A Companion to Forensic Anthropology E-Book

• Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
• Kategorie: Geisteswissenschaft
• Serie: Blackwell Companions to Anthropology
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 1663

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2012

Beschreibung

A Companion to Forensic Anthropology presents the most comprehensive assessment of the philosophy, goals, and practice of forensic anthropology currently available, with chapters by renowned international scholars and experts. * Highlights the latest advances in forensic anthropology research, as well as the most effective practices and techniques used by professional forensic anthropologists in the field * Illustrates the development of skeletal biological profiles and offers important new evidence on statistical validation of these analytical methods. * Evaluates the goals and methods of forensic archaeology, including the preservation of context at surface-scattered remains, buried bodies and fatal fire scenes, and recovery and identification issues related to large-scale mass disaster scenes and mass grave excavation.

Leseprobe

Contents

List of Illustrations

List of Tables

Notes on Contributors

About This Book

FORENSIC ARCHAEOLOGY PLAYS A ROLE

FORENSIC TAPHONOMY ARRIVES

SHIFTING THE PARADIGM

PREVIEWING THE BOOK

Acknowledgments

PART I Introduction and Brief History of Forensic Anthropology

CHAPTER 1: Forensic Anthropology: Embracing the New Paradigm

INTRODUCTION: THE ENTITY

FIRST, A BIT OF HISTORY: THE EARLY YEARS

THE MORE RECENT YEARS

CHINKS IN THE ARMOR: CONSIDERING BEST PRACTICES

BETTER STATISTICS

FINALLY, ADDING FORENSIC ARCHAEOLOGY

PRIMARY BENEFITS OF FORENSIC ARCHAEOLOGY

OUTSIDE INFLUENCES

SUMMARY

PART II Recovery of Human Remains from Outdoor Contexts

Introduction to Part II

SEARCH EFFORTS

CHAPTER 2: Documenting Context at the Outdoor Crime Scene: Why Bother?

INTRODUCTION

THE FORENSIC DEATH INVESTIGATION

CRIMINAL INVESTIGATIONS AND PROCESSING OF THE INDOOR SCENE

LAW-ENFORCEMENT PERCEPTION OF THE OUTDOOR CRIME SCENE

CAN INDOOR RECOVERY METHODS APPLY TO OUTDOOR SCENES?

WHY NOT FORENSIC ARCHAEOLOGY?

CONTEMPORARY ARCHAEOLOGICAL PRINCIPLES

THE OUTDOOR FORENSIC SCENE

DEFINING CONTEXT AT THE OUTDOOR SCENE

FORENSIC ARCHAEOLOGY

A CASE EXAMPLE

DISCUSSION

CHAPTER 3: Determining the Forensic Significance of Skeletal Remains

INTRODUCTION

DISTINGUISHING BONE FROM NONBONE MATERIALS

DISTINGUISHING HUMAN BONES FROM NONHUMAN BONES

DETERMINING FORENSIC SIGNIFICANCE

CLASSIFICATION OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL MATERIAL

CLASSIFICATION OF WAR TROPHIES

CLASSIFICATION OF TEACHING MATERIAL

DATING OF SKELETAL REMAINS USING ARTIFICIAL RADIOCARBON

CONCLUSIONS

CHAPTER 4: The Application of Ground-Penetrating Radar for Forensic Grave Detection

INTRODUCTION

CONTROLLED RESEARCH

PLANNING THE SEARCH

INCORPORATING GPR INTO THE SEARCH PROTOCOL

GPR EQUIPMENT

THE GPR PROCESS AND RESULTING IMAGERY

ADVANTAGES AND LIMITATIONS OF USING GPR FOR FORENSIC CONTEXTS

HIRING A GEOPHYSICAL CONSULTANT

PERFORMING THE SEARCH

FUTURE CONSIDERATIONS

CHAPTER 5: Crime Scene Perspective: Collecting Evidence in the Context of the Criminal Incident

INTRODUCTION

CASE HISTORY

DEFINING THE CRIME SCENE

DOCUMENTING THE SCENE

RECOVERY

CONCLUSIONS

CHAPTER 6: The Role of Forensic Anthropology in the Recovery and Interpretation of the Fatal-Fire Victim

