A Companion to Cultural Resource Management E-Book

• Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
• Kategorie: Geisteswissenschaft
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 1237

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2011

Beschreibung

A Companion to Cultural Resource Management is an essential guide to those wishing to gain a deeper understanding of CRM and heritage management. Expert contributors share their knowledge and illustrate CRM's practice and scope, as well as the core issues and realities in preserving cultural heritages worldwide. * Edited by one of the world's leading experts in the field of cultural resource management, with contributions by a wide range of experts, including archaeologists, architectural historians, museum curators, historians, and representatives of affected groups * Offers a broad view of cultural resource management that includes archaeological sites, cultural landscapes, historic structures, shipwrecks, scientific and technological sites and objects, as well as intangible resources such as language, religion, and cultural values * Highlights the realities that face CRM practitioners "on the ground"

Leseprobe

Contents

Notes on Contributors

Acknowledgments

Introduction

What Are We Talking About?

A Companion to Whom?

Organization and Contents

Paths Not Taken

PART I General Classes of Cultural Resources

CHAPTER 1 Studying and Evaluating the Built Environment

Introduction

What is the “Built Environment”?

Who is Interested in the Built Environment?

Know the Ground Rules for Cultural Resource Management

Project Scoping and Research Designs

Organizing the Work

Historic Contexts

Fieldwork: Systematic Recording

Reading the Built Environment with a Professional Eye

Putting it All Together: Data Analysis

Products

Summary and Conclusion

CHAPTER 2 Principles of Architectural Preservation

Basic Principles and Architecture as the Box

Popular View of Preservation and Historic Origins

History of Architectural Preservation Principles and Treatments

French and English Origins

Continuum of Architectural Preservation Interventions

Buildings as Dynamic Entities and Moving Through Time

Secretary of the Interior’s Standards for the Treatment of Historic Buildings

Identifying Character-Defining Features

Preservation Treatment Plan

CHAPTER 3 Archaeology of the Distant Past

Problems with “Prehistoric”

What do Prehistoric Resources Include?

How are Prehistoric Resources “Packaged” for CRM Purposes?

What is Involved in Managing Pre historic Resources?

How are Prehistoric Resources Identified?

How are Prehistoric Resources Documented?

How are Prehistoric Resources Evaluated?

How are Impacts Assessed?

How are Prehistoric Resources Treated?

Managing Multiple Resources

CHAPTER 4 Archaeology of the Recent Past

What is Historical Archaeology?

What are the Actual “Resources?”

Forensic Archaeology

Ethnoarchaeology

What Do Historic Archaeological Sites Have to Do with Cultural Resource Management, and vice versa?

Who Cares About Historic Archaeological Sites?

Identifying Resources

Documentation

Evaluation

Management

Conclusions

CHAPTER 5 Geographies of Cultural Resource Management: Space, Place and Landscape

Introduction: Geography, Landscape, and CRM

Scoping: Geography and CRM

Identification: Traditional Cultural Geographies

Evaluation: Seeing Through to the Real

Assessing Effects: Mapping the Absences

Consultation: Geographical Imaginations

Mitigation: Place Making

CRM: The Production of Landscape

CHAPTER 6 Culturally Significant Natural Resources: Where Nature and Culture Meet

Stakes and Stakeholders

Identifying and Evaluating Culturally Significant Natural Resources

Methodological Notes: Documenting Culturally Significant Natural Resources

Managing Culturally Significant Natural Resources

Concluding Thoughts

CHAPTER 7 History as a Cultural Resource

Introduction

History as a Resource

Managing Documentary Cultural Resources

History in the Management of Tangible Resources

Methods and Sources

Preparing to do History in CRM

Making History, Recording History, Writing History

CHAPTER 8 Portable Cultural Property: “This Belongs in a Museum?”

Introduction

Importance of Curation

What Is Movable Cultural Material?

Law and Policy

Repositories and Curation

Considerations of Objects’ Care

Curation Costs

Orphaned Collections

Deaccessioning

Intellectual Property and Final Reports

Education and Exhibiting Culture

Conclusions

CHAPTER 9 “Intangible” Cultural Resources: Values are in the Mind

Introduction

What Are Intangible Resources?

Why Bother?

OK, I’m Willing, but How Do I Go About It?

Now that You’ve Identified It, How Do You Determine Its Significance?

What Type of Documentation Do I Need?

