6LoWPAN E-Book

Zach Shelby

• Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
• Kategorie: Wissenschaft und neue Technologien
• Serie: Wiley Series in Communications Technology
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 420

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2011

Beschreibung

"It is stunningly thorough and takes readers meticulously through the design, configuration and operation of IPv6-based, low-power, potentially mobile radio-based networking."
—Vint Cerf, Vice President and Chief Internet Evangelist, Google

This book provides a complete overview of IPv6 over Low Power Wireless Area Network (6LoWPAN) technology

In this book, the authors provide an overview of the 6LoWPAN family of standards, architecture, and related wireless and Internet technology. Starting with an overview of the IPv6 'Internet of Things', readers are offered an insight into how these technologies fit together into a complete architecture. The 6LoWPAN format and related standards are then covered in detail. In addition, the authors discuss the building and operation of 6LoWPAN networks, including bootstrapping, routing, security, Internet ingration, mobility and application protocols. Furthermore, implementation aspects of 6LoWPAN are covered.

Key Features:

• Demonstrates how the 6LoWPAN standard makes the latest Internet protocols available to even the most minimal embedded devices over low-rate wireless networks
• Provides an overview of the 6LoWPAN standard, architecture and related wireless and Internet technology, and explains the 6LoWPAN protocol format in detail
• Details operational topics such as bootstrapping, routing, security, Internet integration, mobility and application protocols
• Written by expert authors with vast experience in the field (industrial and academic)
• Includes an accompanying website containing tutorial slides, course material and open-source code with examples (6lowpan.net)

6LoWPAN: The Wireless Embedded Internet is an invaluable reference for professionals working in fields such as telecommunications, control, and embedded systems. Advanced students and teachers in electrical engineering, information technology and computer science will also find this book useful.

Leseprobe

Contents

List of Figures

List of Tables

Foreword

Preface

Acknowledgments

1 Introduction

1.1 The Wireless Embedded Internet

1.2 The 6LoWPAN Architecture

1.3 6LoWPAN Introduction

1.4 Network Example

2 The 6LoWPAN Format

2.1 Functionsof anAdaptationLayer

2.2 Assumptions About the Link Layer

2.3 The Basic 6LoWPAN Format

2.4 Addressing

2.5 Forwarding and Routing

2.6 Header Compression

2.7 Fragmentation and Reassembly

2.8 Multicast

3 Bootstrapping and Security

3.1 Commissioning

3.2 Neighbor Discovery

3.3 Security

4 Mobility and Routing

4.1 Mobility

4.2 Routing

4.3 IPv4 Interconnectivity

5 Application Protocols

5.1 Introduction

5.2 Design Issues

5.3 Protocol Paradigms

5.4 Common Protocols

6 Using 6LoWPAN

6.1 Chip Solutions

6.2 ProtocolStacks

6.3 Application Development

6.4 Edge Router Integration

7 System Examples

7.1 ISA100 Industrial Automation

7.2 Wireless RFID Infrastructure

7.3 Building Energy Savings and Management

8 Conclusion

A IPv6 Reference

A.1 Notation

A.2 Addressing

A.3 IPv6 Neighbor Discovery

A.4 IPv6 Stateless Address Autoconfiguration

B IEEE 802.15.4 Reference

B.1 Introduction

B.2 Overall Packet Format

B.3 MAC-layer Security

List of Abbreviations

Glossary

References

Index

WILEY SERIES IN COMMUNICATIONS NETWORKING & DISTRIBUTED SYSTEMS

Series Editor: David Hutchison, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK

Serge Fdida, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France

Joe Sventek, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK

The ‘Wiley Series in Communications Networking & Distributed Systems’ is a series of expert-level, technically detailed books covering cutting-edge research, and brand new developments as well as tutorial-style treatments in networking, middleware and software technologies for communications and distributed systems. The books will provide timely and reliable information about the state-of-the-art to researchers, advanced students and development engineers in the Telecommunications and the Computing sectors.

