopal, India, in 2010. She completed her Ph.D. in the computer science program at the Indian Institute of Information Technology, Design and Manufacturing (IIITDM) Jabalpur in machine learning in 2019. Her current research interests include deep learning, machine learning, software defect prediction, data mining, and data analysis and data complexity measures
Dr Anand Kumar Mishra is an assistant professor in computer science and engineering at NIIT University (NU). Dr Mishra has earned his Ph.D. in computer science and engineering with a major in cloud forensics from Malaviya National Institute of Technology Jaipur. The central component of his research has been cloud forensics, more specifically in virtualization and containerization systems. The target applications of his research are to develop a digital forensic model for cloud computing environment and in the domain of cloud-based banking technology that will ensure the reduction of operational risks and improve resiliency. In his latest endeavor, he has worked as a faculty at the National Institute of Technology Sikkim. While in the United States, he worked as a researcher at the Information Technology Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), Gaithersburg, Maryland. He has publications in peer-reviewed journal, international conferences, and book chapters. He is the author of “NIST IR 8006, and NIST SP 800-201” published by NIST US. He is a member of NIST Cloud Computing – Forensic Science Working Group (NCC – FSWG) US and Cloud Computing Innovation Council of India (CCICI).
Preface
As 6G is in developing phase, it needs innovative solutions from scientific community. For that, we need to identify its introduction, fundamental concepts, protocol used, social implications, etc., in detail. In general, the journey of wireless communication has increased with rapid growth. From the early days of Morse code transmitted through radio waves to the global phenomenon that is 6G, each generation of wireless technology has brought us closer together, connecting people, businesses, and devices in ways we once could only dream of. The era of 6G is too modern. Currently, 5G is being used in India and many other counties (an efficient technology of wireless communication), and 6G will also be used soon. In this book, we will discuss about 6G technology, the 6G of wireless communication that promises to revolutionize our world once again. We will cover topics like terahertz frequencies, quantum communication, artificial intelligence, and much more related to 6G and how 6G will changes these emerging technologies in convergence. Further, the development of 6G and its related applications (including challenges and opportunities) will be discussed in this book. We believe that our proposed book will redefine the way we connect, communicate, and collaborate with emerging technologies in this smart era.
In this book, we will include few interested topics like:
Fundamental Concepts of 6G: The book begins by establishing a strong foundation in the core principles of 6G technology. It explains how 6G builds upon the achievements of previous wireless generations and introduces new concepts like terahertz frequencies, advanced modulation techniques, and intelligent networking.
Ubiquitous Connectivity and Applications: One of the central themes of 6G technology is the promise of ubiquitous connectivity to deliver. This book will discuss how this connectivity will enable a myriad of groundbreaking applications across industries, such as augmented reality, virtual reality, holographic communication, remote surgery, autonomous vehicles, and beyond.
Analytical Methods and Performance Analysis: The book provides insights into the analytical methods used to study and evaluate the performance of 6G technologies. It covers simulation techniques, performance metrics, and predictive modeling that help researchers and engineers optimize the design and operation of 6G networks.
Future Directions: Recognizing the complexity of developing and deploying 6G-enabled technologies, the book underscores the importance of a collaborative ecosystem involving academia, industry, and policymakers. It also offers a glimpse into the future evolution of 6G beyond its initial deployment, speculating on the directions it might take.
This book provides a comprehensive explanation of emerging sixth generation of wireless technology and its transformative impact on the future of communication and connectivity. This book is divided into a wide range of topics, including fundamental concepts, diverse applications, analytical methodologies, and the challenges that come with the development and deployment of 6G-enabled technologies. This book provides a comprehensive guide to future readers/researchers into the emerging world of 6G technology.
In summary, we provide our readers with the knowledge and skills that are necessary to tackle problems in the implementation of 6G in several sectors and opportunities in it in the near future. We hope that this book will be helpful to those who are eager to learn more in this area.
