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- Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
- Kategorie: Geisteswissenschaft
- Serie: Blackwell Companions to the Ancient World
- Sprache: Englisch
A delightful look at the epic literary history of the short, poetic genre of the epigram From Nestor's inscribed cup to tombstones, bathroom walls, and Twitter tweets, the ability to express oneself concisely and elegantly, continues to be an important part of literary history unlike any other. This book examines the entire history of the epigram, from its beginnings as a purely epigraphic phenomenon in the Greek world, where it moved from being just a note attached to physical objects to an actual literary form of expression, to its zenith in late 1st century Rome, and further through a period of stagnation up to its last blooming, just before the beginning of the Dark Ages. A Companion to Ancient Epigram offers the first ever full-scale treatment of the genre from a broad international perspective. The book is divided into six parts, the first of which covers certain typical characteristics of the genre, examines aspects that are central to our understanding of epigram, and discusses its relation to other literary genres. The subsequent four parts present a diachronic history of epigram, from archaic Greece, Hellenistic Greece, and Latin and Greek epigrams at Rome, all the way up to late antiquity, with a concluding section looking at the heritage of ancient epigram from the Middle Ages up to modern times. * Provides a comprehensive overview of the history of the epigram * The first single-volume book to examine the entire history of the genre * Scholarly interest in Greek and Roman epigram has steadily increased over the past fifty years * Looks at not only the origins of the epigram but at the later literary tradition A Companion to Ancient Epigram will be of great interest to scholars and students of literature, world literature, and ancient and general history. It will also be an excellent addition to the shelf of any public and university library.
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Table of Contents
Cover
Introduction
I.1 A Companion to Ancient Epigram: An Overview
REFERENCES
PART I: EPIGRAM
CHAPTER ONE: What Is an Epigram?