Titles in the series:

Wright: Voice over Packet Networks 0-471-49516-6 (February 2001)

Jepsen: Java for Telecommunications 0-471-49826-2 (July 2001)

Sutton: Secure Communications 0-471-49904-8 (December 2001)

Stajano: Security for Ubiquitous Computing 0-470-84493-0 (February 2002)

Martin-Flatin: Web-Based Management of IP Networks and Systems 0-471-48702-3 (September 2002) Berman, Fox, Hey: Grid Computing. Making the Global Infrastructure a Reality 0-470-85319-0 (March 2003)

Turner, Magill, Marples: Service Provision. Technologies for Next Generation Communications 0-470-85066-3 (April 2004)

Welzl: Network Congestion Control: Managing Internet Traffic 0-470-02528-X (July 2005)

Raz, Juhola, Serrat-Fernandez, Galis: Fast and Efficient Context-Aware Services 0-470-01668-X (April 2006)

Heckmann: The Competitive Internet Service Provider 0-470-01293-5 (April 2006)

Dressler: Self-Organization in Sensor and Actor Networks 0-470-02820-3 (November 2007)

Berndt: Towards 4G Technologies: Services with Initiative 0-470-01031-2 (March 2008)

Jacquenet, Bourdon, Boucadair: Service Automation and Dynamic Provisioning Techniques in IP/MPLS Environments 0-470-01829-1 (March 2008)

Minei/Lucek: MPLS-Enabled Applications: Emerging Developments and New Technologies, Second Edition 0-470-98644-1 (April 2008)

Gurtov: Host Identity Protocol (HIP): Towards the Secure Mobile Internet 0-470-99790-7 (June 2008)

Boucadair: Inter-Asterisk Exchange (IAX): Deployment Scenarios in SIP-enabled Networks 0-470-77072-4 (January 2009)

Fitzek: Mobile Peer to Peer (P2P): A Tutorial Guide 0-470-69992-2 (June 2009)

Shelby: 6LoWPAN: The Wireless Embedded Internet 0-470-74799-4 (November 2009)

Stavdas: Core and Metro Networks 0-470-51274-1 (February 2010)

This edition first published 2009

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Shelby, Zach.

6LoWPAN: the wireless embedded internet/Zach Shelby and Carsten Bormann.

p. cm.

Includes bibliographical references and index.

ISBN 978-0-470-74799-5 (cloth)

1. Wireless Internet. 2. Wireless communication systems-Standards. 3. Low voltage systems. I. Bormann, Carsten. II. Title.

TK5103.4885.S52 2009

621.384–dc22

2009026837

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.

ISBN 9780470747995 (H/B)