How Can I Account for Intangible Resources in Long-Term Management and Project-Specific Planning?

What to Look out for: Conflicts and Tradeoffs

CHAPTER 10 Religious Belief and Practice

Introduction

Impoverishment of CRM Language for Effectively Talking About Religion

The Religious and the Secular

The Sacred and the Profane

Religion as Imagined and Regulated in “Secular” Law

Varied Approaches to Thinking about Religion

Embodied Practice of Religion

Conclusion

CHAPTER 11 Language as an Integrated Cultural Resource

Introduction

Identifying the Resource

Managing Language as an Integrated Cultural Resource

Managing Language and Cultural Resources Against the Odds

Conclusion

PART II Special Types of Cultural Resources

CHAPTER 12 Challenges of Maritime Archaeology: In Too Deep

Historical Developments

Down to the Water’s Edge: Silted Sites

Political Legislation in Marine Archaeology

Underwater Parks

Offshore Development: The Polluter Pays?

Deep-Sea Shipwrecks

Conclusion

CHAPTER 13 Historic Watercraft: Keeping Them Afloat

Introduction

The Resource and the Public

Managing the Resource and Stakeholders

Cautionary Tales, Middle Grounds, and Happy Endings

Conclusion

Personal Communications

CHAPTER 14 Historic Aircraft and Spacecraft: Enfants Terribles

Introduction: The Terrible Children

Case in Point: A Tale of Two Lockheeds

Growing up Wild

Signs of Hope

Will the Terrible Children ever Grow up?

CHAPTER 15 Studying and Managing Aerospace Crash Sites

Out of Sight, Out of Mind

A Case for Relevance

Threats

Identification

Recording

Conclusion

CHAPTER 16 Evaluating and Managing Technical and Scientific Properties: Rockets, Tang™, and Telescopes

Introduction: Science, Engineering, and Historic Preservation

Examples

Classification by Period

Identifying Scientific Properties

Evaluating Scientific Properties

Managing Scientific Properties

More than Buildings

Beyond Our Borders

Final Thoughts

CHAPTER 17 Historic Battlefields: Studying and Managing Fields of Conflict

How Do You Know It’s a Battlefield?

The Archaeology of Battle and Other Conflicts

Commemoration and Protection

Battles Over Battlefields

Battlefield Tourism: Varying Levels of an “Authentic Experience”

Shifting Interpretations, Shifting Needs: The Battles Continue

CHAPTER 18 Managing Our Military Heritage

Why We Preserve Military Heritage

Who Saves Our Military Heritage?

Locating Our Military Heritage

Significant Military Heritage

Military Heritage Resource Protection

The Military Heritage Preservation Profession

CHAPTER 19 Linear Resources and Linear Projects: All in Line

Linear Resources

Linear Projects

Overlapping Projects and Resources

The Challenge of Managing Linear Resources

Summary and Conclusions

CHAPTER 20 Rock Art as Cultural Resource

Introduction: What Is Rock Art?

Finding and Identifying Rock Art

Evaluating Rock Art Sites

Documenting Rock Art Sites

Interpreting Rock Art Sites

Potential Impacts to Rock Art Sites

Balancing the Concerns of Interested Parties

Managing Rock Sites for Their Own Sake

Public Involvement

Involvement of Indigenous and Descendant Communities

Managing Rock Art Sites for Multiple Uses

Managing Rock Art Sites for Long-Term Preservation, the Public, and Research

PART III Perspectives on Cultural Resource Management

CHAPTER 21 Consultation in Cultural Resource Management: An Indigenous Perspective

Introduction

The Importance of Consultation in Cultural Resource Management

The Problem of Archaeology

The United Nations Declaration and Cultural Resources

Some Advice to Indigenous People

The Three “C’s”

CHAPTER 22 A Displaced People’s Perspective on Cultural Resource Management: Where We’re From

PART IV Legal, Administrative, and Practical Contexts

CHAPTER 23 Cultural Resource Laws: The Legal Mélange

Introduction: CRM and Law

Kinds of Cultural Resource Laws

Overlapping Jurisdictions

International Authorities

UNESCO

ICOMOS

Regulations, Guidelines, and Standards

What People Know; What People Think They Know

Coincident Terms, Divergent Meanings

Conclusion: Wrestling with the Mélange

CHAPTER 24 International Variety in Cultural Resource Management

Introduction: Cultural Resources Around the World

Management Environments

Definitions of Cultural Resources

Determining Significance

Administrative Systems

UNESCO and the World Heritage Committee

The World Bank

CHAPTER 25 Consultation and Negotiation in Cultural Resource Management

Introduction: Consultation and Cultural Resource Management

Why Consultation?