1.1 The Problem
1.2 Ideas of Greek Epigram Through Time
1.3 Ideas of Latin Epigram Through Time
1.4 Modern Theories
1.5 Towards an Identikit
REFERENCES
CHAPTER TWO: A Gallery of Characters
2.1 Real Persons in Epigram
2.2 Fictitious Characters in Epigram
2.3 Suggestions for Further Research
REFERENCES
CHAPTER THREE: Epigram, Society, and Political Power
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Panegyric and Patriotism
3.3 Scoptic
3.4 Context and Convention
3.5 Coda: Late Antiquity
REFERENCES
FURTHER READING
CHAPTER FOUR: Hidden Figures
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Erinna
4.3 Moero
4.4 Anyte
4.5 Nossis
4.6 Survival
4.7 Conclusion
REFERENCES
CHAPTER FIVE: The Masculine and the Feminine in Epigram
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Femininity in Epigram
5.3 Masculinity in Epigram
REFERENCES
CHAPTER SIX: Obscenity in Epigram
6.1 Obscenity in Ancient Greece and Rome
6.2 Hellenistic Epigram
6.3 Catullus
6.4 Martial
6.5 Later Greek and Latin Epigram
REFERENCES
CHAPTER SEVEN: The Meters of Epigram
7.1 Beginnings
7.2 Elegiacs and Alternatives
7.3 Elegiacs, the Default Norm
7.4 Rome
7.5 Some Roman Alternatives to Elegiacs
REFERENCES
CHAPTER EIGHT: Epigram in Epic and Greek Tragedy
8.1 Epi(c)gram
8.2 Tragedy and Epigram
REFERENCES
FURTHER READING
CHAPTER NINE: Epigram and Satire
9.1 Greek Precedents for Satire: The Definition of the Genre in Horace: Uncertainties and Limits
9.2 Martial’s Satirical Epigram: Proximity and Borders between Epigram and Satire
9.3 Martial in Juvenal
REFERENCES
CHAPTER TEN: Immanent Genre Theory in Greek and Roman Epigram
10.1 Epigrammatic Brevity
10.2 Faking Inscriptions
10.3 Reading, Interpreting, and Construing an Epigrammatic Tradition
10.4 Everyday Life and the Art of Mocking
10.5 Epigram and the Literary Canon
REFERENCES
CHAPTER ELEVEN: Epigram and Rhetoric
11.1 Epigrams in Speeches and Cultivated by Orators
11.2 Rhetoric Virtues of Epigrams
11.3 Wit and
Urbanitas
11.4
Sententia
and
Ridiculum Dictum
– by Orators, Rhetoricians, and Epigrammatists
11.5 The Use of Rhetorical Figures in the Epigrammatic Tradition
11.6 Epigrams About Rhetors and Rhetoricians
REFERENCES
FURTHER READING
CHAPTER TWELVE: Greek Anthologies from the Hellenistic Age to the Byzantine Era
12.1 The Earliest Collections
12.2 The Vienna Incipits, the Σωρóς, and Other Hellenistic Collections
12.3 The
Garland
s of Meleager and Philip
12.4 Collections between Philip and Agathias
12.5 The
Cycle
of Agathias and the Anthology of Cephalas
12.6 The
Palatine Anthology
, the
Planudean Anthology
, and the
Syllogae Minores
12.7 The Creation and Transmission of Epigrammatic Collections
REFERENCES
PART II: EPIGRAM IN PRE‐HELLENISTIC GREECE
CHAPTER THIRTEEN: The Origins of Greek Epigram
13.1 Epigram’s Double Birth
13.2 The Unity of Epigram and Object, 1: The Materiality of Writing
13.3 The Unity of Epigram and Object, 2: Staging Readings
13.4 The Unity of Epigram and Object, 3: Reinforcing Efficacy
13.5 Conclusion
REFERENCES
FURTHER READING
CHAPTER FOURTEEN: Simonides of Ceos and Epigram in Classical Greece
14.1 Simonides as an Author of Epigrams
14.2 Did a Book of Simonidean Epigrams Really Exist?
14.3 The Ways of Tradition
14.4 Themes in the
Corpus
of Simonidean Epigrams
REFERENCES
PART III: EPIGRAM IN THE HELLENISTIC WORLD
CHAPTER FIFTEEN: The Development of Epigram into a Literary Genre
15.1 What Is the History of Ancient Epigram Like?
15.2 Tradition and Innovation
15.3 “Winged” Epigrams and “Rolling” Scrolls
15.4 Time to Collect Epigrams
15.5 A Truly Hellenistic Genre
15.6 Hellenistic Epigrams out of Context
15.7 Hellenistic Epigrams in Their Contexts
15.8 The Hellenistic “Art of Variation”?
15.9 “Epigrammatic Schools”
15.10 Concluding Remarks
REFERENCES
CHAPTER SIXTEEN: Anyte’s Feminine Voice
16.1 Human Epitaphs
16.2 Animal Epitaphs
16.3 Pastoral Epigrams
REFERENCES
CHAPTER SEVENTEEN: Leonidas of Tarentum
17.1 Life and Works
17.2 Critical Appreciation
17.3 Topic and Style
17.4 Themes and Internal Connections
REFERENCES
CHAPTER EIGHTEEN: Callimachus on the Death of a Friend
18.1 An Epigram
18.2 Callimachus’ Epigrams
18.3 A Poem of Catullus
REFERENCES
CHAPTER NINETEEN: Asclepiades of Samos
19.1 Life and Work
19.2 The Asclepiadean Corpus and Its Innovations
19.3 Language, Dialect, and the Linguistic Characterization of the Speaker
19.4 Asclepiades’ Artistic “Program”
REFERENCES
FURTHER READING
CHAPTER TWENTY: Posidippus and Ancient Epigram Books
20.1 Biography
20.2 “Old” Posidippus
20.3 Earlier Discoveries of Posidippus Epigrams
20.4 “New” Posidippus
20.5 Other Epigram Collections
REFERENCES
CHAPTER TWENTY‐ONE: Taking Position
21.1 Introduction
21.2 Taking Position Towards the Older Literary Tradition
21.3 Taking Position Towards Other Hellenistic Poets
21.4 Taking Position in the Contemporary World
21.5 Conclusion
REFERENCES
CHAPTER TWENTY‐TWO: Meleager of Gadara
22.1 Meleager as Anthologist
22.2 Meleager as Epigrammatist
22.3 Epilogue: Meleager in Rome
REFERENCES
CHAPTER TWENTY‐THREE: Moving to Rome
23.1 Epigram in a Changing World: The Poetics and Politics of Genre
23.2 Greek Poets and Roman Audiences: Outside and Inside Views
23.3 Reflections of a Globalized World in Epigram: Traveling, Love, War, and Peace
REFERENCES
FURTHER READING
PART IV: LATIN AND GREEK EPIGRAM AT ROME
CHAPTER TWENTY‐FOUR: The Beginnings of Roman Epigram and Its Relationship with Hellenistic Poetry
24.1 Epigraphy and Literature: A Monumental Style
24.2 Literary Epigram: From Lucilius to Catullus
REFERENCES
CHAPTER TWENTY‐FIVE: Catullus as Epigrammatist
25.1 Genre Matters
25.2 Catullus’
Polymetra
as a Book of Epigrams
25.3 The Epigrams in Poems 65–116, Catullus’ “Callimachean Book”
25.4 Catullus and the Paradox Epigram
25.5 Catullus’
Nachleben
as Epigrammatist
REFERENCES
FURTHER READING
CHAPTER TWENTY‐SIX: Latin Epigram in the Early Empire
26.1 Introduction
26.2 Domitius Marsus
26.3 Pedo and Gaetulicus
26.4 Conclusion
REFERENCES
CHAPTER TWENTY‐SEVEN: Greek Epigram in Rome in the First Century CE
27.1 The Poet and the Prince: Crinagoras on Marcellus (
AP
6.161)
27.2 Greek Poets and Roman Patrons
27.3 Housing Lofty Themes in a Humble Genre (Crinagoras,
AP
9.545)
27.4 Harvesting from a New Page: The
Garland
of Philip
REFERENCES
CHAPTER TWENTY‐EIGHT: Epigrams in the Graffiti of Pompeii
REFERENCES
CHAPTER TWENTY‐NINE: Martial’s Early Works
29.1 Introduction
29.2 The
Liber Spectaculorum
29.3 The
Xenia
and
Apophoreta
29.4 Symphosius’
Aenigmata
REFERENCES
FURTHER READING
CHAPTER THIRTY: Micro to Macro
30.1 The Arrangement of the
Epigrammaton libri
30.2 The Addressees of Martial’s Epigrams and the “
Libellus
Theory”
30.3 Martial’s
Epigrammaton Libri Duodecim –
A Twelve‐Book Opus?
REFERENCES
FURTHER READING
CHAPTER THIRTY‐ONE: Carminis Incompti Lusus
31.1 Some Historical and Literary Background
31.2 Roman Priapic Literature Outside the
Carmina Priapea
31.3 The Contested Authorship and Date of the
Carmina Priapea
31.4 The
Carmina Priapea
’s Sexual Attitudes
31.5 The
Carmina Priapea
as Epigrams
31.6 Priapus’
Nachleben
in Later Literature
31.7 Conclusion
REFERENCES
FURTHER READING
CHAPTER THIRTY‐TWO: Pseudo‐Senecan Epigrams
32.1 Transmission and Manuscripts
32.2 Themes in the “Senecan” Epigrams
32.3 Literary Techniques and Aspects of Composition
32.4 Date, Author, and Possible Purpose of the Book
REFERENCES
PART V: EPIGRAM IN LATE ANTIQUITY
CHAPTER THIRTY‐THREE: The Late Latin Literary Epigram (Third to Fifth Centuries CE)
33.1 The Epigrammatic Tradition after Martial
33.2 The Secular Latin Epigram in the Third to Fifth Centuries: The Textual Evidence
33.3 Epigrams in Context
REFERENCES
FURTHER READING
CHAPTER THIRTY‐FOUR: Greek Epigram in Late Antiquity
34.1 Authors
34.2 Major Features and Literary Trends
REFERENCES
CHAPTER THIRTY‐FIVE: Damasus and the Christian Epigram in the West
35.1 Imperial Poets and Patrons
35.2 Damasus
35.3 Beyond Damasus
REFERENCES
CHAPTER THIRTY‐SIX: Gregory of Nazianzus and the Christian Epigram in the East
REFERENCES
FURTHER READING
CHAPTER THIRTY‐SEVEN:
Inter Romulidas et Tyrias Manus:
37.1
Anthologia Salmasiana
37.2 Luxorius, the “Carthaginian Martial”
37.3
Unius Poetae Sylloge
37.4
Anonymi Versus Serpentini
37.5 Other Epigrammatists of Vandal Africa
37.6 Conclusion
REFERENCES
FURTHER READING
PART VI: THE
FORTLEBEN
OF ANCIENT EPIGRAM
CHAPTER THIRTY‐EIGHT: Epigram in the Later Western Literary Tradition
REFERENCES
CHAPTER THIRTY‐NINE: The Epigram in Byzantium and Beyond
39.1 Introduction
39.2 The Question of the Right “Metron”
39.3 Epigrams
in situ
39.4 Epigrams in Collections
39.5 Book Epigrams
39.6 Greek Epigrams After 1453
REFERENCES
Index
End User License Agreement
List of Illustrations
Chapter 13
Figure 13.1 Polyandreion of ancient Ambrakia. Hellenic Ministry of Culture and Sports – Archaeological Receipts Fund.
Chapter 20
Figure 20.1
P.CtYBR
inv. 4000, frame 1 (front) = pages 4 and 21, Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library, Yale University.