List of Figures

1.1 Wireless embedded 6LoWPAN device 1.2 The Internet of Things vision 1.3 The relation of 6LoWPAN to related standards and alliances 1.4 Example of a personal fitness monitoring application 1.5 Example of an industrial safety application 1.6 An example of a facility management system including an automatic metering infrastructure (AMI) 1.7 The 6LoWPAN architecture 1.8 IP and 6LoWPAN protocol stacks 1.9 IPv6 edge router with 6LoWPAN support 1.10 6LoWPAN header compression example 1.11 6LoWPAN/UDP compressed headers (6 bytes) 1.12 Standard IPv6/UDP headers (48 bytes) 1.13 A 6LoWPAN example 2.1 Uncompressed IPv6 packet with 6LoWPAN header 2.2 Composition of an EUI-64 2.3 Composition of an IPv6 address from an EUI-64: U is the inverted L bit 2.4 Interface identifier for 16-bit short addresses 2.5 The IP routing model 2.6 The LoWPAN routing model (L3 routing, “Route-Over”) 2.7 DLL mesh forwarding below the LoWPAN adaptation layer 2.8 LoWPAN adaptation layer mesh forwarding 2.9 Mesh addressing type and header 2.10 Hop-by-hop header compression with two different header compression methods 2.11 HC1-compressed IPv6 packet: without and with HC2 2.12 IPv6 header: non-address fields 2.13 Best-case HC1-/HC2-compressed IPv6 packet 2.14 LOWPAN_IPHC header 2.15 LOWPAN_IPHC traffic class and flow label compression 2.16 LOWPAN_NHC base header for UDP 2.17 LOWPAN_NHC base header for IPv6 extension headers 2.18 LOWPAN_NHC port number compression 2.19 Best-case LOWPAN_IPHC IPv6 packet 2.20 Globally routable best-case LOWPAN_IPHC IPv6 packet 2.21 Fragmentation fields in the IPv4 Header 2.22 IPv6 fragment header 2.23 Non-initial 6LoWPAN fragment 2.24 Initial 6LoWPAN fragment 2.25 The LOWPAN_BC0 broadcast header 2.26 IP multicast address to 16-bit short address mapping 3.1 6LoWPAN information option 3.2 Router Advertisement dissemination 3.3 6LoWPAN summary option 3.4 Basic router discovery and registration process with an edge router 3.5 Node registration/confirmation message format 3.6 Address option format 3.7 Example: Node Registration with two address options 3.8 Example: Node Confirmation with two address options 3.9 Example: the second address option in a refresh NR message 3.10 The transaction ID (TID) sequence number lollipop 3.11 Router performing ICMP relay on the NR/NC messages 3.12 The registration process: multihop operation 3.13 Extended LoWPAN operation as a binding moves to a new edge router 3.14 Owner interface identifier option 3.15 Encapsulating security payload (ESP) packet format 3.16 ESP payload encrypted with AES/CCM 4.1 An industrial asset management application where mobility is common 4.2 The difference between micro-mobility and macro-mobility 4.3 Network mobility example 4.4 Example of Mobile IPv6 used with 6LoWPAN 4.5 Example of a proxy Home Agent located on an edge router 4.6 Example of PMIPv6 with 6LoWPAN 4.7 Example of the basic NEMO protocol working with 6LoWPAN 4.8 Stack view of forwarding inside the LoWPAN and across the edge router 4.9 Topology view of forwarding inside the LoWPAN and across the edge router 4.10 Example of reactive distance-vector routing 4.11 The ROLL architecture 4.12 Examples of upstream and downstream forwarding with ROLL 4.13 Border routing example 4.14 Configured IPv6-in-IPv4 tunneling example 5.1 Applications process communication occurs through Internet sockets 5.2 The relationship of common IP protocols 5.3 Application design issues to consider and where they occur in a LoWPAN 5.4 End-to-end and proxied application protocol paradigms 5.5 Typical structure of web service content over HTTP/TCP 5.6 The MQTT-S architecture used over 6LoWPAN 5.7 The MQTT-S message structure 5.8 The CAP protocol stack 5.9 The RTP base header 6.1 An example embedded device using a modular two-chip (MSP430+CC2420) design 6.2 Single-chip solution architecture 6.3 Two-chip solution architecture 6.4 Network processor solution architecture 6.5 The Contiki architecture 6.6 The NanoStack architecture 6.7 Example use of a socket-like API 6.8 Edge router with a 6LoWPAN network interface 7.1 The ISA100 network architecture 7.2 Forwarding at the link-layer through the ISA100 protocol stack 7.3 The Idesco Cardea system architecture 7.4 The wireless communications between Cardea components 7.5 The typical network architecture of a LessTricity deployment 7.6 The Jennic 6LoWPAN stack with the LessTricity application A.1 IPv6 packet header A.2 IPv6 packet header in box notation A.3 IPv6 link-local address A.4 IPv6 global unicast address A.5 IPv6 multicast address A.6 Flag values for IPv6 multicast addresses A.7 General format of ICMPv6 messages A.8 General format of an ICMPv6 message option A.9 IPv6 Router Advertisement message A.10 IPv6 Router Solicitation message A.11 IPv6 ND prefix information option B.1 Overall structure of the IEEE 802.15.4 data packet B.2 The security subheader in an IEEE 802.15.4 data packet

