71+10 New Science Projects E-Book

Amit Garg

• Herausgeber: V&S Publishers
• Kategorie: Wissenschaft und neue Technologien
• Sprache: Englisch
• Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2018

Seitenzahl: 149

Beschreibung

Self learning kit

Leseprobe

Published by:

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© Copyright: ISBN 978-935-05720-8-5

DISCLAIMER

While every attempt has been made to provide accurate and timely information in this book, neither the author nor the publisher assumes any responsibility for errors, unintended omissions or commissions detected therein. The author and publisher make no representation or warranty with respect to the comprehensiveness or completeness of the contents provided.

All matters included have been simplified under professional guidance for general information only without any warranty for applicability on an individual. Any mention of an organization or a website in the book by way of citation or as a source of additional information doesn't imply the endorsement of the content either by the author or the publisher. It is possible that websites cited may have changed or removed between the time of editing and publishing the book.

Results from using the expert opinion in this book will be totally dependent on individual circumstances and factors beyond the control of the author and the publisher.

It makes sense to elicit advice from well informed sources before implementing the ideas given in the book. The reader assumes full responsibility for the consequences arising out from reading this book. For proper guidance, it is advisable to read the book under the watchful eyes of parents/guardian. The purchaser of this book assumes all responsibility for the use of given materials and information. The copyright of the entire content of this book rests with the author/publisher. Any infringement/ transmission of the cover design, text or illustrations, in any form, by any means, by any entity will invite legal action and be responsible for consequences thereon.

Preface

Scientific projects and models are an integral part of science education today. To harness the skills of students, models and projects play a vital role and carry much weight in their overall performance, particularly in the 9th, 10th, 11th and 12th standards. Preparing working models has rightly been made compulsory in schools for all major branches of science: Physics, Chemistry, Biology, Botany and Electronics. Working on these models helps students better grasp the basic principles of science involved in the functioning of each model.

Considering these facts, we have painstakingly compiled a series of ideas for preparing models/projects that could be adapted to suit each student’s syllabus. These projects were successfully tested beforehand. Besides, all components used are Indian and easily available in the market.

But in today’s highly competitive times, a book is simply not enough. Therefore, for the first time, Pustak Mahal presents a Rapidex self-learning kit comprising the book 71 +10 New Science Projects and an audio-visual CD. In an easy-to-use format, the kit has been conceived and designed to meet students’ and other users’ aspirations. The graphically animated objects and methods facilitate quick learning.

In addition to meeting the needs of students, this Rapidex self-learning kit is an ideal choice for hobbyists and parents seeking to inculcate a scientific temperament in their children. The projects dealt in this Rapidex self-learning kit are unique but easy to handle.

Furthermore, the scientific explanations in these projects make understanding easier and increase IQ. The 10 new projects in the 15th edition make the book all the more informative and interesting.

My sincere gratitude to all the books that were source material and to my son Rajeev Garg for his help in preparing the manuscript. This revolutionary Rapidex self-learning kit will serve as an indispensable tool for students, hobbyists and other amateur scientists.

— Dr C.L. Garg

Preface to the 14th Edition

The book entitled 71 Science Projects’ has been revised by replacing an old project and adding 10 new electronics projects. These electronics projects will be quite useful for 10 + 2 science students. Now the book has been renamed as 71 +10 New Science Projects’.