Acknowledgments
There are a few people we want to thank for the continued and ongoing support they have given to us during the writing of this book. First of all, we would like to extend our gratitude to our family members, friends, and supervisors, who stood with us as advisors in completing this authored book. Also, we would like to thank our almighty God who made us write this book. We would also like to thank Wiley Publishers (who have provided their continuous support during their tight schedule) and our colleagues with whom we have worked together inside the college/university and others outside premises who have provided their continuous support toward completing this book on a hot topic like 6G, and Wireless Technology.
Also, we would like to thank our respected madam, Prof. G. Aghila, and our respected sir, Prof. N. Sreenath, for giving their valuable inputs and helping us in completing this book.
Finally, we forward our thanks to John Wiley and Sons Publisher for giving us this opportunity to write our book with them.
16G-Enabled Technologies: An Introduction
1.1 Introduction to 6G-Enabled Technologies
6G refers to the sixth generation of wireless communication technology. It is the successor to fifth generation (5G) but is still in the conceptual and early developmental stages [1]. While 5G is still moving out across the globe, researchers and industry experts are already looking ahead to 6G to move the next revolution in wireless connectivity.
1.1.1 Key Features and Advancements
Ultrahigh-Speed Data Transfer:
6G aims to significantly surpass the speeds of 5G. It is expected to deliver data rates in the terabits per second (Tbps) range, enabling lightning-fast downloads, continuous streaming of 3D and 8K content, and ultra-responsive applications.
Ultralow Latency:
One of the most useful features of 6G is ultralow latency, potentially in the sub-millisecond range. This will be important for real-time applications such as remote surgery, autonomous vehicles, and augmented reality (AR) experiences, where even the smallest delay can have huge consequences.
Massive Connectivity:
6G is envisioned to support a massive number of connected devices, surpassing the capabilities of 5G. This will be important for the spread of the Internet of Things (IoT), smart cities, and industrial automation, where billions of devices will need to communicate continuously.
Spectral Efficiency:
To accommodate the growing demand for wireless bandwidth, 6G will likely employ advanced spectrum utilization techniques, including higher frequencies, wider bandwidths, and more efficient modulation schemes. This will optimize spectrum usage and maximize network capacity.
AI Integration:
Artificial intelligence (AI) will play an important role in 6G networks, enabling intelligent resource allocation, dynamic network optimization, and predictive maintenance. AI-driven networks will adapt to changing conditions in real time, ensuring optimal performance and reliability.
Holographic Communication:
6G may introduce breakthroughs in holographic communication, allowing for immersive telepresence experiences where users feel as if they are physically present in another location. This could revolutionize teleconferencing, gaming, and entertainment.
Energy Efficiency:
With a focus on sustainability, 6G will strive to minimize energy consumption per bit transmitted, utilizing energy-efficient hardware and smart power management techniques. This will not only reduce the environmental impact but also extend the battery life of mobile devices.
1.1.2 Challenges and Issues
Technological Difficulties:
Developing 6G technologies will require overcoming several technical challenges, including signal propagation at higher frequencies, minimizing interference, and ensuring security and privacy in hyper-connected environments.
Regulatory and Standardization Issues:
The allocation of spectrum, regulatory frameworks, and international standards will need to be established to support 6G deployment globally. Note that collaboration among industry users/experts, governments, and standards bodies will be more useful.
Ethical and Societal Consequences:
As with any disruptive technology, 6G raises ethical and societal issues related to privacy, surveillance, digital divide, and job displacement. Note that addressing these issues proactively will be more important for the responsible and inclusive deployment of 6G in real-world’s applications.
In summary, 6G made the promise of transforming how we connect, communicate, and interact with the world, moving in an era of unique connectivity and innovation [2, 3]. While its full potential may still be years away, the groundwork is already being laid for the next evolution in wireless technology.
1.2 Evolution of Wireless Communication Systems
The evolution of wireless communication systems has been a remarkable journey, which has been spread over a century [4, 5]. We can discuss a concise overview, as:
Wireless Telegraphy (Late 19th Century):
The earliest form of wireless communication emerged with the invention of the telegraph. Pioneers such as Guglielmo Marconi developed techniques to send Morse code over long distances without wires.
Radio Broadcasting (Early 20th Century):
Marconi’s work laid the foundation for radio broadcasting, allowing voice and music to be transmitted wirelessly. This revolutionized entertainment, news dissemination, and communication.