EFFECT OF FIRE ON THE SCENE AND VICTIM

BONE STRUCTURE AND COMPOSITION MODIFICATION

COMMON PRACTICES IN THE INVESTIGATION OF FIRES

COMMON FATAL-FIRE VICTIM RECOVERY PROTOCOLS EMPLOYED TODAY

PROBLEMS WITH THESE APPROACHES

FORENSIC ARCHAEOLOGY AT THE FIRE SCENE

BRIDGEVILLE FATAL-FIRE RECOVERY PROTOCOLS

AT THE POSTMORTEM EXAMINATION

LABORATORY ANALYSIS OF THE FATAL-FIRE VICTIM

PATTERNS OF THERMAL DAMAGE AND TRAUMA ANALYSIS

FORENSIC TAPHONOMIC ANALYSIS

DISCUSSION

CONCLUSIONS

CHAPTER 7: Forensic Anthropology at the Mass Fatality Incident (Commercial Airliner) Crash Scene

RESPONSIBILITY FOR THE INVESTIGATION

MFI MANAGEMENT RESPONSIBILITY 1: VICTIM IDENTIFICATION

BUT CHANGES ARE AFOOT…

MFI MANAGEMENT RESPONSIBILITY 2: VICTIM RECOVERY

CHANGES IN THE FIELD RECOVERY PHILOSOPHY

WELDON SPRING PROTOCOLS

THE CONTINENTAL (COLGAN AIR) FLIGHT 3407 CRASH SITE

CONCLUSIONS

CHAPTER 8: Mass Graves and Human Rights: Latest Developments, Methods, and Lessons Learned

ARCHAEOLOGY AND THE FORENSIC ANTHROPOLOGIST

LOCATING MASS GRAVES

EXCAVATION

EVIDENCE RECORDING

LINKING EVIDENCE

CONCLUDING REMARKS

CHAPTER 9: Archaeology, Mass Graves, and Resolving Commingling Issues through Spatial Analysis

INTRODUCTION

METHODS

RESULTS

DISCUSSION

PART III Developments in Forensic Osteology

Introduction to Part III

CHAPTER 10: Developments in Forensic Anthropology: Age-at-Death Estimation

ADULT SKELETAL AGE ESTIMATION

TRADITIONAL ADULT SKELETAL AGING METHODS

OTHER METHODS

THINGS TO CONSIDER WHEN AGING A SKELETON

FUTURE DIRECTIONS

CHAPTER 11: Skeletal Age Estimation: Where We Are and Where We Should Go

AGE INDICATORS

REFERENCE SAMPLES

ESTIMATION PROCEDURES

FUTURE DIRECTIONS

CHAPTER 12: Adult Sex Determination: Methods and Application

METRIC SEX DETERMINATION

NONMETRIC SEX DETERMINATION

CONCLUSION: WHAT TO USE?

CHAPTER 13: Sexual Dimorphism: Interpreting Sex Markers

INTRODUCTION: EASY SEX?

PROBLEMS AND QUESTIONS: NAUGHTY BITS AND NOISY SEX

MORE PROBLEMS: NO MEANS NO… BUT YOU HAVE TO EXPLAIN WHY

SEXUAL SIZE DIMORPHISM: SIZE DOES MATTER

I TELL YOU, IT’S A WHOLE DIFFERENT SEX!

TECHNIQUE IS (ALMOST) EVERYTHING

THERE IS MORE THAN ONE POSTURE

WRAPPING IT UP

DOING IT: SOME PRACTICAL ADVICE

WHAT’S NEXT?