Chapter 35
Figure 35.1 Damasus:
Elogium
of St. Agnes, Via Nomentana, Rome.
Guide
Cover
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A Companion to Ancient Epigram
Edited by
Christer Henriksén
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Names: Henriksén, Christer, editor.Title: A companion to ancient epigram / edited by Christer Henriksén.Description: Hoboken : Wiley, 2019. | Series: Blackwell companions to the ancient world | Includes bibliographical references and index.Identifiers: LCCN 2018014795 (print) | LCCN 2018016994 (ebook) | ISBN 9781118841624 (pdf) | ISBN 9781118841730 (epub) | ISBN 9781118841723 (cloth)Subjects: LCSH: Epigrams, Greek–History and criticism. | Epigrams, Latin–History and criticism.Classification: LCC PA3084.E64 (ebook) | LCC PA3084.E64 C66 2018 (print) | DDC 888/.00209–dc23LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2018014795
Cover Design: WileyCover Image: © Everett - Art/Shutterstock
Notes on Contributors
Benjamin Acosta‐Hughes is Professor of Greek and Latin at the Ohio State University. He is the author of Polyeideia: The “Iambi” of Callimachus and the Archaic Iambic Tradition (2002) and of Arion’s Lyre: Archaic Lyric into Hellenistic Poetry (2010), co‐author of Callimachus in Context: From Plato to the Augustan Poets (2012), and co‐editor of Brill’s Companion to Callimachus (2011), and of Euphorion: Oeuvre poétique et autres fragments (2012). He is currently at work on a third monograph, The Fractured Mirror: Callimachus of Cyrene and Apollonius of Rhodes.
Gianfranco Agosti is Professor (Prof. Ass.) of Classical and Late Antique Philology at the Sapienza University in Rome. He published extensively on late antique epic poetry, Christian Greek poetry, and late antique and Byzantine papyrology and epigraphy. He is currently working on a monograph on Greek metrical inscriptions and late antique society.
Annemarie Ambühl is a Privatdozentin in Classical Studies at the Johannes Gutenberg‐Universität Mainz. Her research interests focus on Hellenistic poetry and its transfer to Rome, on Greek and Roman epic and tragedy, and on classical culture and reception. She has published monographs on Callimachus and Lucan as well as contributions to handbooks such as Brill’s Companion to Hellenistic Epigram (2007), the Blackwell Companion to Hellenistic Literature (2010), and the Dictionnaire de l’épigramme littéraire dans l’antiquité grecque et romaine (forthcoming).
Laurel Bowman received her PhD from UCLA in 1994, and teaches at the University of Victoria (Canada). Her research interests include Greek tragedy, women’s poetry, classical reception and its cousin, classics in popular culture.
Luigi Bravi is Ricercatore di Filologia classica at the University “G. d’Annunzio” of Chieti‐Pescara; he has devoted part of his research activity to Simonides and the epigrams transmitted as his work. On this subject he wrote Gli epigrammi di Simonide e le vie della tradizione (2006). He is also the author of papers on Aristophanes, Greek metrics, and manuscripts.
Alfred Breitenbach is Akademischer Oberrat at the Universität zu Köln and teaches Latin language and literature. He is author of books on the Pseudo‐Senecan epigrams and on Athens in late antique literature and of a number of essays and articles about various topics and authors in antiquity.
Mario Citroni is Emeritus Professor of Latin at the Scuola Normale Superiore, Pisa. He is the author of an edition and commentary on Martial, Book I (1975) and of several studies on ancient epigram. His research interests include the author–public relationship in Latin Poetry (Poesia e lettori in Roma antica, 1995), literary canons in ancient literature, and the origin of the concept of the classic.
Kathleen M. Coleman is the James Loeb Professor of the Classics at Harvard University. She specializes in Latin language and literature of the Flavian and Trajanic periods, especially epigram, occasional poetry, and epistolography, and in Roman culture, especially spectacle and punishment. She has published commentaries on Statius, Silvae IV and Martial, Liber spectaculorum, and edited volumes on Roman spectacle, ancient gardens, and the integration of material culture into text‐based scholarship.
Rosario Cortés Tovar is Catedrática de Universidad of Latin Philology at the University of Salamanca. She is the author of Teoría de la sátira: Análisis de Apocolocyntosis de Séneca (1986) and has translated Persius (1988) and Juvenal (2007); she has co‐edited Bimilenario de Horacio (1994) and Intertextualidad en las literaturas griega y latina (2000), and has published a number of articles on satire (Horatius and Juvenal), epigram (Martial), and the classical tradition.
Joseph W. Day is Emeritus Professor of Classics at Wabash College (Indiana, USA) and frequent senior associate member of the American School of Classical Studies at Athens. Since the 1980s he has published numerous articles and reviews on earlier Greek epigram and, in 2010, Archaic Greek Epigram and Dedication: Representation and Reperformance.
Martin T. Dinter is Senior Lecturer in Latin Literature and Language at King’s College London. He is author of Anatomizing Civil War: Studies in Lucan’s Epic Technique (2012) as well as co‐editor of the A Companion to the Neronian Age (2013). He has published articles on Roman comedy, Vergil, Horace, Lucan, Seneca, and Flavian epic and is currently preparing a book‐length study on Cato the Elder. In addition to editing the Cambridge Companion to Roman Comedy he has co‐edited volumes on Quintilian (2016) and Calpurnius Flaccus (2017) and on Seneca the Elder (2017).
Valentina Garulli is Researcher in Greek Language and Literature at Bologna University and worked at different stages of her career in Cambridge, Göttingen, Cincinnati, and Oxford. She authored publications on Greek biography (Il “Περὶ ποιητῶν” di Lobone di Argo, 2004), Greek poetry on stone (Byblos lainee: Epigrafia, letteratura, epitafio, 2012), Greek and Latin epigram (Callimachus and Posidippus), and history of classical scholarship (Wilhelm Crönert, Tadeusz Zielinski, and the novelist for children Laura Orvieto).
Ellen Greene received her PhD from Berkeley in 1992. She is the Joseph Paxton Presidential Professor of Classics and Letters at the University of Oklahoma in Norman, Oklahoma. Her research focuses primarily on gender issues in Sappho and Roman elegy. She has published a number of books and articles in those areas, including The Erotics of Domination: Male Desire and the Mistress in Latin Love Poetry (1998) and Reading Sappho (1996).
Kathryn Gutzwiller is Professor of Classics at the University of Cincinnati. She has written extensively on Hellenistic poetry, with a focus in recent years on epigrams and visual depictions of texts. Her books include Theocritus’ Pastoral Analogies: The Formation of a Genre (1991), Poetic Garlands: Hellenistic Epigrams in Context (1998), and A Guide to Hellenistic Literature (2007). She has also edited The New Posidippus: A Hellenistic Poetry Book (2005).