First-Generation (1G) Cellular Networks (1980s):
The introduction of 1G networks marked the birth of cellular communication. These analog systems enabled basic voice calls and limited data transmission.
Second-Generation (2G) Cellular Networks (the 1990s):
2G networks brought digital communication, improving voice quality and introducing short message service (SMS). Technologies such as global system for mobile (GSM) communications and code division multiple access (CDMA) emerged during this era.
Third-Generation (3G) Cellular Networks (Early 2000s):
3G networks introduced higher data speeds, enabling mobile internet access, video calling, and multimedia services. Technologies such as universal mobile telecommunications system (UMTS) and evolution-data optimized (EV-DO) were most useful.
Fourth-Generation (4G) Cellular Networks (2010s):
4G networks made an important revolution in terms of data speeds and efficiency, which enable high-definition video streaming, online gaming, and other bandwidth-intensive applications. In this, long-term evolution (LTE) became the dominant technology among all existing previous technologies.
5G Cellular Networks (2010s–2020s):
5G represents the current state-of-the-art in wireless communication. It promises ultrafast speeds, low latency, and massive connectivity, unlocking innovations such as autonomous vehicles, IoT, and AR. 5G utilizes technologies such as mmWave (millimeter wave) and massive multiple input multiple output (MIMO) in its communications/as its feature when used in multiple useful sectors.
Beyond 5G, 6G, and Future:
Researchers and engineers are already predicting the next generation of wireless communication systems, often referred to as 6G. These systems could potentially offer even faster speeds, continuous connectivity, and support for emerging technologies we can only imagine in today’s era.
Hence, we can see the evolution of 6G technology year-wise (in terms of decades) in Figure 1.1. Hence, throughout this evolution, wireless communication systems have become increasingly integral to our daily lives, transforming how we work, communicate, and interact with the world around us. Now the different elements of wireless commutation systems can be found as Figure 1.2.
Figure 1.1 Evolution of 6G technology.
Figure 1.2 Different elements of wireless communication.
Figure 1.2 here explains different useful elements for a successful communication.
1.3 Motivation for 6G Technology
Several motivations list out the development of 6G technology, building upon the advancements and weaknesses/limitations of previous generations:
Demand for Higher Data Rates:
As data consumption continues to be used, driven by video streaming, virtual reality, AR, and other data-intensive applications, there is a growing need for even faster data rates than what 5G provides. So, 6G has the power to fulfill this requirement.
Ultralow Latency Requirements:
Today real-time applications such as autonomous vehicles, remote surgery, and real-time gaming demand ultralow latency to ensure quick response times. So, 6G aims to achieve latencies as low as one millisecond or less, surpassing the capabilities of current networks.
Massive Connectivity:
Today internet connected things or IoT is expanding rapidly, with billions of devices expected to be connected in different applications in the coming years. 6G looks to support this huge connectivity, enabling continuous communication between a large number of connected devices (IoTs).
Spectrum Efficiency and Utilization:
With spectrum becoming increasingly crowded, 6G aims to utilize higher frequencies, including terahertz bands, to increase spectrum efficiency and accommodate more users and devices.
Energy Efficiency:
As environmental issues grow, there is a huge requirement for more energy-efficient wireless technologies. Here, 6G aims to optimize energy consumption, prolong battery life for mobile devices, and reduce the carbon footprint of communication networks.
Enhanced Security and Privacy:
Apart from all services, when we focused on cyber threats and privacy issues, 6G has the capability to add required advanced security features, such as quantum-resistant encryption and enhanced authentication mechanisms, to safeguard communication and data transmission.
Support for Emerging Technologies:
6G aims to provide the foundation for emerging technologies that may not yet be fully realized, such as holographic communication, brain–computer interfaces, and advanced AI-driven applications, by providing the necessary bandwidth, latency, and reliability requirements.
Global Connectivity and Accessibility:
6G looks to bridge the digital divide by providing high-speed connectivity to underserved and remote areas, enabling access to education, healthcare, and economic opportunities to people around the world.