RECOMMENDED READINGS

CHAPTER 14: Morphoscopic Traits and the Assessment of Ancestry

ANATOMY, SYSTEMATICS, AND THE SEARCH FOR ORDER

TYPOLOGY, POLYGENISM, AND THE AMERICAN SCHOOL

NONMETRIC VERSUS METRIC ANALYSIS OF HUMAN SKELETAL TRAITS

CONSIDERING NONMETRIC TRAITS

NONMETRIC TRAIT ANALYSIS IN FORENSIC ANTHROPOLOGY

MORPHOSCOPIC TRAITS AND ANCESTRY ASSESSMENT IN A STATISTICAL FRAMEWORK

ASSESSING ANCESTRY FROM AN UNKNOWN SKULL

CONCLUSIONS

CHAPTER 15: Fordisc 3 and Statistical Methods for Estimating Sex and Ancestry

INTRODUCTION

DISCRIMINANT FUNCTION ANALYSIS

EVALUATING DFA RESULTS FROM AN UNKNOWN INDIVIDUAL

FORDISC AND HUMAN VARIATION

ANALYZING ANCESTRY IN FORDISC 3

SUMMARY

CHAPTER 16: Estimating Stature

PART IV Developments in Human Skeletal Trauma Analysis

Introduction to Part IV

CHAPTER 17: Interpreting Traumatic Injury to Bone in Medicolegal Investigations

INTRODUCTION

SKELETAL BIOMECHANICS

IDENTIFICATION OF SKELETAL TRAUMA

BLUNT-FORCE TRAUMA

SPECIAL CLASS OF BFT: EVIDENCE FOR ABUSE/TORTURE

SHARP-FORCE TRAUMA

BALLISTIC TRAUMA

TRAUMA ANALYSIS OF FATAL-FIRE VICITIMS

DISCUSSION

The Biomechanics of Gunshot Trauma to Bone: Research Considerations within the Present Judicial Climate

INTRODUCTION

BASIC BONE BIOMECHANICS

GUNSHOT WOUND TRAUMA

CURRENT GUNSHOT RESEARCH AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS

CONCLUSIONS

CHAPTER 19: Developments in Skeletal Trauma: Blunt-Force Trauma

INTRODUCTION TO BLUNT-FORCE TRAUMA

HISTORICAL TRENDS IN TRAUMA ANALYSIS

RESEARCH IN BFT

BFT RESEARCH USING NONHUMAN ANIMAL MODELS

LOOKING TO THE FUTURE

PART V Advances in Human Identifi cation

Introduction to Part V

CHAPTER 20: Advances in the Anthropological Analysis of Cremated Remains

INTRODUCTION

CREMATION PROCESS

CROSSING BETWEEN ARCHAEOLOGICAL AND MODERN CREMATION STUDIES

PERSISTENCE OF DIAGNOSTIC FRAGMENTS

ARTIFACTS IN CREMATION

ADVANCES IN THE STUDY OF CREMATION

CONCLUSIONS

CHAPTER 21: Human Identification Using Skull–Photo Superimposition and Forensic Image Comparison

INTRODUCTION

SKULL–PHOTO SUPERIMPOSITION

IMAGE COMPARISON

DISCUSSION

CONCLUSION

DNA Analysis and the Classic Goal of Forensic Anthropology

INTRODUCTION

REPLICATION

AMPLIFICATION

SEQUENCING

COMPARISON AND MATCHING

PRESORTING: MEET THE BAYONET

WHO IS AFRAID OF THE BIG, BAD WOLF?

AUTOMATING DNA PROCESSING

POWERING AND SIMPLIFYING PROFILE MATCHING

DISCUSSION: WHERE WE WERE AND WHERE WE ARE

ABANDON ALL HOPE?

CHAPTER 23: DNA Identification and Forensic Anthropology: Developments in DNA Collection, Analysis, and Technology

INTRODUCTION

DNA IN THE HUMAN SKELETON

DETERMINING APPROPRIATE DNA SAMPLES

BONE SAMPLE COLLECTION

SUITABLE DNA COMPARISON REFERENCES

DNA LABORATORY ANALYSIS

SUMMARY

PART VI Forensic Taphonomy

Introduction to Part VI

CHAPTER 24: Current Research in Forensic Taphonomy

INTRODUCTION

TAPHONOMIC PROCESSES IN CONTEXT

TAPHONOMIC APPLICATIONS TO FORENSIC PROBLEMS

CONCLUSIONS

CHAPTER 25: The Use of Taphonomy in Forensic Anthropology: Past Trends and Future Prospects

INTRODUCTION

HISTORY OF TAPHONOMY RESEARCH

DIFFERENCES BETWEEN PALEOZOOLOGICAL TAPHONOMY AND FORENSIC TAPHONOMY

TAPHONOMY IN FORENSICS

GENERAL PRINCIPLES AND TRENDS IN FORENSIC TAPHONOMY

THE FUTURE OF FORENSIC TAPHONOMY

CONCLUSION

PART VII Forensic Anthropology Beyond Academia

Introduction to Part VII

CHAPTER 26: Forensic Anthropologists in Medical Examiner’s and Coroner’s Offices: A History

CHAPTER 27: Forensic Anthropology at the New York City Office of Chief Medical Examiner