Who Consults?

What is Consultation?

Impediments to Effective Consultation

Negotiation Again

CHAPTER 26 Being a US Government Cultural Resource Manager

Introduction

What Is a US Federal Agency?

What Is a Federal Land Managing Agency?

What Does a Federal Land Managing Agency Do?

What Do Such Agencies Have to Do with Cultural Resource Management (CRM)?

Finding a Job With a Federal Agency

The First Strategy in a Career is Finding One

My Becoming a BLMer

The Second Strategy Could Be Climbing the Career Ladder

Getting Experience by Moving Around – the Third Strategy

How To End a Federal Government Career

Suggestions for a Successful Federal Career in Cultural Resources

Learn the laws and terminology

After Your Federal Career Is Over – a Final Strategy

CHAPTER 27 Making a Living in Private Sector Cultural Resource Management

Introduction: Cloudy Skies

The Background Story

The Role of Academia

The Role of Small Business

What Is a Project Manager?

The CRM Industry: Where Are We Now?

Insurmountable Opportunities

A Growing Sense of Urgency

Compete at Cooperation: A Proposal

An Encouraging Word

CHAPTER 28 The Historic Built Environment: Preservation and Planning

Introduction

Defining Historic Built Resources

Evolving Trends in Historic Resource Management

Evaluating Historic Resources

Planning Processes

Approaches to the Treatment of Historic Resources

Professional Qualifications and Training

Summary

CHAPTER 29 CRM and the Military: Cultural Resource Management

Introduction: Some Observations

Case Study: Mass Graves Investigations

Primary Mission Summary

Conclusion

CHAPTER 30 A Future for Cultural Resource Management?

Cultural Resource Management as a Future-Oriented Activity

What Does the Future Need?

Flaws in the Standard Model

What’s Wrong? A Towering Example

Alternative Futures: A View from Mauna Kea

But …

Sacred Structure

Akwé: Kon

Hams in the Sky?

And – the Bottom Line

Index

The Blackwell Companions to Anthropology offers a series of comprehensive syntheses of the traditional subdisciplines, primary subjects, and geographic areas of inquiry for the field. Taken together, the series represents both a contemporary survey of anthropology and a cutting edge guide to the emerging research and intellectual trends in the field as a whole.

1. A Companion to Linguistic Anthropology edited by Alessandro Duranti

2. A Companion to the Anthropology of Politics edited by David Nugent and Joan Vincent

3. A Companion to the Anthropology of American Indians edited by Thomas Biolsi

4. A Companion to Psychological Anthropology edited by Conerly Casey and Robert B. Edgerton

5. A Companion to the Anthropology of Japan edited by Jennifer Robertson

6. A Companion to Latin American Anthropology edited by Deborah Poole

7. A Companion to Biological Anthropology, edited by Clark Larsen (hardback only)

8. A Companion to the Anthropology of India, edited by Isabelle Clark-Decès

9. A Companion to Medical Anthropology edited by Merrill Singer and Pamela I. Erickson

10. A Companion to Cognitive Anthropology edited by David B, Kronenfeld, Giovanni Bennardo, Victor de Munck, and Michael D. Fischer

11. A Companion to Cultural Resource Management, Edited by Thomas King

12. A Companion to the Anthropology of Education, Edited by Bradley A.U. Levinson and Mica Pollack

13. A Companion to the Anthropology of the Body, Edited by Frances E. Mascia-Lees

Forthcoming

A Companion to Forensic Anthropology, edited by Dennis Dirkmaat

A Companion to the Anthropology of Europe, edited by Ullrich Kockel, Máiréad Nic Craith, and Jonas Frykman

A Companion to Paleopathology, edited by Anne L. Grauer

This edition first published 2011© 2011 Blackwell Publishing, Ltd.

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

A companion to cultural resource management / edited by Thomas F. King.p. cm. – (Blackwell companions to anthropology ; 17)Includes bibliographical references and index.ISBN 978-1-4051-9873-8 (hardback)1. Historic sites–Conservation and restoration. 2. Historic buildings–Conservation and restoration. 3. Architecture–Conservation and restoration. 4. Historic preservation. 5. Cultural property–Protection. 6. Cultural policy. 7. Antiquities–Collection and preservation. I. King, Thomas F.CC135.C534 2011363.6'9–dc222011002989

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.