In summary, 6G technology comes out with even greater performance, efficiency, and capabilities which can be used to fulfill the evolving needs of society and enable transformative applications that were previously only imagined (in the 20th century) [5, 6].
1.4 Literature Review
In [23], with 6G, there are no more restrictions on the data throughput, allowing for hyper-connectivity. There are several important technologies, the most notable of which are cell-free MIMO and integrated terrestrial/nonterrestrial networks. The hyper-connectivity of 6G relies on several technologies. Responses to issues with future hyper-connected 6G networks, permit Tbps data rates, completely covered networks, and ubiquitous computing. Important technologies include distributed computing, integrated terrestrial and nonterrestrial networks, and cell-free massively multiuser MIMO.
In [24], new applications can take advantage of ultrafast intelligent networks which made possible by 6G technology such as IoT, AI, extended reality (ER), and global coverage. These are the few examples of promising technology; which identifies the technologies that are facilitating 6G development and details recent advances in the area. An unbiased evaluation of these technologies and the factors that can slow their adoption is given in this article. The research delves into the latest innovations in 6G connectivity and the enabling technologies. Providing an unbiased assessment of these technologies, it also highlights possible roadblocks that could limit their adoption. There will be too many new uses for 5G technology to handle by 2030. There will come a time when upgrading from 5G to 6G is necessary.
In [25], with 6G, many services, including situational awareness and connected intelligence, may be delivered. Technologies that allow access to several dimensions, intelligence at the network’s edge, and system orchestration are important. 6G operational objectives, KPIs, and enabling technology were examined. Various services, situational awareness, and connected intelligence have their key performance indicators set. 6G aims to realize value by integrating communication and information technology capabilities. Among the most crucial technologies are an intelligent multidimensional multiple access system and edge intelligence. When it comes to facilitating future applications, existing 5G technology has challenges. Note that strict actions to resource constraints are essential while meeting a broad range of criteria.
In [26], 6G intelligent devices are linked over the IoTs to provide rapid data processing. Distributed ledger technology (or blockchain) increases confidence and safety in IoT applications. Problems, advantages, and possible directions for further research are covered in this work. IoT integration with blockchain technology is made possible by 6G hardware revolutionary new technologies such as blockchain and the IoT are on the horizon. The potential benefits, drawbacks, and uses of this technology are examined in this analysis work. Increased connectivity provides several challenges to privacy and security.
In [27], with 6G technology, interactive multimedia communication networks may provide users with a better experience. 6G technologies have been created to handle problems including compatibility, capacity, latency, and speed. 6G edge device knowledge of context interpolation for supposedly real videos’ slicing needs to be standardized and given a name. The utilization of 6G networks to improve interactive multimedia and hence improve communication. The NSVM method is being used to make future wireless networks have 6G features. Some major technical challenges include issues with transmission speed, latency, capacity, compatibility, and accessibility. Note that many problems arise for multimedia apps due to the ever-increasing need for networking.
In [28], 6G is faster and more advanced than 5G, and it controls the strength of the signal. It allows for highly directivity communication systems that are secure, adaptive, and capable of dynamically changing the direction of transmission. Manage the coverage area and the terahertz beam’s direction. For 6G communication systems to be operational, they must be secure, flexible, and highly directed, allowing for 6G-level secure, flexible, and highly directive communication networks. Note that wireless power transfer, zoom imaging, and remote sensing are some of the benefits.
In [29], with 4G and 6G, respectively, users can experience ultralow latency, lightning-fast connectivity, huge connections, and useful applications. The incredibly high-performance standards of future mobile communications will be met by 6G networks. An outline of the 6G system’s goals, specifications, design, and possible implementations can be found in many articles. Such articles serve as a blueprint for 6G networks to grow with a rapid pace. Note that currently established performance benchmarks are not satisfied by 5G capabilities. Also, several difficulties arise in 5G environments like using high levels of energy, extreme density, and a large range of motion.