INTRODUCTION

HISTORY OF FORENSIC ANTHROPOLOGY AT THE NYC-OCME

ROLES OF THE FAU IN NEW YORK CITY

SCENE RESPONSE

THE FORENSIC ANTHROPOLOGY REPORT

EXPERT TESTIMONY

DISASTER PREPAREDNESS AND SPECIAL OPERATIONS

WTC OPERATIONS

TRAINING AND PROFESSIONAL DEVELOPMENT

RESEARCH IN FORENSIC ANTHROPOLOGY

CONCLUSION

CHAPTER 28: The Many Hats of a Recovery Leader: Perspectives on Planning and Executing Worldwide Forensic Investigations and Recoveries at the JPAC Central Identification Laboratory

INTRODUCTION

OVERVIEW OF JPAC-CIL AND FORENSIC ANTHROPOLOGY

A SHORT HISTORY OF THE CIL

FIELD RECOVERIES CONDUCTED BY CIL

OVERVIEW OF RECOVERY OPERATIONS

ORGANIZING THE FIELD RECOVERY

DISCUSSION

CONCLUDING REMARKS

PART VIII Forensic Anthropology Outside North America

Introduction to Part VIII

CHAPTER 29: European Perspectives and the Role of the Forensic Archaeologist in the UK

INTRODUCTION

FORENSIC ARCHAEOLOGY IN EUROPE

THE ROLE OF THE FORENSIC ARCHAEOLOGIST IN THE UK

THE ROLE OF THE FORENSIC ARCHAEOLOGIST

WHY AN ARCHAEOLOGIST?

CONCLUSION

CHAPTER 30: The Establishment and Advancement of Forensic Anthropology in South Africa

INTRODUCTION

THE NEED FOR FORENSIC ANTHROPOLOGY IN SOUTH AFRICA

PAST RESEARCH

CURRENT RESEARCH

MODERN SKELETAL COLLECTIONS

CONCLUSION

CHAPTER 31: The Application of Forensic Anthropology to the Investigation of Cases of Political Violence

INTRODUCTION

THE POLITICAL AND LEGAL FRAMEWORK FOR INVESTIGATIONS INTO POLITICAL VIOLENCE

ARGENTINA AND ITS POLITICAL CONTEXT IN 1984

WHERE ARE THE DISAPPEARED?

1983/1984, FIRST EXHUMATIONS: DR CLYDE SNOW ARRIVES IN ARGENTINA

THE CREATION OF EAAF

HOW TO INVESTIGATE CASES OF DISAPPEARED PEOPLE

FORENSIC ANTHROPOLOGY AND INVESTIGATIONS INTO HUMAN-RIGHTS VIOLATIONS

CREATION OF THE LATIN AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF FORENSIC ANTHROPOLOGY

THE INTERNATIONAL EVOLUTION OF THE EAAF

PART IX Ethics, Overview, and the Future of Forensic Anthropology

Introduction to Part IX

CHAPTER 32: The Pervasiveness of Daubert

INTRODUCTION

ERROR

RELIABILITY

VALIDITY

STUPIDITY

TWO CAUTIONARY TALES

CONCLUSIONS

CHAPTER 33: Ethics in Forensic Anthropology

INTRODUCTION

CODES OF ETHICS AND CONDUCT IN THE PRACTICE OF FORENSIC ANTHROPOLOGY

CODES OF ETHICS AND CONDUCT IN RESEARCH

DISCIPLINARY ACTIONS

FINAL CONSIDERATIONS

CHAPTER 34: An “Outsider” Look at Forensic Anthropology

INTRODUCTION

FORENSIC ANTHROPOLOGY AS A DISCIPLINE

FORENSIC ANTHROPOLOGY AS A SCIENCE

SCIENCE IN FORENSIC ANTHROPOLOGY

FORENSIC ANTHROPOLOGY: QUO VADIS?

Index

The Blackwell Companions to Anthropology offers a series of comprehensive syntheses of the traditional subdisciplines, primary subjects, and geographic areas of inquiry for the field. Taken together, the series represents both a contemporary survey of anthropology and a cutting-edge guide to the emerging research and intellectual trends in the field as a whole.