This book is published in the following electronic formats: ePDFs 9781444396041; Wiley Online Library 9781444396065; ePub 9781444396058

Notes on Contributors

David L. Ames is Professor of Urban Affairs and Public Policy and Geography and Material Culture Studies, Director of Center for Historic Architecture and Design, and Faculty Coordinator of the Masters Program in Historic Preservation at the University of Delaware. Ames, a geographer, historic preservationist, and planner, teaches graduate courses in those subjects. His recent research in the Center for Historic Architecture and Design has involved Delaware’s Byways program for which he completed a nomination for the Harriet Tubman Underground Railroad Historic Byway. His publications include a book with Richard Wagner, Design and Historic Preservation: The Challenge of Compatibility (2009), and article “The Challenge of Nominating the Underground Railroad in Delaware as a Scenic and Historic Byway,” in Preservation Education & Research #2, 2009. He is also coauthor with Linda McClelland of the National Register Bulletin, Historic Residential Suburbs: Guidelines for Evaluation and Documentation.

D. Colt Denfeld has a PhD from the University of Illinois and a number of years’ experience in managing our military heritage. He is presently an architectural historian at Joint Base Lewis-McChord (formerly Fort Lewis) and manages over 300 historic buildings. Dr Denfeld spent 8 years documenting World War II Japanese and American military artifacts in the Pacific. He surveyed 20 islands to locate and identify surviving reminders of the War in the Pacific. Dr Denfeld has also served in State Historic Preservation Office work. One of his main research interests has been the role of culture in how countries respond to and fight wars.

Sheri Murray Ellis, MS is a senior project manager, preservation specialist, and NEPA practitioner for SWCA Environmental Consultants. She has worked as an environmental consultant for the past 20 years and has focused her efforts on the western United States and Alaska. Sheri has a diverse preservation skill set ranging from historical archaeology to architectural history to assisting clients in consulting with Native American tribes and other culture groups. She also specializes in helping clients navigate the often confusing world of environmental regulations. Sheri strives to develop creative solutions to cultural and environmental challenges and to buck established but ineffective cultural resource management practices.

Nancy Farrell has been working as an archaeologist and historian in the western United States, Hawai’i, and Micronesia since the 1960s. After a career with a variety of local, state, and federal agencies, including the US Army Corps of Engineers and private environmental and engineering firms, she co-founded Cultural Resource Management Services in 1985 and is now President of that firm. She currently serves on the board of directors of the American Cultural Resources Association. Ms Farrell is the daughter of a US Marine who fought in the Pacific Theater in World War II. She became interested in battlefields while working in western Micronesia in the late 1970s and experiencing the effects of that war on the land and the peoples of the region.

Craig Fuller has been researching and documenting historic-era aircraft crash sites since 1984. He has visited over 500 aircraft crash sites throughout the United States, Europe, and Micronesia. He is a former chief flight instructor at Arizona State University and has more than 3,000 hours of flight experience. In 1997 Craig formed Aviation Archaeological Investigation and Research (AAIR), a business dedicated to researching and documenting old aircraft crashes. Craig has a Bachelor of Science degree in Aeronautical Science with a minor in Aviation Safety/Accident Investigation from Embry Riddle Aeronautical University in Prescott, Arizona. After assisting state and federal agencies, including the Bureau of Land Management, Forest Service, and National Park Service, in identifying, recording, and managing numerous aircraft crash sites, he chose to pursue a Master of Arts degree in Cultural Resources Management at Sonoma State University in Cotati, California.

Reba Fuller is a member of the Tuolumne Band of Me-Wuk Indians and lives on the Tuolumne Rancheria, on the west side of the Sierra Nevada Mountains in California. Ms Fuller is the great-granddaughter of the late Chief William Fuller, who helped establish the Rancheria in 1907 and represented the California Indians in their pursuit of the California Indian Lands Claim Settlement. Ms Fuller currently provides liaison between the Tribe and federal, state, and local agencies on proposed projects that may have direct or indirect impacts on tribal lands or cultural resources. She has been involved for almost 40 years in tribal affairs, and for the past 20 years has involved herself in the protection and preservation of her traditional cultural heritage. She has been instrumental in developing the Tribe’s Cultural Committee, agreements protecting tribal interests on proposed land projects, government-to-government relations with federal agencies, and protecting the Tribe’s intellectual property rights. Ms Fuller may be reached at Tuolumne Band of Me-Wuk Indians, Post Office Box 699, Tuolumne, CA 95379, office 209.928.5300 or e-mail: [email protected].