Projects

1. Making and controlling a diver

2. Making an abacus

3. Using your abacus for calculations

4. Making a stroboscope

5. Making a weather-indicating flower

6. Demonstrating how clouds are formed

7. Making a siphon fountain

8. Making a model of an elevator

9. Determining the surface tension of water

10. Making a spinning snowman

11. Making a hovercraft

12. Making a clinometer

13. Making an automatic rain-gauge with time indicator

14. Making an anemometer

15. Making an air thermometer

16. Making a wave machine

17. Making a kaleidoscope

18. Making a periscope

19. Making a slide projector

20. Making an astronomical telescope

21. Making a Galilean telescope

22. Making a Newtonian reflecting telescope

23. Making an interferometer

24. Making a strain viewer

25. Making a polarimeter

26. Making a direct vision spectroscope

27. Producing electricity from potatoes

28. Making a dry cell

29. Converting solar energy into electrical

30. Making traffic lights

31. Making an electromagnet

32. Making a magnetic crane

33. Demonstrating electromagnetic induction

34. Demonstrating spectacular levitation

35. Making an electric motor

36. Making an electric buzzer

37. Making a galvanometer

38. Detecting current using the galvanometer

39. Making an electric board of birds’questions

40. Making an electric quiz board

41. Making a railway signal

42. Making a thermoelectric generator

43. Making a chimney for controlling smoke pollution

44. Making an automatic letter alarm

45. Making a Morse code for sending messages

46. Making a fire alarm

47. Switching on a table lamp by a match stick

48. Making an electronic burglar alarm

49. Making a touch alarm

50. Making an electronic timer

51. Making a portable metal detector

52. Making a telephone recording interface

53. Making a light sensitive LDR alarm

54. Making an automatic twilight switch

55. Making a radio set (using a semiconductor)

56. Making a radio set (using a variable capacitor)

57. Making iodoform

58. Detecting adulteration in ghee

59. Extracting fat from oilseeds

60. Finding the composition of water by electrolysis

61. Electroplating a brass key with copper

62. Making a fire extinguisher

63. Making a model active volcano

64. An alternative model of a volcano

65. Demonstrating the destructive distillation of wood

66. Making a chemical photoelectric cell

67. Making a chemical garden

68. Growing crystals of copper sulphate

69. Growing plants without soil

70. Demonstrating the feeding of yeast on sugar

71. Demonstrating the phenomenon of photosynthesis

72. Making an automatic cut off timer

73. Making a direction indicator arrow

74. Making a lie detector based on the changes of skin resistance

75. Making an IC based fire alarm

76. Making a multitone bell

77. Making a water-level indicating alarm

78. Making a power failure indicator

79. Making dancing or disco lights

80. Making a battery operated tube light

81. Making a two transistor radio

Important symbols used in electronic circuits

Additional projects you can try

1. Making and controlling a diver

A diver is a person who explores the underwater world by diving. Divers explore the oceans, lakes and rivers by taking deep dives under the water. They make use of diving suits, breathing tubes, etc. Divers do many important jobs such as studying plant and animal life at the bed of the sea extracting minerals, or even saving people from drowning.

You Require

A glass bottle with a wide mouth

A tight-fitting cork

Aflat piece of plastic

A plastic tube

Adhesive

Thin wire

Scissors

Modelling clay (plasticin)

What To Do

Take an empty glass bottle with a tight-fitting cork. If the cork is dry and rigid, leave it in the water until it becomes flexible, so that it can be pushed down into the mouth of the bottle.

Take a flat plastic sheet and draw the outline of the diver, as shown in the figure. The sheet should be thin enough to fit into the glass bottle. Use scissors to cut the diver to shape.

Take a small piece of the plastic tube from an old ball-point pen. Seal one of its ends with modelling clay or plasticin. The other end should remain open. Glue this tube to the diver with the adhesive (Quickfix) as shown in the diagram. The air in the tube will make the diver float.

Wind some wire around the diver’s feet. The weight of this wire will make it stay upright in the water. Use enough wire to make the diver sink. Then remove a few turns of the wire so that the diver just floats at the bottom.

Put the diver in the glass bottle and fill the bottle with water.

Push the cork into the bottle. This increases the pressure in the water and some water finds its way into the plastic tube. Consequently, the diver sinks.

Pull the cork a little out of the mouth to make the diver rise. With a careful adjustment of the cork, the diver can be made to stop at any depth you want.

By the pressure command of your finger, this model diver will move up or down in the water. You can even make the diver hover at any depth.

Did you know…

In real life, divers have to be extremely careful about the speed at which they come back to the surface to avoid what is called “the bends or caisson disease”. If a diver surfaces too quickly, the reduced water pressure causes nitrogen bubbles to form in his blood-stream. This results in horrible pain, paralysis and sometimes death. By coming to the surface slowly, divers avoid this condition.