Annette Harder is Professor of Ancient Greek at the University of Groningen (The Netherlands). She has published on Greek tragedy, Greek literary papyri, and particularly on Hellenistic poetry. Since 1992 she has organized the biennial Groningen Workshops on Hellenistic Poetry and edits the series Hellenistica Groningana. In 2012 her edition with commentary of Callimachus’ Aetia was published.
Christer Henriksén in Professor of Latin at Uppsala University. He is the author of A Commentary on Martial, Epigrams Book 9 (2012), of a number of articles on Martial, Statius, and Latin epigraphic epigram, and has also published on Latin and Greek epigraphy in general. He is currently working on a diachronic study of the Latin hexameter and elegiac distich.
Niklas Holzberg, until his retirement Professor at the University of Munich, now teaches part‐time at the University of Bamberg. His areas of expertise are ancient narrative prose, epigrams, Augustan poetry, and Hans Sachs; he has published a book on Catullus (32003) and an introduction to Martial (22012), as well as translations into German of Catullus’ complete poems (2009) and of selected epigrams from Martial (2008) and from the Anthologia Graeca (2010).
Regina Höschele is Associate Professor of Classics at the University of Toronto. Her research focuses on post‐classical Greek literature and ancient erotica. She is the author of Verrückt nach Frauen: Der Epigrammatiker Rufin (2005), Die blütenlesende Muse: Poetik und Textualität antiker Epigrammsamm‐lungen (2010), as well as an annotated bilingual edition of Aristaenetus’ Erotic Letters (with Peter Bing, 2014).
Peter Howell taught Classics in the University of London for 35 years, first at Bedford College, then at Royal Holloway. He has published editions of Book I (1980) and Book V (1995) of Martial, and also Martial in the Ancients in Action series (2009).
Jacqueline Klooster (PhD 2009, University of Amsterdam), has published on Hellenistic poetry (Poetry as Window and Mirror: Positioning the Poet in Hellenistic Poetry, 2011), space in literature (with Jo Heirman: The Ideologies of Lived Space in Literature, Ancient and Modern, 2013), and the representation of writing rulers in antiquity (A Portrait of the Statesman as an Artist, forthcoming). She is a postdoctoral research fellow at Groningen University.
T. J. Leary lives in London and Witney, near Oxford. He has published commentaries on Martial’s Xenia and Apophoreta and the Aenigmata of Symphosius.
Sven Lorenz (PhD 2001, University of Munich) teaches Latin at a secondary school in Munich. He has published on Martial and other Roman writers and on the didactics of teaching Latin.
Francesca Maltomini is Researcher in Papyrology at the University of Florence. Her studies on the transmission of epigrammatic anthologies include first editions and re‐editions of papyri, as well as contributions on medieval collections.
Kristina Milnor is Professor of Classics and Ancient Studies at Barnard College in New York City. She is the author of Gender, Domesticity, and the Age of Augustus(2005) and Graffiti and the Literary Landscape in Roman Pompeii (2014). She is currently working on a book about the financial activities of women under the Roman Empire entitled Faustilla the Pawnbroker.
Nina Mindt, Privatdozentin at Humboldt University Berlin, undertook her studies and research in Germany and Italy (Siena, Florence) and has a special interest in the genera minora and their poetics. She is a member of the Collaborative Research Project “Transformations of Antiquity.”
Luca Mondin is Associate Professor of Latin at Ca’ Foscari University in Venice. He is the author of studies devoted to the exegesis and textual criticism of Latin poets (Lucilius, Horace and Ausonius), late antique epigrams, and intertextuality in classical literature.
Alfredo Mario Morelli is Professore Associato in Latin language and literature at the University of Cassino. His main interests concern Greco‐Latin epigram and elegy (both literary and epigraphic), pseudo‐Vergilian poetry, and Senecan drama. He has organized two International Conferences at Cassino (on Epigramma longum and on Catullus), published a book on the history of early Latin epigram (L’epigramma latino prima di Catullo, 2000), as well as several papers, also about poetry of late antiquity.
Llewelyn Morgan is a University Lecturer in Classical Languages and Literature at the University of Oxford, and a fellow of Brasenose College. His interests have focused on Roman poetry, and in recent years on the meaning that attached to the metrical forms that Roman poets deployed.
Bret Mulligan, Associate Professor and Chair of Classics at Haverford College, has published on Martial, Statius, Claudian, epigram, and most recently Nepos’ Life of Hannibal. He is currently working on a translation of Ennodius’ poetry, a commentary on Martial, Book 10, and the image of disease in Latin poetry.
Margot Neger gained her PhD 2011 in Munich, with a thesis on Martial (published as Martials Dichtergedichte: Das Epigramm als Medium der poetischen Selbstreflexion, 2012). From 2007 to 2013 she was a member of staff in the Classics Department in Munich. Since March 2013 she has held a postdoctoral position at the Classics Department in Salzburg. Her research interests are Greek and Roman epigram and letters as well as ancient literary criticism. She is currently working on a book project on narrative strategies in Pliny the Younger’s letters.
Eugene O’Connor earned his PhD in Classics at the University of California, Santa Barbara. He has published on Roman epigram, the Greek novel, the revival of Latin epigram in the Renaissance, and, with K. W. Goings, the role of the Greek and Latin classics at historically black colleges and universities in the United States from Reconstruction to the mid‐twentieth century. He was acquiring editor in Classics and Medieval Studies at The Ohio State University Press.
Évelyne Prioux is a scientific researcher in the CNRS. She is the author of Regards alexandrins: Histoire et théories des arts dans l'épigramme hellénistique (2007), and Petits musées en vers: Épigramme et discours sur les collections antiques (2008).
Andreas Rhoby works at the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Institute for Medieval Research, where he is Deputy Head of the Division of Byzantine Research. In addition, he is Privatdozent at the University of Vienna and Chair of the Commission Corpus Fontium Historiae Byzantinae of the Association Internationale des Études Byzantines. He has published extensively on Byzantine epigrams and epigraphy as well as on Byzantine literature, lexicography, and cultural history.
Alexander Sens is Markos and Eleni Tsakopoulos Kounalakis Professor of Hellenic Studies at Georgetown University. His most recent research has focused on Lycophron and on epigram, including Asclepiades.
Christos Simelidis is Assistant Professor in Late Antique and Byzantine Literature at the Aristotle University of Thessaloniki. His research interests also include Greek palaeography and textual criticism, the reception of classical literature in the early Christian and Byzantine periods, and various aspects of Byzantine scholarship (what was read, by whom, and with what degree of understanding). His major research project is a critical edition of the Carmina of Gregory of Nazianzus for the Corpus Christianorum series.