1. A Companion to Linguistic Anthropology edited by Alessandro Duranti

2. A Companion to the Anthropology of Politics edited by David Nugent and Joan Vincent

3. A Companion to the Anthropology of American Indians edited by Thomas Biolsi

4. A Companion to Psychological Anthropology edited by Conerly Casey and Robert B. Edgerton

5. A Companion to the Anthropology of Japan edited by Jennifer Robertson

6. A Companion to Latin American Anthropology edited by Deborah Poole

7. A Companion to Biological Anthropology edited by Clark Larsen (hardback only)

8. A Companion to the Anthropology of India edited by Isabelle Clark-Decès

9. A Companion to Medical Anthropology edited by Merrill Singer and Pamela I. Erickson

10. A Companion to Cognitive Anthropology edited by David B, Kronenfeld, Giovanni Bennardo, Victor de Munck, and Michael D. Fischer

11. A Companion to Cultural Resource Management edited by Thomas King

12. A Companion to the Anthropology of Education edited by Bradley A.U. Levinson and Mica Pollack

13. A Companion to the Anthropology of the Body and Embodiment edited by Frances E. Mascia-Lees

14. A Companion to Paleopathology edited by Anne L. Grauer

15. A Companion to Folklore edited by Regina F. Bendix and Galit Hasan-Rokem

16. A Companion to Forensic Anthropology edited by Dennis C. Dirkmaat

17. A Companion to the Anthropology of Europe edited by Ullrich Kockel, Máiréad Nic Craith, and Jonas Frykman

Forthcoming

A Companion to Paleoanthropology edited by David Begun

A Companion to Chinese Archaeology edited by Anne Underhill

This edition first published 2012© 2012 Blackwell Publishing Ltd

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

A companion to forensic anthropology/edited by Dennis Dirkmaat.p. cm. – (Blackwell companions to anthropology)Includes bibliographical references and index.

ISBN 978-1-4051-9123-4 (hardback)1. Forensic anthropology. I. Dirkmaat, Dennis.GN69.8.C659 2012599.9–dc23

2011044947

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.

List of Illustrations

List of Tables

Table 4.1

Advantages and limitations of using GPR for grave detection.

Table 13.1

Pearson correlations between different body dimensions, bone measurements, and the discriminant scores obtained from the latter for sex classification.

Table 13.2

Percentages of correct classification for the discriminant function using two humeral and two femoral variables.

Table 13.3

Pearson correlations between the variables in

Table 13.1

, now calculated separately for each sex group.

Table 14.1

Traditional morphoscopic traits used to assess ancestry.

Table 14.2

Demographic composition of Hefner’s (2003, 2007, 2009) skeletal populations.

Table 14.3

Frequency distribution of inferior nasal aperture (INA) morphology.

Table 14.4

Classification matrix from a two-group

k

-nearest neighbor analysis.

Table 14.5

Classification rates (cross-validated) for the two-group CAP analysis for eight distance measures.

Table 14.6

Classification rates (cross-validated) of a three-way CAP analysis.

Table 17.1

Summary of tension, compression, and shear forces on bone. Note the capability of bone to withstand the three types of external loading.

Table 17.2

Description of different types of bone fracture.

Table 17.3

Three major classes of skeletal trauma with descriptions of the types of force involved as well as morphological manifestations.

Table 20.1

Break down of particulate size as an average percentage of the total human cremated remains with a processing time of either 30 or 60 s.

Table 24.1

Problem-focused areas of forensic taphonomy research.

Table VII.1

Current skill sets of forensic anthropologists.

Table 28.1

Organization of JPAC and key functions.

Notes on Contributors

Bradley J. Adams, PhD, D-ABFA (University of Tennessee), is Director of the Forensic Anthropology Unit for the Office of Chief Medical Examiner in New York City. Dr Adams and his team are responsible for all forensic anthropology casework in New York City, including the ongoing recovery and identification efforts of victims of the World Trade Center attacks. Prior to accepting this position, Dr Adams worked at the Joint Prisoners of War, Missing in Action Accounting Command Central Identification Laboratory (JPAC-CIL) in Hawaii from 1997 to 2004. Dr Adams is a Diplomate of the American Board of Forensic Anthropology, a Fellow with the American Academy of Forensic Sciences, and a member of the Editorial Board of the Journal of Forensic Sciences.

James M. Adovasio, PhD (University of Utah), is Director of the Mercyhurst Archaeological Institute, and Provost, at Mercyhurst College, Erie, PA. He achieved world acclaim in the 1970s with his excavation of Meadowcroft Rockshelter, southwest PA, widely recognized as the earliest well-dated (c. 16 000 years ago) archaeological site in North America. He has also conducted multidisciplinary investigations at Mezhirich, Ukraine; Dolni Vestonice/Pavlov, Czech Republic; and Gault, TX. One of the world’s foremost experts in perishable material culture (basketry, textiles, cordage) he has published more than 400 books, monographs, articles, and technical papers.