In 1985, Ric Gillespie left a career as an aviation risk manager and accident investigator to found The International Group for Historic Aircraft Recovery (TIGHAR, pronounced tiger). The non-profit foundation conducts historical investigations and promotes responsible aviation archaeology and historic preservation. As TIGHAR’s executive director, Ric has conducted dozens of educational seminars at air museums around the United States and has organized and moderated conferences of air museum professionals in Britain and Europe. He has also led over three dozen aviation archaeological expeditions to remote areas of the United States, Canada, Europe, Micronesia, and New Guinea.

Thomas J. Green has been the Director of the Arkansas Archeological Survey, an independent unit of the University of Arkansas System, since 1992. The Survey has 11 research stations across Arkansas conducting research and providing opportunities for the public to participate in archaeological research. Prior to moving to Arkansas, Green was the State Archaeologist and Deputy State Historic Preservation Officer in Idaho. His international experience has been mostly in the Kingdom of Jordan. He received his PhD from Indiana University in 1977.

Leila Hamroun, AIA, LEED AP, principal in the Heritage Design Collaborative (Philadelphia, PA), has been active in preservation architecture and planning for over 20 years, with extensive national and international experience in the full scope of preservation design services, from long-term planning for historic urban centers to award-winning restoration projects and design guidelines for historic districts. She has designed and managed several large private and public projects, developing complex – yet consensual – multidisciplinary approaches based on a thorough understanding of project goals and challenges, and sustained collaboration and communication with all involved. Her preservation philosophy is rooted in personal, academic, and professional trajectories that took her from North Africa to Europe and the United States, and resulted in an array of perspectives on the built heritage. She believes in long-term, sustainable preservation planning, and strongly encourages clients to engage in interpretive planning and educational programming to provide leadership in heritage stewardship by example.

Kelley Hays-Gilpin is Professor of Anthropology at Northern Arizona University, and Curator of Anthropology at the Museum of Northern Arizona. She holds a PhD in Anthropology from the University of Arizona, and has nearly 30 years of experience studying rock art and pottery in the Southwest. She has authored numerous articles and books, including Ambiguous Images: Gender and Rock Art, which won the 1995 Society for American Archaeology book award.

William M. Hunter works as a professional geographer for Heberling Associates, a cultural resource management firm located in Alexandria, Pennsylvania. His professional work has included studies of urban political ecology of Cincinnati, the relict landscapes of Pennsylvania’s mining and lumber industries, and production of geographic knowledge during and in commemoration of the French and Indian War. Hunter has written on genealogy and geography, and the ideological dimensions of environmental impact assessment. He teaches introductory geography at Juniata College.

Russell L. Kaldenberg received his BA in Anthropology from San Jose State University and his MA in Anthropology from San Diego State University, specializing in prehistoric archaeology. He is a member of the first generation of cultural resource managers and recently retired from federal service, serving over 30 years as an archaeologist and Native American consultation specialist for the Bureau of Land Management, USDA Forest Service, and the Department of Navy. He has served on the California State Historic Resources Commission, is a past President of the Society for California Archaeology, and currently serves on the Board of Directors for the Mojave Desert Heritage and Cultural Association and represents the Wyoming SHPO on the Missouri River Recovery Implementation Committee. He is a Principal Investigator for ASM Affiliates, Inc., in Cheyenne, Wyoming.

Sean Kingsley has worked as a marine archaeologist and specialist in trade for over 20 years from Israel to Montenegro and the depths of the English Channel. He is the Director of Wreck Watch International, a London-based consultancy that sheds a spotlight on the threats to shipwrecks and submerged harbors worldwide. A central objective of Wreck Watch is to serve as a bridge between academic research, the private sector, industry, and the general public for purposes of mainstream education, understanding, and entertainment. He is the author of seven books, including Shipwreck Archaeology of the Holy Land. Processes and Parameters (2004) and Oceans Odyssey: Deep-Sea Shipwrecks in the English Channel, Straits of Gibraltar and Atlantic Ocean (2010).