Dennis Trout is Professor of Classical Studies at the University of Missouri. He is the author of Paulinus of Nola: Life, Letters, and Poems (1999), Damasus of Rome: The Epigraphic Poetry (2015), and various articles on late antique life and literature. He is currently writing a book on the metrical inscriptions of the churches and martyria of late ancient Rome.
Lindsay Watson is a retired Associate Professor of Classics at the University of Sydney. He is the author of Arae: The Curse Poetry of Antiquity (1991), A Commentary on Horace’s Epodes (2003) and, with Patricia Watson, Martial: Select Epigrams (2003), Juvenal Satire 6 (2014), and Martial (Understanding Classics series, 2015). He has recently completed a monograph on some under‐examined aspects of Greek and Roman magic.
Patricia Watson is a retired Senior Lecturer in the Department of Classics and Ancient History at the University of Sydney. She is the author of Ancient Stepmothers: Myth, Misogyny and Reality (Mnemosyne Suppl. 143, 1995) and, with Lindsay Watson, Martial: Select Epigrams (2003), Juvenal Satire 6 (2014), and Martial (Understanding Classics series, 2015).
Anna Maria Wasyl is Associate Professor in Latin at the Jagiellonian University in Kraków. Her research interests concentrate on Latin poetry, genology, poetics, and literary aesthetics of late antiquity, and in particular the literary culture of the Romano‐Barbaric age (fifth–seventh centuries CE). She is the author of a number of articles and four books, most recently Genres Rediscovered: Studies in Latin Miniature Epic, Love Elegy, and Epigram of the Romano‐Barbaric Age (2011), a commented edition of Maximianus (2016) and a book on the Alcestis myth in late antiquity (2018).
Abbreviations
Abbreviations of Modern Reference Works, Editions, and Databases
All abbreviations of papyrus editions follow the Checklist of Editions of Greek, Latin, Demotic, and Coptic Papyri, Ostraca and Tablets. See http://papyri.info/docs/checklist.
AB
Austin, Colin, and Guido Bastianini, eds. 2002.
Posidippi Pellaei quae supersunt omnia
. Milan: Edizioni Universitarie di Lettere Economia Diritto.
AE
L’Année épigraphique
. 1889–. Paris.
ala2004
Roueché, Charlotte. 2004.
Aphrodisias in Late Antiquity: The Late Roman and Byzantine Inscriptions
, rev. 2nd ed.
http://insaph.kcl.ac.uk/ala2004
.
CEG
Hansen, Peter Allan, ed. 1983–89.
Carmina epigraphica Graeca
. 2 vols. Berlin: De Gruyter.
CIG
Corpus Inscriptionum Graecarum
. 1828–77. Berlin.
CIL
Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum
. 1863–. Berlin.
CLA
Shackleton Bailey, David R. 1965–70.
Cicero’s Letters to Atticus
. 7 vols. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
CLE
Bücheler, Franz, and Ernst Lommatzsch, eds. 1895–1926.
Carmina Latina Epigraphica
. 3 vols. Leipzig: Teubner.
DAA
Raubitschek, Antony E., and Lilan H. Jeffery, eds. 1949.
Dedications from the Athenian Acropolis: A Catalogue of the Inscriptions of the Sixth and Fifth Centuries
BC
.
Cambridge, MA: Archaeological Institute of America.
DBBE
Database of the Byzantine Book Epigrams
.
http://www.dbbe.ugent.be
.
De Rossi 2.1
de Rossi, Giovanni Battista, ed. 1888.
Inscriptiones Christianae urbis Romae septimo saeculo antiquiores
. Vol. 2, pt. 1. Rome: Officina libraria pontificia.
DGE
Adrados, Francisco R., Elvira Gangutia, et al., eds. 1980–.
Diccionario Griego‐Español
. Madrid: Instituto “Antonio de Nebrija.”
http://dge.cchs.csic.es/xdge
.
ED
Ferrua, Antonio. 1942.
Epigrammata Damasiana
. Rome: Pontificio Istituto di archeologia cristiana.
EG
Page, Denys L. 1975, ed.
Epigrammata Graeca
. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
FD
Colin, Gaston, et al., eds. 1922–85.
Fouilles de Delphes,
Tom 3:
Épigraphie
. Paris: Boccard.
FGE
Page, Denys L. 1981.
Further Greek Epigrams: Epigrams Before
AD
50 from the Greek Anthology and Other Sources Not Included in “Hellenistic Epigrams” or “The Garland of Philip.
” Revised and prepared for publication by R. D. Dawe and J. Diggle. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
FGrHist
Jacoby, Felix, ed. 1923–.
Fragmente der griechischen Historiker
. Leiden: Brill.
FPL
Blänsdorf, Jürgen, ed. 2011.
Fragmenta poetarum Latinorum epicorum et lyricorum praeter Enni Annales et Ciceronis Germanicique Aratea: Post W. Morel et K. Büchner editionem quartam autam curavit J. B.
Berlin: De Gruyter.
GESA
Joachim Ebert. 1972.
Griechische Epigramme auf Sieger an gymnischen und hippischen Agonen
. Berlin: Akademie‐Verlag.
GP
Gow, Andrew S. F., and Denys L. Page. 1965.
The Greek Anthology: Hellenistic Epigrams
. 2 vols. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
GP
Garland
Gow, Andrew S. F., and Denys L. Page. 1968.
The Greek Anthology: The Garland of Philip
. 2 vols. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
GVI
Peek, Werner. 1955.
Griechische Vers‐Inschriften
. Berlin: Akademie‐Verlag.
I.Achaïe
II
Rizakis, Athanasios D. 1998.
Achaïe II: La cité de Patras: Épigrahie et histoire
. Athens: Centre de recherches de l’antiquité grecque et romaine.
I.Métr
.
Bernand, Étienne. 1969.
Inscriptions métriques de l’Égypte gréco‐romaine: recherches sur la poésie épigrammatique des grecs en Égypte
. Paris: Belles lettres.
ICI
Inscriptiones Christianae Italiae septimo saeculo antiquiores
. 1985–. Bari.
ICUR
Inscriptiones Christianae Urbis Romae septimo saeculo antiquiores. Nuova serie.
1922–. Rome.
IDélos
Inscriptions de Délos
. 1926–. Paris.
IG
Inscriptiones Graecae
. 1873–. Berlin.
ILCV
Inscriptiones Latinae Christianae Veteres
. 1925–67. Vols. 1–3, ed. Ernst Diehl. Vol. 4, ed. Jacques Moreau and Henri‐Irénée Marrou. Berlin: Weidmann.
ILLRP
Degrassi, Attilio, ed., 1965.
Inscriptiones Latinae liberae rei publicae
, 2nd ed. Florence: La Nuova Italia.
ILS
Dessau, Hermann, ed. 1892–1916.