Foreword

You are holding (or perhaps reading online or in an e-book) a remarkable volume. I have been a proponent of IPv6 and an enthusiastic adopter of sensor networks for some time. I am using a commercially available 6LoWPAN system to monitor my home and especially the wine cellar. You may imagine my positive reaction to the book you are reading now. It is stunningly thorough and takes readers meticulously through the design, configuration and operation of IPv6-based, low-power, potentially mobile radio-based networking.

In reading through this book, I was struck also by the thoughtful framing of issues that reach beyond the specifics of 6LoWPAN and go to the heart of many aspects of Internet protocol design. For example, general problems, such as packet fragmentation, are explained in the context of the standard Internet protocols and then, more particularly, in the context of 6LoWPAN. This technique helps to place issues into broader contexts and takes advantage of knowledge that readers may have already of the Internet Architecture.

Sensor network utility seems to me indisputable and consequently, this book has wideranging implications for anyone thinking about the proliferation of sensor networks, the need for significant address space to support them, and their integration into the present IPv4 Internet and the future IPv6 Internet. The special requirements imposed by battery-powered operation, radio-based communication and potentially mobile operation motivate the need for books of this caliber. Whoever said “the devil is in the details” might well have had 6LoWPAN in mind!

I found the sections on mobility particularly helpful and the term “micro-mobility” especially illuminating. Mobility in the Internet’s design has long been a problem area and I had been puzzled by this since the original Internet included two mobile packet radio networks (in the San Francisco Bay area and Fort Bragg, North Carolina). It is clear that the mobility conferred by these networks was confined to mobility within a given packet radio system, in other words, micro-mobility as defined by the authors. That’s the easy kind. The hard kind is when the IP address of the mobile node has to change to reflect a new topological access point into the Internet. It is that kind of mobility that has not been well served by present-day Internet protocols. There is still much work to be done to handle this better. The need for a Home Agent is a reflection of the awkwardnessof IP mobility in general. The 6LoWPAN design does the best it can to deal with this, within the present-day IPv6 architecture.

Routing in low-power, lossy environments has been taken up by the ROLL working group in the Internet Engineering Task Force. In addition, the Mobile Ad-Hoc Network (MANET) working group has also tackled aspects of this problem. These sections of the book are extremely valuable for their pedagogical utility to say nothing of the practical consideration they give to this vexing problem area.

I found the sections on Applications (Chapter 5) especially interesting since that is where all the real action is. Figure 5.3 is a beautiful example of using simple diagrams to localize problem areas and issues. This chapter highlighted for me the importance of matching the applications to the underlying capability of the network(s) through which the application must operate. If end-to-end connectivity is not guaranteed, applications need to incorporate awareness of this if they are to operate successfully and effectively, for example. Blindly layering protocols accustomed to reliable, speedy and sequenced delivery on critical network components that cannot provide such guarantees will generally produce unsatisfactory results.

As we enter into a period where sensors networks become an integral part of energy management, building automation, and other applications, it is highly desirable to standardize application infrastructure to enable interoperability among systems from many vendors. In Chapter 5, we encounter ideas that enable the experience obtained from the proprietary ZigBee space to be adapted to operate in the UDP/IP/6LoWPAN space. It is encouraging to see such efforts at synthesizing commonality to increase interoperability and to enable competitive offerings. The so-called CAP protocol is the key element at work and strikes me as an important contribution to the Internet protocol library. The chapter finishes with a very useful compendium and summary of a variety of proprietary protocols that ultimately will have to be adapted to work in a more standard Internet environment to be broadly useful.