In [30], 6G is adjacent to several technologies, including terahertz, holographic, cell-free communication, and wireless power transfer. High data throughput, very low latency, and security should all be top priorities. Overall throughput is an area where 6G is expected to outperform 5G. 6G wireless enables smart applications such as healthcare, smart cities, and the Industrial Internet of Things. The challenges that emerge when building intelligent systems using state-of-the-art technologies are addressed by 6G. Implementing improvements to network design in 6G allows for minimal latency.
In [31], network slicing, edge computing, AI, and blockchain are some of the technologies that will power 6G. Security and privacy-enhancing technologies are integral to the Internet of Vehicle (IoV). Improved performance, reliability, and security are provided by C-V2X technology. Focusing on the confidentiality and safety of upcoming wireless networks, studies are essential for future work. Securing connections between V2X devices with the use of 6G-enabling technology, the privacy and security of the IoV must be addressed. Some of the limitations of 5G include extremely low latency, excellent reliability, and massive connections. Security and privacy are major issues due to malicious attacks.
In [32], among the characteristics that 6G networks support are extremely low latency, excellent reliability, and security. Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) will be radically altered by the technologies made possible by 6G about linked vehicles. Automated and connected vehicles have recently experienced a meteoric rise in popularity; introducing smart transport networks with the rapid growth of 6G networks. 6G networks will revolutionize ITS in the future. Unprecedented, trustworthy, and efficient massive connectivity for users and vehicles should be made available.
Note that the restrictions include utmost security, very low latency, and great reliability. Intelligent transport systems are rapidly adopting 6G-wireless networks.
1.5 Key Features and Objectives of 6G in Modern Era
In the modern era, 6G technology consists of several key features and objectives to address the growing demands of connectivity, data rates, latency, and emerging applications. Now here are some of the key features and objectives of 6G, which can be discussed as (also refer to Figure 1.3):
Ultrahigh Data Rates:
6G aims to achieve even higher data rates than 5G, potentially reaching speeds of multiple Tbps. This will enable continuous streaming of 8K and higher-resolution videos, huge file transfers, and ultrahigh-definition virtual and AR experiences.
Ultralow Latency:
One of the primary objectives of 6G is to reduce latency to unique levels, potentially reaching sub-millisecond latency. This will enable real-time communication for applications such as autonomous vehicles, remote surgery, and industrial automation, where split-second decisions are important.
Terahertz Communication:
Utilizing terahertz frequencies, 6G aims to significantly increase spectrum bandwidth, allowing for higher data rates and more efficient use of spectrum resources. Terahertz communication also opens up new possibilities for imaging, sensing, and high-speed wireless networking.
AI Integration:
AI will play an important role in 6G networks, enabling intelligent network management, optimization, and security. AI-driven algorithms will dynamically allocate resources, optimize energy efficiency, and adapt to changing network conditions in real time [
15
–
22
].
Security and Privacy:
6G will prioritize security and privacy, implementing robust encryption mechanisms, authentication protocols, and privacy-enhancing technologies. This includes quantum-resistant encryption, secures multiparty computation, and decentralizes identity management systems.
Figure 1.3 Key features of 6G.
Energy Efficiency:
With sustainability becoming increasingly important, 6G aims to improve energy efficiency by optimizing network architecture, reducing power consumption in devices, and implementing energy-efficient transmission techniques. This will extend battery life for mobile devices and reduce the environmental footprint of communication networks.
Global Coverage and Accessibility:
6G looks to provide ubiquitous connectivity, bridging the digital divide and ensuring that even remote and underserved areas have access to high-speed internet. This will enable equitable access to education, healthcare, economic opportunities, and information resources worldwide/globally.
Support for Emerging Technologies:
6G will provide the base for emerging technologies such as holographic communication, brain–computer interfaces, digital twinning, and immersive virtual experiences. Hence, by providing the necessary bandwidth, latency, and reliability, 6G will enable the globally adoption of these transformative technologies [
7
,
8
].
In summary, 6G aims to push the boundaries of wireless communication, by unlocking new levels of speed, responsiveness, connectivity, and intelligence to support the society’s evolving needs and drive innovation in the modern era. Hence, Figure 1.2 shows several features of 6G in detail.