Inscriptiones Latinae Selectae
. 3 vols. Berlin: Weidmann.
Kaibel
Kaibel, Georg, ed. 1878.
Epigrammata Graeca ex lapidibus conlecta
. Berlin: G. Reimer.
Keil,
Gramm. Lat.
Keil, Heinrich, ed. 1855–80.
Grammatici Latini
. 8 vols. Leipzig: Teubner.
LDAB
Leuven Database of Ancient Books
.
http://www.trismegistos.org/ldab
.
LIMC
Lexicon Iconographicum Mythologiae Classicae
. 1981–2009. Zürich: Artemis.
LSA
Last Statues of Antiquity Database
.
http://laststatues.classics.ox.ac.uk
.
LSAG
Jeffery, Lilian H. 1990.
The Local Scripts of Archaic Greece: A Study of the Origin of the Greek Alphabet and Its Development from the Eighth to the Fifth Centuries
BC
, rev. ed. with a Supplement by A. W. Johnston. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
LSJ
Liddell, Henry George, and Robert Scott. 1996.
A Greek–English Lexicon
, 9th ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
PCG
Kassel, Rudolf, and Colin Austin, eds. 1983–.
Poetae Comici Graeci
. Berlin: de Gruyter.
PG
Migne, Jacques‐Paul, ed. 1857–66.
Patrologiae cursus completus: Series Graeca
. Paris: Migne.
PMG
Page, Denys L., ed. 1962.
Poetae Melici Graeci
. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
RAC
Reallexikon für Antike und Christentum: Sachwörterbuch zur Auseinandersetzung des Christentums mit der antiken Welt
. 1950–. Stuttgart: Hiersemann.
RE
Paulys Real‐Encyclopädie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft, neue Bearbeitung
. 1894–1978. Stuttgart.
RLM
Halm, Karl, ed. 1863.
Rhetores Latini Minores
. Leipzig: Teubner.
SEG
Supplementum Epigraphicum Graecum
. 1923–. Leiden.
SGO
Merkelbach, Reinhold, and Josef Stauber, eds. 1998–2004.
Steinepigramme aus dem griechischen Osten
. 5 vols. Stuttgart: Teubner.
Suppl. Hell.
Lloyd‐Jones, Hugh, and Peter Parsons, eds. 1983.
Supplementum Hellenisticum
. Berlin: de Gruyter.
SVF
von Arnim, Hans, ed. 1903–24.
Stoicorum veterum fragmenta
. 4 vols. Leipzig: Teubner.
Syll.
3
Dittenberger, Wilhelm, ed. 1915–24.
Sylloge Inscriptionum Graecarum
, 3rd ed. Leipzig: Hirzelium.
Abbreviations of Ancient Authors and Works
Acts
Acts of the Apostles
Ael.
Claudius Aelianus
VH
Varia Historia
Aesch.
Aeschylus
Ag.
Agamemnon
Aeschin.
Aeschines
In Ctes.
In Ctesiphontem
Aesop.
Aesop
Agath.
Agathias
Hist.
Historiae
AL
Anthologia Latina
Alc.
Alcaeus
Anac.
Anacreon
Anaximen.
Anaximenes of Lampsacus
Ars Rh
.
Ars Rhetorica
AP
Anthologia Palatina
APl
.
Anthologia Planudea
Ap. Rhod.
Apollonius of Rhodes
Apul.
Apuleius
Apol.
Apologia
Met.
Metamorphoses
Ar.
Aristophanes
Eq.
Equites
Lys.
Lysistrata
Vesp
.
Vespae
Archil.
Archilochus
Arist.
Aristotle
Eth. Nic.
Ethica Nicomachea
Poet.
Poetica
Rh.
Rhetorica
Ath.
Athenaeus
Auson.
Ausonius (ed. Green, 1991)
Ecl
.
Eclogae
Epigr
.
Epigrammata
Fast
.
Fasti
Bacchyl.
Bacchylides (ed. Snell and Maehler, 1970)
Cael. Aurel.
Caelius Aurelianus
Chron
.
Chronicae passiones
Callim.
Callimachus
Aet
.
Aetia
Epigr
.
Epigrammata
fr.
Fragmenta
Hymn.
Hymni
T
Testimonia
Cass. Dio
Cassius Dio
Catull.
Catullus
Char.
Flavius Sosipater Charisius
Gramm
.
Ars grammatica
Cic.
M. Tullius Cicero
Arch.
Pro Archia
Att.
Epistulae ad Atticum
Brut.
Brutus
De or.
De oratore
Div.
De divinatione
Fam.
Epistulae ad familiares
Fat.
De fato
Fin.
De finibus
Inv.
De inventione
Nat. D.
De natura deorum
Off.
De officiis
Orat.
Orator
Pis.
In Pisonem
QFr.
Epistulae ad Quintum fratrem
Rep.
De republica
Sest.
Pro Sestio
Tusc.
Tusculanae disputationes
Verr.
In Verrem
Claud.
Claudianus
Carm.
Carmina maiora
Carm. min.
Carmina minora
Cor
.
Corinthians
Dem.
Demosthenes
De cor.
De corona
Demetr.
Demetrius
Eloc.
De elocutione
Diog. Laert.
Diogenes Laertius
Diom.
Diomedes
Gramm
.
Ars grammatica
Dion. Hal.
Dionysius of Halicarnassus
Ant. Rom.
Antiquitates Romanae
[Dionys.]
[Dionysius]
Ars Rh
.
Ars rhetorica
Donat.
Aelius Donatus
Ter. Phorm.
Commentum in Terentii Phormionem
Vit. Verg.
Vita Vergilii
Enn.
Ennius
Ann.
Annales
fr. var.
Fragmenta varia
(ed. Vahlen, 1903)
Ennod.
Magnus Felix Ennodius
Carm.
Carmina
Dict
.
Dictiones
Ep.
Epistulae
Opusc
.
Opuscula miscellanea
Epigr. Bob
.
Epigrammata Bobiensia
Eudocia
Aelia Eudocia
Viol
.
Violarium
Eur.
Euripides
Alc.
Alcestis
Phoen.
Phoenissae
Tro.
Troades
Flor.
L. Annaeus Florus
Fronto
Ep
.
Epistulae
Gell.
Aulus Gellius
NA
Noctes Atticae
Gregory of Nazianzus
Carm.
1.2.14
De humana natura
(
Carmina moralia
,
PG
37, 755–65)
Carm.
2.1.19
Querela de suis calamitibus
(
Carmina de se ipso
,
PG
37, 1271–79)
Herod.
Herodas
Mim.
Mimiambi
Hes.
Hesiod
fr
.
Fragmenta
(ed. Merkelbach and West, 1967)
Op.
Opera et Dies
Theog.
Theogonia
Hom.
Homer
Il.