The convergence of ZigBee protocols with Internet-oriented ones, in the 6LoWPAN context, and the creation of the IP for Smart Objects (IPSO) alliance are healthy indications that the ad hoc solutions for low-power networking are beginning to coalesce into interoperable designs that can become the core of the Internet of Things. I cannot see all the ramifications of this emerging consensus but it is fair to say that it will deliver an information-rich environment in which to invent new applications and provide feedback that will enable wiser choices leading to an environmentally smarter society.

Vint Cerf

Vice-president and Chief Internet Evangelist, Google

Preface

The Internet of Things is considered to be the next big opportunity, and challenge, for the Internet engineering community, users of technology, companies and society as a whole. It involves connecting embedded devices such as sensors, home appliances, weather stations and even toys to Internet Protocol (IP) based networks. The number of IP-enabled embedded devices is increasing rapidly, and although hard to estimate, will surely outnumber the number of personal computers (PCs) and servers in the future. With the advances made over the past decade in microcontroller, low-power radio, battery and microelectronic technology, the trend in the industry is for smart embedded devices (called smart objects) to become IP-enabled, and an integral part of the latest services on the Internet. These services are no longer cyber, just including data created by humans, but are to become very connected to the physical world around us by including sensor data, the monitoring and control of machines, and other kinds of physical context. We call this latest frontier of the Internet, consisting of wireless low-power embedded devices, the Wireless Embedded Internet. Applications that this new frontier of the Internet enable are critical to the sustainability, efficiency and safety of society and include home and building automation, healthcare, energy efficiency, smart grids and environmental monitoring to name just a few.

Standards for the Internet are set by the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF). A new set of IETF standards for IPv6 over low-power wireless area networks (6LoWPAN) will be a key technology for the Wireless Embedded Internet. Originally WPAN stood for wireless Personal area network, a term inherited from IEEE 802.15.4, which is no longer descriptivefor the wide range of applications for 6LoWPAN. In this book we use the term low-power wireless area network (LoWPAN). This book is all about 6LoWPAN, giving a complete overview of the technology, its application, related standards along with real-life deployment and implementationconsiderations. The low-power networkingindustry, from ZigBee ad hoc control to industrial automation standards like ISA100, is quickly converging to the use of IP technology, and IPv6 in particular. 6LoWPAN plays an important role in this convergence of heterogeneous technologies, interest groups and applications behind Internet technology.

This book is meant to be an introduction and reference to understanding and applying 6LoWPAN for use by experts in embedded systems, networking or Internet applications, by both undergrad and postgrad engineering students as well as by lecturers. The book has been designed, along with its accompanying material, to be directly used as the basis for an intensive short course on 6LoWPAN, or as a module in a full course.

Please visit the official web-site of the book at http://6lowpan.net. There you will find accompanying material for the book, including course material and 6LoWPAN programming exercises. An interactive 6LoWPAN blog by the authors, along with other 6LoWPAN material is also available at the site. We would love to hear your comments, ideas and advice. In order to get the most out of this book it is recommended that the reader has background understandingof the Internet architecture [RFC1958, RFC3439], IPv6 [RFC2460, RFC4291, RFC4861] along with wireless communication basics. The book makes wide use of references to Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) Request For Comments (RFC)

[RFCxxxx] and Internet-Draft (I-D) [ID-xx-xx-xx] documents, which are accessible freely and easily at http://www.ietf.org. Keep in mind that Internet-Drafts are a work in progress as part of the IETF standardization process, and change frequently before possibly becoming an RFC.

The book is organized as follows. Chapter 1 gives an overview of the Wireless Embedded Internet, 6LoWPAN and its architecture. Chapter 2 introduces the 6LoWPAN format, features and addressing in detail, and explains how it works in practice. Chapter 3 looks at bootstrapping 6LoWPAN networks using Neighbor Discovery, and security issues related to these networks. Chapter 4 looks at the important topic of mobility issues and routing, both inside 6LoWPAN networks and with the Internet. Application protocols are considered in Chapter 5. Finally implementation issues related to using 6LoWPAN in embedded devices and routers are covered in Chapter 6 and several examples of systems using 6LoWPAN are given in Chapter 7 including the ISA100 standard. Conclusions and future challenges are discussed in Chapter 8. For ease of reference, appendices are included with basic information on IPv6 (Appendix A) and IEEE 802.15.4 (Appendix B).