1.6 Advantages vs Disadvantages of 6G
Table 1.1 explains the advantages vs disadvantages of 6G in detail. Also, a few advantages and disadvantages of 6G technology [8, 9] are explained in brief here as:
1.6.1 Advantages of 6G
Ultrahigh Data Rates:
6G is expected to deliver unique data rates, enabling faster download and upload speeds for users, continuous streaming of high-resolution content, and support for emerging bandwidth-intensive applications.
Ultralow Latency:
With sub-millisecond latency, 6G will enable real-time communication and responsiveness, supporting applications such as autonomous vehicles, remote surgery, and industrial automation with extremely low delay.
Huge Connectivity:
6G will provide the continuous connection of billions or even trillions of devices, enabling the IoT to reach its full potential and support a wide range of smart devices and sensors.
Terahertz Communication:
We utilize terahertz frequencies, 6G will provide significantly increased spectrum bandwidth, allowing for higher data rates and more efficient use of spectrum resources, unlocking new possibilities for wireless communication and applications.
AI Integration:
AI will play an important role in 6G networks, enabling intelligent network management, optimization, and security, which lead to more efficient and adaptive communication systems.
Security and Privacy:
6G will implement advanced security measures, including quantum-resistant encryption and privacy-enhancing technologies, to ensure robust protection against cyber threats and safeguard user privacy.
Energy Efficiency:
Through optimization techniques and energy-efficient transmission methods, 6G aims to reduce power consumption in devices and networks, extending battery life for mobile devices and minimizing the environmental impact of communication systems.
Table 1.1 Advantages and disadvantages of 6G technology.
Technique
Advantage
Disadvantage
Effective Charging Distance
Applications
Magnetic inductive coupling
Simple implementation.
Safe for humans.
Short charging distance.
Needs tight alignment between chargers and charging devices.
Heating effect.
From a few millimeters to a few centimeters.
Mobile electronics (e.g., smartphones and tablets).
RFID tags, contactless.
Smartcards.
Magnetic resonance coupling
Loose alignment.
Nonline-of-sight charging.
Charging multiple devices simultaneously on different power.
High charging efficiency.
Limited charging distance.
Complex implementation.
From a few centimeters to a few meters.
Mobile electronics.
Home appliances (e.g., TV and desktop).
Electric vehicle charging.
Microwave radiation (nondirective RF radiation)
Long effective charging distance.
Suitable for mobile applications.
Line-of-sight charging.
Low charging efficiency.
Not safe when the RF density exposure is high.
Typically, within several tens of meters, up to several kilometers. Suitable for mobile applications.
RFID cards.
Wireless sensors, implanted body devices.
LEDs.
Distributed laser charging
High power, safe.
Multiple-Rx charging.
Compact size.
EMI free.
SWIFT ready.
Suitable for mobile applications.
Line of sight required.
Low charging efficiency.
Up to 10 m.
Mobile devices (e.g., cell phone, laptop, tablet, wearable devices, and drone).
Consumer electronics (e.g., projector and speaker).
Wireless sensors.
LEDs.
Global Coverage and Accessibility:
6G aims to provide ubiquitous connectivity, bridging the digital divide and ensuring that even remote and unidentified areas have access to high-speed internet and advanced communication services.
1.6.2 Disadvantages of 6G
Infrastructure Costs:
Implementing 6G networks will require huge investment in infrastructure, which includes upgrading existing infrastructure and deploying new base stations and equipment, which could be more costly.
Technological Challenges:
Developing and standardizing 6G technologies may face technical challenges, such as overcoming signal attenuation at terahertz frequencies, managing interference, and ensuring interoperability with existing systems.
Regulatory and Spectrum Issues:
Allocating and regulating spectrum for 6G usage may face regulatory difficulties and coordination challenges, especially considering the limited availability of spectrum in certain frequency bands.
Security Issues:
While 6G aims to enhance security, the increasing complexity and connectivity of networks could also introduce new vulnerabilities and attack vectors, requiring continuous efforts to mitigate security risks.
Privacy Risks:
With the rapid growth of connected devices and data-related applications, there are issues about the potential for increased surveillance and privacy breaches, which require robust privacy protections and data governance mechanisms.