Iliad
Hor.
Horace
Carm.
Carmina
Epist.
Epistulae
Epod.
Epodi
Sat.
Satirae
Ibyc.
Ibycus
Isid.
Isidorus
Etym.
Etymologiae
Jer.
Jerome
Ab Abr.
Ab Abraham
De vir. ill.
De viris illustribus
Ep.
Epistulae
Juv.
Juvenal
[Longinus]
Subl.
De sublimitate
Lucian
Hist. conscr
.
Quomodo historia conscribenda sit
Lycurg.
Lycurgus
Leoc.
In Leocratem
Macrob.
Macrobius
Sat.
Saturnalia
Mart.
Martial
Spect.
Liber spectaculorum
Matt.
Matthew
Men. Rhet.
Menander Rhetor
Mimn.
Mimnermus
Non.
Nonius Marcellus
Nonnus
Dion.
Dionysiaca
Optatianus Porfyrius
Carm
.
Carmina
Ov.
Ovid
Am.
Amores
Ars am.
Ars amatoria
Fast.
Fasti
Her.
Heroides
Met.
Metamorphoses
Pont.
Epistulae ex Ponto
Rem. am.
Remedia amoris
Tr.
Tristia
Paul. Nol.
Paulinus Nolanus
Carm
.
Carmina
Paus.
Pausanias
Pers.
Persius
Petron.
Petronius
Sat.
Satyrica
Philostr.
Philostratus
V S
Vitae sophistarum
Pind.
Pindar
Isthm
.
Isthmian Odes
Ol.
Olympian Odes
Pyth.
Pythian Odes
Pl.
Plato
Euthyd.
Euthydemus
Prt.
Protagoras
Soph.
Sophista
Symp.
Symposium
Plaut.
Plautus
Amph.
Amphitruo
Plin.
Pliny the Elder
HN
Naturalis historia
Plin.
Pliny the Younger
Ep.
Epistulae
Pan.
Panegyricus
Plut.
Plutarch
De def. or.
De defectu oraculorum
De malign. Hdt.
De malignitate Herodoti
[
De mus
.]
De musica
Mor
.
Moralia
Vit. Cat. Mai.
Vitae Parallelae, Cato Maior
Vit. Cleom.
”
Cleomenes
Vit. Dem
.
”
Demosthenes
Vit. Flam.
”
Flamininus
Vit. Marc.
”
Marcellus
Vit. Rom.
”
Romulus
Vit. Sull.
”
Sulla
[Plut.]
[Plutarch]
De Hom
.
De Homero
Poll.
Pollux
Onom.
Onomasticon
Polyb.
Polybius
[Prob.]
[Probus]
Verg. G.
Commentarius in Vergilii Georgica
Prop.
Propertius
Porph.
Pomponius Porphyrio
Hor. Carm.
Commentum in Horatii Carmina
Priap
.
Priapea
Priscian
Inst.
Institutio de arte grammatica
Quint.
Quintilian
Inst.
Institutio oratoria
Rhet. Her.
Rhetorica ad Herennium
Sacerd.
Marius Plotius Sacerdos
Gramm.
Artes grammaticae
Sapph.
Sappho
Schol. A in Il.
Scholia A in Homeri Iliadem
Schol. Flor. Callim
.
Scholia Florentina in Callimachum
Schol. Juv.
Scholia in Juvenalem
Sen.
Seneca the Elder
Controv
.
Controversiae
Suas.
Suasoriae
Sen.
Seneca the Younger
Constant.
De constantia sapientis
Dial.
Dialogi
Ep.
Epistulae
Helv.
Ad Helviam
QNat.
Quaestiones naturales
[Sen.]
[Seneca the Younger]
Epigr.
Epigrammata
SHA
Scriptores Historiae Augustae
Alex. Sev.
Alexander Severus
Aurel.
Aurelian
Claud.
Claudius
Diad.
Diadumenus Antoninus
Opil. Macr.
Opilius Macrinus
Pesc. Nig.
Pescennius Niger
Tyr. Trig.
Tyranni Triginta
Sid. Apoll.
Sidonius Apollinaris
Carm.
Carmina
Ep.
Epistulae
Sil.
Silius Italicus
Pun.
Punica
Simon.
Simonides
Eleg
.
Elegiae
Soph.
Sophocles
Ant.
Antigone
fr.
Fragmenta
OC
Oedipus Coloneus
Stob.
Stobaeus
Flor.
Florilegium
Suet.
Suetonius
Aug.
Divus Augustus
Calig.
Gaius Caligula
Dom.
Domitianus
Gram. et rhet.
De grammaticis et rhetoribus
Iul.
Divus Iulius
Ner.
Nero
Oth.
Otho
Tib.
Tiberius
Tit.
Titus
Symeon
Hymn.
Hymni
Symm.
Symmachus
Ep
.
Epistulae
Tac.
Tacitus
Ann
.
Annales
Dial.
Dialogus de oratoribus
Theoc.
Theocritus
Epigr.
Epigrammata
Id.
Idyllia
Theophr.
Theophrastus
Hist. pl.
Historia plantarum
Thgn.
Theognis
Tib.
Tibullus
Val. Max.
Valerius Maximus
Verg.
Vergil
Aen.
Aeneid
Ecl.
Eclogues
G.
Georgics
[Verg.]
[Vergil]
Catal.
Catalepton
Vit. Aesch.
Vita Aeschyli
Vitr.
Vitruvius
De arch.
De architectura
Xen.
Xenophon
Cyr.
Cyropaedia
Introduction
Christer Henriksén
No other poetic genre in the Western literary tradition has a history nearly as long as that of epigram. In a time when its foremost rival for longevity, epic, has long since laid aside meter and made itself a home in fantasy prose, epigram remains true to its origins, clinging to what have always been its two principal characteristics, its metrical form and its shortness. Whether we look at the early eighth‐century‐BCE inscription on Nestor’s cup or at the light verse of Ogden Nash, these basic features are the same. Like the Greeks and the Romans, we continue to inscribe gravestones and memorials with short poems and include them in obituaries; and the metrical graffiti preserved at Pompeii, but which were surely once found all over the ancient world, have their modern equivalents (often remarkably close) on the walls of public restrooms – in sufficient quantity as to earn this particular manifestation of popular poetry its own label, latrinalia (Dundes 1965). The ability to express oneself concisely and elegantly, while at the same time meeting the challenges posed not only by restrictions of space but also by the rules of meter, is as attractive today as it was in antiquity.