As telecommunications and Internet engineering is a mine field of special terminology, many terms often conflicting, we have included a glossary of the most important terms for understanding the subject as a reference at the end of the book. The relevant IETF documents also include terminology sections in the beginning which can be useful for understanding.

Finally, we make use of IETF style packet header diagrams, which for historical and practical reasons are (even today) drawn using ASCII art! This makes it much easier for the reader to reference IETF documents for further reading on protocol details. An explanation of this format is included in Appendix A.

Zach Shelby and Carsten Bormann

Sensinode, Finland and Universität Bremen TZI, Germany

Acknowledgments

We would first like to thank the people that have collaborated with us on this book. Special acknowledgment goes to Geoff Mulligan, co-chair of the 6LoWPAN working group at the IETF and chairman of the IPSO Alliance, who has collaborated with us since the beginning of this project. Geoff was key in encouraging and helping develop the concept for the book, provided comments on the manuscript and contributed Section 7.1 (ISA100 IndustrialAutomation) of the book. We give thanks to Anthony Schoofs, Oliver Laumann, Pascal Thubert, and Vint Cerf, who have given us very helpful comments during the preparation of the manuscript.

The good people at Wiley have been critical for making this a smooth project. We especially thank Tiina Ruonamaa for giving us the courage to turn a rough idea into a book proposal and finally a book.

The unique culture and resourceful constituency of the Internet Engineering Task Force have made this technology possible in the first place, and have given both of us great experiences over the years. We would like to thank the dedicated and highly motivated people in the 6LoWPAN and ROLL working groups, who have spent the past few years, and several GB of email traffic, developing the concepts and protocols for 6LoWPAN. We would especially like to thank Dominique Barthel, Anders Brandt, Ian Chakeres, Samita Chakrabarti, David Culler, Mischa Dohler, Carles Gomez, Jonathan Hui, Dominik Kaspar, Eunsook “Eunah” Kim, Nandakishore Kushalnagar, Philip Levis, Jerry Martocci, Gabriel Montenegro, Bob Moskowitz, Charlie Perkins, Kris Pister, Anthony Schoofs, Pascal Thubert, JP Vasseur, Thomas Watteyne and Tim Winter. Carsten would like to single out the support he got, and the immense technical input, from IETF area directors Thomas Narten, Margaret Wasserman, Mark Townsley, Jari Arkko, and most recently Ralph Droms, from the 6LoWPAN WG advisor Erik Nordmark and 6LoWPAN WG secretary Christian Peter Pii Schumacher, and especially (again) from his esteemed co-chair Geoff Mulligan.

Zach would like to thank his colleagues at Sensinode, the Center for Wireless Communications, the Technical Research Center of Finland and in the SENSEI project. The people active in the IP Smart Object Alliance also deserve thanks; IPSO has been great for the success of embedded IP in the marketplace. He would especially like to thank Prof. Petri Mähonen and Prof. Carlos Pomalaza-Raez for bringing him under their wings and for their endless encouragement and inspiration. He sends warm thanks to his family, especially to his wife Sari for putting up with this project, and two little girls Selna and Alme who already expect embedded gadgets to do anything possible. Special thanks to Marketta, without whose help this book would not have been possible.

Carsten would like to thank his colleagues at Universität Bremen TZI and at the companies NetCS, Tellique and Lysatiq for sharpening his view on what is a viable, implementable and successful protocol and for fostering the space in which this work could prosper. He especially would like to thank Prof. Jörg Ott, with whom he has had many extremely rewarding interactions about protocol design. Infinite thanks to Prof. Ute Bormann, who has helped him on so many levels, both as a colleague at TZI and as a wonderful wife.