Thomas F. King is a consultant, writer, and educator in cultural resource management, based in Silver Spring, Maryland. He holds a PhD in anthropology, and has worked in CRM for over 40 years, as a government official and private consultant. He is the author of seven textbooks on aspects of CRM, and blogs on CRM and related subjects at http://crmplus.blogspot.com/.

Kathryn M. Kuranda, M. Arch. Hist. is Senior Vice President for Historical & Architectural Services with R. Christopher Goodwin & Associates, Inc. The company maintains offices in New Orleans, Louisiana; Frederick, Maryland; Tallahassee, Florida; Lawrence, Kansas; and Alamogordo, New Mexico.

Susan B. M. Langley is the Maryland State Underwater Archaeologist. In addition to a Doctorate in this field, she holds Masters degrees in Archaeology and Heritage Legislation, and Spinning and Textile Technology, and certification in Heritage Resource Management. She sits on the Advisory Committee for Historic Ships in Baltimore, the Maryland Historical Society’s Maritime Committee, and holds the Archaeology Research Chair on NOAA’s Advisory Council for the Monitor National Marine Sanctuary.

Tom Lennon earned MA and PhD degrees in Anthropology from the University of Colorado – Boulder. He has worked in cultural resource management throughout the western United States since 1976. His company, Western Cultural Resource Management, Inc. (WCRM), was started in 1978 and provides consulting services through four offices in the western United States. He has served as President of WCRM since 1983.

Susan Malin-Boyce works for the Mandatory Center of Expertise for the Curation and Management of Archaeological Collections (MCX-CMAC), St Louis District, US Army Corps of Engineers. She was Field Director and Deputy Director for the Regime Crimes Liaison Office Mass Grave Investigations Team, providing forensic assistance to the Iraqi High Tribunal’s investigations of the Anfal Campaign (1988) and suppression of the Intifada (1991) conducted against the Kurdish and Shiite populations respectively. In the cultural resource management industry, Dr Malin-Boyce managed large-scale projects that utilized both traditional archaeological and geophysical survey methods. She has led and participated in archaeological projects in west-central Europe, South Asia, and the eastern United States.

Michael D. McNally is Professor and Chair of the Religion Department at Carleton College in Minnesota. He is a historian of religion in America and is author of Ojibwe Singers: Hymns, Grief, and a Native Culture in Motion (2000) and Honoring Elders: Aging, Authority, and Ojibwe Religion (2009), among other articles and chapters, and is currently working at the intersection of the category of “religion,” the law, and Native American traditions.

Michael J. Moratto is Senior Archaeologist with Applied EarthWorks, Inc., in California. Since the mid-1960s he has directed hundreds of projects involving archaeology and cultural resources management for government agencies and private-sector clients throughout the American West. A retired university professor, Dr Moratto is a Fellow of the California Academy of Sciences and past president of local, statewide, and national professional societies. He has also served on the State Historical Resources Commission. Among his nearly 200 publications, California Archaeology (1984, 2004) has been adopted widely as a textbook. In recognition of his professional accomplishments, Dr Moratto has received numerous honors and awards from professional societies, universities, and civic organizations.

Deborah Morse-Kahn, a public historian and photojournalist who has written extensively about people and places in the Upper Midwest, is Director of Regional Research Associates of Minneapolis, Minnesota. She holds a masters degree in American Regional Studies and brings the skills of archaeology, sociology, demographics, architecture, and archives into her daily work. Ms Morse-Kahn served on the Minneapolis Heritage Preservation Commission from 2008 to 2010, and has edited, and authored, 11 books on public history. www.regionalresearch.net

David Nickell is a Professor of Philosophy and Sociology at West Kentucky Community and Technical College and was the sixth generation to reside on a “Between the Rivers” farm settled by Jeremiah Nickell in the 1780s. Nickell was among the thousands forcibly removed from Between the Rivers. He and his family continue to live and farm in far western Kentucky.

Claudia Nissley’s career in preservation of cultural heritage includes an executive manager for the Advisory Council on Historic Preservation, the Wyoming Governor’s appointment as the State Historic Preservation Officer, and the President of her own consulting firm. Her focus is in cultural property law as it pertains to American Indian tribes, communities, and groups attempting to preserve their history. She has been involved in projects throughout the United States, from New England to the west coast and most states in between. She has also been on projects as an anthropologist and archaeologist in Guatemala, Mexico, and St Lucia in the Lesser Antilles.