In the past fifty years, scholarly interest in Greek and Roman epigram has steadily increased. In the case of Hellenistic epigram, the fundamental work by Gow and Page on the Garlands of Meleager and Philip may be seen as a catalyst, whereas research in Latin epigram has been spurred by the renaissance of interest in its foremost representative, Martial. Occasionally, a new discovery has given an impetus to scholarly work, most importantly, perhaps, the Posidippus papyrus, which, as recently as the 1990s and without precedent, presented us with the greater part of a Hellenistic epigram book. Gradually, scholars have moved farther away from the paths trodden by previous generations to devote serious study to the epigram of archaic Greece and late antiquity. It can be said without exaggeration that much of this work has been pioneering, helping us to understand epigram as something more than just witty and impromptu pieces intended to amuse and impress an immediate audience, but of little substance and limited literary value.
The abundant research devoted in past years to virtually every aspect of ancient epigram means that we are now in a better position than ever before to attempt a history of the entire genre – from its beginnings as a purely epigraphic phenomenon in archaic Greece, via classical Greece, where it gradually freed itself from its attachment to physical objects, to the Hellenistic world, in which it developed into a genre capable of treating any aspect of human existence, and thence to late republican and imperial Rome, where epigram in the hands of Martial gained the assurance to challenge even epic; onward through a period of stagnation and even decline, from which epigram emerged in partly new forms – notably as a vehicle for Christian eulogies – until its last blooming, as antiquity stood at the verge of the Dark Ages.
This Companion to Ancient Epigram is the outcome of such an attempt. Its thirty‐nine chapters offer the first full‐scale treatment of the genre, and do so from a broad international perspective. The book is divided into six parts, the first of which covers certain typical characteristics of the genre, examines aspects that are central to our understanding of epigram, and discusses its relation to other literary genres. The subsequent four parts present a diachronic history of epigram, from archaic Greece to late antiquity, with a concluding part looking at the heritage of ancient epigram from the Middle Ages up to modern times.
The following survey of this volume will serve also as a summary timeline of epigram, from which the reader is referred to the various chapters themselves for detailed discussion. It will also add a few points that, for various reasons, have not found a place in the chapters themselves.
I.1 A Companion to Ancient Epigram: An Overview
I.1.1 Part I: Epigram – Features and Definitions
What is an epigram? A dwarfish whole;
Its body brevity and wit its soul.
Samuel Taylor Coleridge’s epigram about epigram (on which see further Howell’s chapter in this volume) was first published in the Morning Post, September 23, 1802. An adaptation of the first lines in Christian Wernicke’s poem “Beschaffenheit der Überschriften” (“Dann läßt die Überschrift kein Leser aus der Acht, / Wenn in der Kürz’ ihr Leib, die Seel’ in Witz besteht”), it has become much more famous than its longer model, bringing together as it does the two qualities usually considered characteristic in the modern view of epigram – wit and brevity – in a poem that through its form and features illustrates its own contents. What Coleridge offers us is, however, an idealized and much too narrow image of epigram which, had it been applied to the subject of this book, would have made it very much shorter. True enough, the ancients would have had no difficulty in acknowledging wit and, in particular, brevity as important elements of epigram, but they would certainly have been very much opposed to the idea that epigram was defined by these features alone. At the same time, it would very likely have been impossible to reach any kind of consensus among Greeks and Romans as to what an epigram actually was. Indeed, since there was a range of terms for short poetry, the word epigramma would not necessarily have occurred first to many of them in designating a literary genre. Even the quality of brevity, which might appear to be the most stable defining factor in our view of epigram, is called into question when Martial takes to writing poems of 50 lines and more and still claims that they are epigrams. In the first chapter of this book, Mario Citroni tackles the issue of what an epigram is – a vital question in a book that purports to be about epigram, but one that is notoriously difficult to answer.
Six chapters follow that focus on various key features of epigram. Chapters 2 and 3 look at its relation to individuals and society, as Patricia Watson introduces us to the colorful gallery of real and fictitious characters in which those who are demonstrably real can actually turn out to be literary constructs in the text. Kathleen M. Coleman discusses epigram’s encomiastic propensity, from Simonides’ patriotic eulogy for the dead at Thermopylae to the Ptolemaic court at Alexandria and the imperial panegyrics at Rome; she also offers an insight into the antithesis of panegyric, the scoptic or “mocking” epigram (often seen as typical of the genre, although a relatively late addition), from which even men of power were not entirely safe.
Few other literary genres lend themselves as readily to gender studies as epigram does. First of all, it is a much neglected fact that no other genre can boast as many female authors. In Chapter 4, Laurel Bowman discusses the epigrams of Erinna, Moero, Anyte, and Nossis, who all belonged to the first generation of Hellenistic poets and who contributed significantly to the genre’s development. In spite of this pronounced feminine presence, epigram – and in particular Roman epigram – may give the impression of being mainly a “masculine,” in certain respects even a “macho” and misogynistic genre. Lindsay Watson examines its attitudes towards masculinity and femininity in Chapter 5, also showing the difference between Greek and Roman epigram in this respect. A related topic is obscenity, covered by Bret Mulligan in Chapter 6. Here too, there is a marked difference between Roman epigram, which uses lexical obscenities freely, and Hellenistic epigram, which is less coarse and more poetically pornographic. Of course, while obscenity is often seen as typically epigrammatic, and notwithstanding Martial’s contention that epigrams cannot “please without a cock” (non possunt sine mentula placere, 1.3.5), one does well to remember that even in Martial the obscene poems amount to little more than 6 percent (Sullivan 1991, 65 n. 24).
An element of more sweeping importance is meter. While the epigram was originally written in hexameters, from the mid‐sixth century BCE the elegiac distich became the prevailing meter and remained so throughout antiquity. Unlike most other genres, though, epigram is free to use just about any meter it pleases. Although departure from elegiacs remained rare – particularly with the Greek epigrammatists – the choice of meter obviously mattered and was in itself meaningful. Llewelyn Morgan supplies a guide to the metrics of epigram in Chapter 7.
The latter section of part I deals with issues of genre and transmission, beginning with epigram and its relation to epic and tragedy. In Chapter 8, Martin T. Dinter shows how these genres, although in certain ways one another’s antithesis, developed a complex relationship that often proved mutually enriching. Rosario Cortés Tovar in Chapter 9 addresses the interaction between epigram and satire (the “evil twin of epic”) from a programmatic point of view, discussing, inter alia, Martial 6.64, an epigram in 32 stichic hexameters (thus precisely the kind of poem that makes the genre difficult to define), as a link between Horatian satire and that of Juvenal. While being aware of its surrounding literary landscape, epigram, as shown by Margot Neger in Chapter 10, is also highly self‐conscious, frequently reflecting on its length, language, contents, and function. It is typical, for instance, that Martial follows up the above‐mentioned 6.64 with a six‐line epigram in distichs, in which a fictitious reader objects to his writing epigrams that are both in the “wrong” meter and far too long. While Martial responds that he is quite within his rights in writing epigrammata longa in hexameters, he thus problematizes what an epigram actually is.