Digital Divide Widening:
While 6G aims to bridge the digital divide, there is a risk that inequalities in access to advanced communication technologies could widen if not addressed through targeted policies and initiatives.
Hence, as with previous generations of wireless technology, there may be ongoing debates and research regarding potential health effects associated with more exposure to electromagnetic radiation from 6G networks and devices.
In summary, while 6G technology provides huge possibilities for advancing communication and connectivity, it will be essential to address these challenges effectively to realize its full potential while minimizing potential drawbacks.
1.7 Open Issues and Important Challenges Toward 6G-Enabled Technologies
As we move toward 6G-enabled technologies, several open issues and important challenges need to be addressed:
Terahertz Communication:
Utilizing terahertz frequencies for communication faces huge challenges due to high atmospheric attenuation and absorption, requiring innovative solutions to overcome signal loss and maintain reliable connectivity.
Spectrum Allocation and Regulation:
Allocating and regulating spectrum for 6G usage, especially in the terahertz range, requires international coordination, spectrum-sharing agreements, and addressing potential interference issues with existing services [
10
,
11
].
Signal Propagation and Coverage:
Terahertz signals have a limited propagation range and are easily attenuated by obstacles, facing challenges in achieving sufficient coverage and maintaining connectivity in urban environments and indoor spaces.
Antenna Design and Beamforming:
Developing efficient antenna designs and beamforming techniques capable of focusing and directing terahertz signals over short distances while mitigating interference and signal degradation is essential for 6G networks.
Energy Efficiency:
Terahertz communication and advanced processing capabilities in 6G devices may require huge power consumption, facing challenges for energy efficiency, battery life, and thermal management in mobile devices and infrastructure.
Security and Privacy:
6G networks will need to address evolving cybersecurity threats, including potential vulnerabilities in terahertz communication, AI-driven network management, and distributed computing architectures while ensuring user privacy and data protection [
12
–
17
].
Interoperability and Standards:
Developing flexible 6G standards and protocols to enable continuous connectivity, roaming, and compatibility between diverse devices, networks, and applications is important for doing more innovation and market adoption.
AI Integration and Ethics:
Integrating AI into 6G networks raises ethical issues related to algorithm bias, data privacy, and autonomous decision-making, which require transparent governance frameworks and responsible AI practices.
Digital Inclusion and Equity:
Ensuring equitable access to 6G-enabled technologies, filling the digital divide, and addressing socioeconomic inequalities in connectivity and digital literacy are essential for promoting wide-ranging and sustainable development.
Environmental Impact:
Assessing and mitigating the environmental footprint of 6G infrastructure and devices, including energy consumption, electronic waste, and resource extraction, is important for promoting environmentally sustainable technology deployment.
Regulatory Frameworks and Policies:
Developing flexible regulatory frameworks and policies that promote innovation, competition, and investment in 6G technologies while safeguarding consumer rights, privacy, and public interest is essential for making a supportive ecosystem.
Hence, addressing these open issues and important challenges will require collaborative efforts from industry users/experts, policymakers, regulators, researchers, and civil society to realize the transformative potential of 6G-enabled technologies while mitigating risks and maximizing societal benefits.
1.8 Future Research Opportunities Toward 6G-Enabled Technologies in Near Future
There are several research opportunities for 6G-enabled technologies abound, which provide platforms for innovation and advancement across various domains. Now we will discuss some future research opportunities related to 6G technologies in the near future, as:
Terahertz Communication:
We investigate novel modulation schemes, antenna designs, and signal processing techniques to overcome the challenges of terahertz communication, including signal attenuation, propagation loss, and beamforming optimization.
Advanced Materials and Components:
We discuss new materials and metamaterials for terahertz devices, such as antennas, waveguides, and filters, to enhance performance, reduce size, and enable integration with existing semiconductor technologies.
AI-Driven Network Optimization:
We develop machine learning algorithms and AI-driven optimization techniques for dynamic spectrum allocation, resource management, and network orchestration in 6G networks, considering diverse use cases, traffic patterns, and quality-of-service requirements.
Privacy-Preserving Technologies:
We design privacy-preserving mechanisms, such as differential privacy, secure multiparty computation, and homomorphic encryption, to protect user data and ensure privacy in AI-driven network analytics, personalized services, and data sharing scenarios.