Diana Painter is an architectural historian and urban designer. Her firm of Painter Preservation & Planning, founded in 2002, is a full-service historic preservation firm with offices in Petaluma, California, and Spokane, Washington. Ms Painter holds a PhD in Architecture from the University of Sheffield, a masters degree in urban planning and certificate in urban design from the University of Washington, and a BA in Interdisciplinary Design from Fairhaven College, with additional graduate studies at the University of Pennsylvania. She has 30 years of professional experience in historic preservation, urban design, and architectural design. Ms Painter has been the recipient of international and national research awards and has been recognized regionally for her preservation leadership. She regularly lectures and writes on historic preservation and urban design topics.

Bernard C. Perley is Associate Professor of Anthropology at the University of Wisconsin – Milwaukee. He is the author of the forthcoming book Maliseet Language Death and the Survival of Cultural Identity. His research interests include intertextuality, intermediality, and indigeneity as practices of Native American language/cultural revitalization and self-determination.

Paige M. Peyton is a doctoral candidate in Research within the School of Archaeology and Ancient History, University of Leicester, England. Her research is focused broadly on the archaeology of abandonment, specifically as it relates to ghost towns in the American West. For the past 24 years, Ms Peyton has worked in US cultural resources management, primarily as a consultant to federal agencies. During that time, she has inventoried and evaluated thousands of properties for inclusion in the National Register of Historic Places, many of which have been scientific, technical, or engineering related.

Specializing in historic aircraft site identification, survey and excavation, Gary Quigg has extensive archaeological field experience which includes work in the contiguous United States, Alaska, Newfoundland, Wales, and the remote Pacific islands of Nikumaroro and Yap working predominantly with aircraft remains from c.1935 to c.1950. He has conducted numerous cultural resource reviews under Section 106 of the National Historic Preservation Act, including eligibility recommendations for the National Register of Historic Places. Having completed coursework for a Master of Arts in Public History at Indiana University, Gary is in the process of writing his thesis on America’s first practical cruise missile, the JB-2, combining historical and archaeological research. An active private pilot, he is also engaged in the rehabilitation of a 1943 C-47A that served with distinction in the 8th United States Army Air Force during World War II.

Linea Sundstrom is a private contractor specializing in North American archaeology, ethnogeography, and rock art. She has over 25 years’ experience in the archaeology of the Northern Plains and is the author of Storied Stone: Rock Art of the Black Hills Country (2004), Rock Art of the Southern Black Hills: A Contextual Approach (1990), Culture History of the Black Hills (1989), and numerous articles on Northern Plains archaeology and history. She received the Heizer award for ethnohistory in 2003 and the Luebke award for Great Plains studies in 1998 and 2009.

Wendy Giddens Teeter has been the Curator of Archaeology for the UCLA Fowler Museum since 1998, focusing on museum, educational, and cultural issues of North and Central America, especially within southern California and Belize. She is Co-Director for the Pimu Catalina Island Archaeology Project and since 2003 has taught periodically through American Indian Studies on the law and policy of Indigenous Cultural Resource Protection in California. She is a Coordinating Committee Member for the Tribal Learning Community and Educational Exchange Program in the Native Nations Law and Policy Center, UCLA School of Law and a member of the UCLA NAGPRA Coordinating Committee. She currently serves as the Chair for the Committee on Native American Relations for the Society for American Archaeology and as Resource Editor for the Heritage Management journal.

Michael K. Trimble received his PhD in Anthropology from the University of Missouri – Columbia, in 1985. He is the Director of the Corps of Engineers’ Mandatory Center of Expertise for the Curation and Management of Archaeological Collections (MXC-CMAC). The MCX-CMAC is the only organization within the Department of Defense with the full-time staff, expertise, experience, and program to provide DoD services with technical assistance for archaeology, records management, forensic archaeology, and collections management. Over the past 16 years, the MCX-CMAC has carried out a variety of anthropologically based missions nationwide and internationally. These include Kennewick Man, the African Burial Ground, mass graves excavation in Iraq, and the Veterans Curation Project.

Charles W. Wheeler is the Vice President of Western Cultural Resource Management, Inc., as well as the manager of WCRM’s southwestern region. He has been an archaeologist for 34 years, working primarily in the western United States. His primary research interest is hunter/gatherers, although living in the Four Corners area he has developed an interest in and a familiarity with the Formative Period Anasazi. As a cultural resource manager, he has also come to focus on historic-period resources, and on the practical application of cultural resource laws and regulations to all historic resources.