2. Making an abacus

The abacus is a device once widely used for counting. An abacus has beads that are moved left and right on strings that are tied in a frame. The beads on the bottom string represent the value of units. Those on the second string have the value of tens. The beads on the third string represent hundreds and so on. Cane can master the abacus by different movements of the beads on the strings. Once the abacus is mastered, a person can add, subtract; multiply and divide quickly by moving, the beads on the strings.

Your Require

Picture frame

String

Thumb tacks or drawing pins

Beads or buttons

What To Do

Take a picture frame measuring 30 cm long and 22 cm wide.

Cut 5 pieces of string long enough to cross the picture frame with an extra 7’.5 cm on each end for making knots.

Fix 5’ evenly spaced drawing pins along each side of the frame.

Slide 7 beads or buttons on each string.

Tie the end of one string to the first pin at either side of the frame. Continue tying the strings until you have tied all’ the five across the frame.

On all strings, move 5 beads to the left side of the frame and 2 beads to the right side.

Now take an additional piece of string more than twice the width of the frame to make the dividing string of the abacus. Tie this piece around the frame at the top about halfway across, as shown in the figure.

With the dividing string tied to the top of the frame; bring it down to the next string and tie a knot. Continue down to the next string and tie another knot. Work down to the bottom of the frame until knots have been tied with all the strings. Then tie the string around the bottom of the frame. You now have the dividing line (string) of the abacus.

Your abacus should now have 5 strings extending from left to right, with five beads to the left side of the dividing string and 2 beads to the right as shown in the Fig. A of project 2B.

3. Using your abacus for calculations

Hold the abacus before you. The bottom string represents units. The five beads on the left have a value of 1 each. The two beads on the right have a value of 5 each.

The second string represents values of tens. Each bead on the left represents 10 units. Each bead on the right represents 50 units.

The next string represents hundreds, the fourth string thousands and fifth string 10,000s, as shown in Figure A.

How to use the abacus for calculations

The abacus constructed in this way is now ready for use. You can try the following calculations.

Try the following with your abacus

(i) Add1 and 3 i.e. 1+3=4

(ii) Now add 5 to it i.e. 4+5=9

(iii) Now add 2 to it i.e. 9+2=11

(iv) Add 256 to it i.e. 11 +256=267

(v) Now subtract 50 from it i.e. 267-50=217

Solution

(i) Move one bead and then three beads from left side of the bottom string to the centre so you have 1 +3=4.

(ii) To add 5 to it, push one 5 unit bead from the right side to the centre so you have 4+5=9.

(iii) To add 2 to it, move one more 5 unit bead from the right side to the centre and then three single beads back to the frame edge, so you have 9+5-3=11.

(iv) To add 256, move both the 5 beads back and move one 10 bead to the centre so that again you have 9 total of 11. Now move two 100 beads, one 50 bead, one 5 bead and one unit bead to the centre so you have 11 +256=267.

(v) To subtract 50, you move back the bead of 50 so you have 267-50=217.

Did you know…

In 1946, a competition took place between a Japanese clerk, an abacus’ operator and an American, using an electronic calculator. And surprisingly enough Japanese won the competition.

4. Making a stroboscope

A stroboscope is an instrument that measures the rate at which objects rotate or vibrate. It is also used to study the objects while they are moving. A stroboscope gives out bright flashes of light. To measure the rate at which a wheel is rotating, the stroboscope is directed to shine on the wheel. The rate of the stroboscope’s flashing is then adjusted until the wheel appears stationary. This effect can be shown by the following simple project.

You Require

One cardboard disc 4” in diameter

One hand drill

One nail

What To Do

Take a cardboard disc 4” in diameter Divide the circle into eight equal pie-shaped sections. This can be done by drawing a line through the centre of the circle and then drawing another line at right angle through it. This divides the circle into four equal parts. Now, divide each of these four parts into halves thus, producing eight sections. Leave one section white and colour the next. In this way, you will have four white sections and four coloured sections.

Now, force a nail through the centre of the circular disc in such a way that the cardboard cannot turn unless you turn the nail. If necessary, you can glue the nail.