Quantum-Safe Cryptography:
We investigate quantum-resistant cryptographic algorithms and protocols to secure communication and data transmission in 6G networks against quantum computing attacks, ensuring long-term security and resilience.
Edge Computing and Distributed Intelligence:
We discuss edge computing architectures, federated learning frameworks, and distributed intelligence paradigms to support low-latency, context-aware applications, and services in 6G networks, enabling real-time decision-making and personalized experiences.
Wireless Sensing and Imaging:
We develop terahertz-based sensing and imaging technologies for applications in healthcare, security screening, industrial inspection, and environmental monitoring, using the unique properties of terahertz waves for noninvasive and high-resolution sensing.
Energy-Efficient Design:
We investigate energy-efficient communication protocols, power amplifiers, and circuit designs for 6G devices and networks to minimize energy consumption, prolong battery life, and reduce the environmental footprint of wireless communication.
Blockchain and Distributed Ledger Technologies:
We discuss the integration of blockchain and distributed ledger technologies into 6G networks for decentralized identity management, secure transactions, and trusted data sharing among users, devices, and applications [
17
–
20
].
Human–Machine Interaction:
We investigate human–machine interaction technologies, such as brain–computer interfaces, effective feedback systems, and interactive interfaces, to enable natural and intuitive interactions with 6G-enabled devices, virtual environments, and AR applications.
Ethical and Societal Implications:
We address the ethical, legal, and societal issues of 6G-enabled technologies, including issues related to algorithmic bias, digital inclusion, data ownership, and autonomous decision-making, and develop governance frameworks to ensure responsible innovation and equitable deployment.
Hence, by focusing on these research opportunities, the global research community can contribute to the development of 6G-enabled technologies that not only push the boundaries of wireless communication but also address pressing societal needs, promote sustainable development, and empower individuals and communities worldwide. We can find several applications of 6G-based systems in Figure 1.4.
1.9 An Open Discussion for 6G-Enabled Technologies-Based Modern Society
An open discussion about 6G-enabled technologies and their potential impact on modern society can be discussed and listed out the following summary points:
Connectivity Revolution:
6G promises to revolutionize connectivity by providing ultrahigh data rates, ultralow latency, and a large number of device connectivity. How do we think this will reshape the way we interact with technology and each other in our daily lives?
Transformative Applications:
With 6G, we can expect the emergence of transformative applications across various sectors, including healthcare, transportation, manufacturing, entertainment, etc. What are some innovative applications we envision for 6G technology, and how might they benefit society?
Figure 1.4 6G-based system’s future applications.
Digital Inclusion:
While 6G holds the promise of advanced connectivity, there is a risk of widening the digital divide if access remains unequal. How can we ensure that 6G technology is accessible and inclusive for all members of society, regardless of geographical location or socioeconomic status?
Privacy and Security:
As connectivity increases, so do issues about privacy and security. How can we strike the right balance between harnessing the benefits of 6G-enabled technologies and safeguarding individual privacy and cybersecurity?
Environmental Sustainability:
6G technology has the potential to consume huge energy and resources. How can we design and implement 6G networks and devices in a way that minimizes their environmental impact and contributes to sustainability?
Ethical Issues:
The development and deployment of 6G technology raise important ethical issues, including questions about data ownership, algorithmic bias, and the ethical use of AI. How can we ensure that 6G-enabled technologies are developed and deployed ethically and responsibly?
Regulatory Frameworks:
As discussed above, policymakers and regulators play an important role in shaping the deployment of 6G technology. What regulatory frameworks and policies are needed to foster innovation, protect consumer rights, and ensure fair competition in the 6G ecosystem?
International Collaboration:
6G is a global effort that requires collaboration and cooperation across borders. How can countries, companies, and research institutions work together to accelerate the development and standardization of 6G technology on a global scale?
In last, the success of 6G-enabled technologies will be measured by their impact on society. How do you think 6G will shape the future of work, education, healthcare, and other aspects of our lives? Such questions need to be answered by the scientific society in the near future.