Anna J. Willow is an Assistant Professor in the Department of Anthropology at Ohio State University and teaches at OSU’s Marion campus. She received her PhD in cultural anthropology from the University of Wisconsin – Madison in 2008. She has worked with Ojibwe communities in northern Wisconsin to document the historical and contemporary significance of traditional cultural properties and the natural resources they contain. She has also conducted extensive research on Ojibwe anti-clearcutting activism in northwestern Ontario.

Acknowledgments

I’m grateful to Rosalie Robertson and Julia Kirk of Wiley-Blackwell for the idea of this book and for their patience in shepherding me through its development. Thanks also to Lucy Boon and Sue Leigh, and undoubtedly many others to whom I’ve not been introduced, for their skillful and patient proofing, editing, and production work. I much appreciate the hard work that all the authors put into their chapters, and especially thank Mike Moratto for advice and encouragement early on, Kate Kuranda, David Ames, Leila Hamroun, Reba Fuller, and Deborah Morse-Kahn for saving me from catastrophes later in the project, and Diana Painter and Russ Kaldenberg for their patience with my heavy-handed editing. I also appreciate the prompt last-minute advice that Fran Gale gave me on cemetery matters, and the contributions of Desiree Martinez, Mark Groover, David Rotenstein, Lydia Kachadorian, Ed von der Porten, Geoffrey Sea, Ray Ashley, and Lange Winckler to the volume as it evolved.

Introduction

Thomas F. King

What Are We Talking About?

The central problem in designing a volume called “A Companion to Cultural Resource Management” is that there is no general agreement on what the last three words – “cultural,” “resource,” and “management” – mean when strung together in sequence. In short, it is not intuitively obvious to what one’s volume is supposed to be companionate.

Here are some definitions of the term “cultural resource(s) management” that came up in a search of the Internet in late 2009:

In the broadest sense, Cultural Resources Management (CRM) is the vocation and practice of managing cultural resources, such as the arts and heritage. (Wikipedia1)Cultural Resource Management is, essentially, a process by which the protection and management of the multitudinous but scarce elements of cultural heritage are given some consideration in a modern world with an expanding population and changing needs. (About.com2)Cultural resource management (CRM) is the term used to describe the process of dealing with archaeological and historical resources. (SouthArc, a consulting firm3)

I think it’s safe to say that most “CRM” practitioners don’t bother to define the term very explicitly; they simply use it as a tag for what they do. If one is a museum curator who works with artifacts, then artifacts are “cultural resources” and what one does to take care of them is “management.” If one is an archaeologist, then archaeological sites are “cultural resources,” and one is managing them when one is finding them, documenting them, stabilizing or otherwise preserving them, or digging them up. If one is an architectural historian and uses the term (most don’t), then buildings and structures are “cultural resources.” If one’s own cultural traditions are being disrespected by the dominant society – and one learns the jargon – then one may call those traditions “cultural resources.” It is also not uncommon to see the term used without definition, on the apparent assumption that everyone knows what it means; this is common among archaeologists (cf. Tainter 2004).

The failure to be explicit about what “CRM” means has some unfortunate results, particularly in the context of environmental impact assessment (EIA). A project may be proposed that will have devastating effects on the cultural environment – a reservoir, say, that will require the relocation of dozens of longstanding traditional villages, flood sacred sites and fishing areas used for centuries, eliminate traditional industries and the sources of traditional foods and medicines. It will split communities so that social relationships and perhaps even languages will be lost. The government – perhaps in good faith, perhaps not – contracts for an EIA study so that it can factor impacts on the environment into its planning and perhaps do something to reduce or otherwise mitigate such impacts. The EIA contractor employs or subcontracts with someone to deal with “cultural resources,” thinking that he or she will address the full range of potentially affected cultural variables. But the “cultural resource” subcontractor understands his or her area of responsibility to embrace only archaeological sites, so such sites become the sole focus of the “cultural resource” impact analysis. The rest of the cultural environment is left up for grabs by others on the EIA team. Perhaps someone deals with them, but very likely no one does; the bulk of the project’s effects on the cultural environment simply aren’t examined, aren’t factored into the EIA. Decisions are then made without consideration of such effects (see King 1998 for a discussion of this problem).