A Companion to Hegel E-Book

• Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
• Kategorie: Geisteswissenschaft
• Serie: Blackwell Companions to Philosophy
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 1797

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2011

Beschreibung

This companion provides original, scholarly, and cutting-edge essays that cover the whole range of Hegel’s mature thought and his lasting influence.

• A comprehensive guide to one of the most important modern philosophers
• Essays are written in an accessible manner and draw on the most up-to-date Hegel research
• Contributions are drawn from across the world and from a wide variety of philosophical approaches and traditions
• Examines Hegel’s influence on a range of thinkers, from Kierkegaard and Marx to Heidegger, Adorno and Derrida
• Begins with a chronology of Hegel’s life and work and is then split into sections covering topics such as Philosophy of Nature, Aesthetics, and Philosophy of Religion

Leseprobe

Table of Contents

Cover

Table of Contents

Blackwell Companions to Philosophy

Title page

Copyright page

Notes on Contributors

Chronology of Hegel’s Life and Work

G.W.F. Hegel: An Introduction to His Life and Thought

Part I: Early Writings

1 Religion, Love, and Law: Hegel’s Early Metaphysics of Morals

1. Religion: A Moral-Metaphysical Interpretation of ‘Positivity’

2. Love: Outline of an Ethical Relation

3. Law: Death and Absolute Sittlichkeit

Part II: Phenomenology of Spirit

2 The Project of Hegel’s Phenomenology of Spirit

Hegel’s Project of Phenomenology

Kant and the Infinite Within-and-Without Experience

The Phenomenology of Infinite Conflict

Hegel and Witnessing to the Traces of Unacknowledged Absolutes

Conclusion

3 Self-Consciousness, Anti-Cartesianism, and Cognitive Semantics in Hegel’s 1807 Phenomenology

1. Introduction

2. Hegel’s Semantics of Singular Cognitive Reference

3. Hegel’s Justification of His Semantics of Singular Cognitive Reference in “Consciousness”

4. “Self-Consciousness,” Thought, and the Semantics of Singular Cognitive Reference

5. Hegel’s Interim Critique of the Ego-Centric Predicament

6. Conclusion

4 Spirit as the “Unconditioned”

Spirit, Metaphysics, and the “Unconditioned”

Spirit as Positivity

Alienation

Rational Insight, Utility, and Freedom

The Moral Worldview as the Culmination of the Positivity and Negativity of Spirit

Part III: Logic

5 Thinking Being: Method in Hegel’s Logic of Being

The Problem: Perspectives on Method, Or, How to Approach Being

Conclusion

6 Essence, Reflexion, and Immediacy in Hegel’s Science of Logic

From Being to Essence

Essence and Seeming

Reflexion

Positing and Presupposing

External and Determining Reflexion

Identity and Difference

Diversity

Reflexive and Non-reflexive Immediacy

Reflexion and the Concept

Conclusion

7 Conceiving

1

2

3

4

5

Part IV: Philosophy of Nature

8 Hegel and the Sciences

1. Introductory Remarks

2. The ‘Construction Principles’ of Hegel’s Philosophy of Nature

3. The Content of Hegel’s “Mechanics” and “Physics” in Outline31

4. Problems Inherent in the Sciences According to Hegel

5. Conclusions

9 The Transition to Organics: Hegel’s Idea of Life

1. General Characteristics of the Concept of Natural Life

2. The Path to the Individualization of Matter

3. Chemistry and Individuality: The Appearance and Disappearance of Life

4. Contradiction in Chemicals

5. The Necessary Limits of the Inorganic

6. The Path to the Free Individuality of Life

7. Conclusion

Part V: Philosophy of Subjective Spirit

10 Hegel’s Solution to the Mind-Body Problem

The Traditional Dilemma

Beyond Mind-Body Dualisms

The Failed Remedies of Spinoza and Materialist Reductions

Dilemmas of the Aristotelian Solution

Hegel’s Conceptual Breakthrough for Comprehending the Nondualist Relation of Mind and Body

Limits of Searle’s Parallel Proposal

The Self-Development of Embodied Mind

11 Hegel’s Philosophy of Language: The Unwritten Volume

Introduction

1. Hegel’s Linguistic Inheritance

2. Hegel’s Early View of Language in the Jena Period (1804–1806)

3. Language in the Jena Phenomenology of Spirit (1807)

4. Language in Hegel’s ‘Mature System’ (The Encyclopedia of Philosophical Sciences) (1818–1830)

5. The Philosophy of Language: The Unwritten Volume

Part VI: Philosophy of Right

12 Hegel on the Empty Formalism of Kant’s Categorical Imperative

1

2

3

4

5

13 The Idea of a Hegelian ‘Science’ of Society

The Aim of Hegel’s Science of Society

The Method of Hegel’s Science of Society

Comprehension versus Critique

14 Hegel’s Political Philosophy

Political Events Surrounding Publication of the Philosophy of Right

Freedom, Right, and Ethical Life

The Family and Civil Society

Hegel’s Concept of the State

The Rational Structure of the State

Representative Institutions

Part VII: Philosophy of History

15 “The Ruling Categories of the World”: The Trinity in Hegel’s Philosophy of History and The Rise and Fall of Peoples

Textual Problems

The Trinitarian Structure within the Introduction to the Philosophy of History

The Trinitarian Structure in History

The Role of Race in History

16 Hegel and Ranke: A Re-examination

1. Ranke’s Troubling Legacy

2. Ranke’s Methodology

3. The Secret Fellowship

4. Hidden Differences

5. Ranke’s Polemic against Hegel

6. Hegel’s Attack on Ranke and Niebuhr

Part VIII: Aesthetics

17 Hegel and the “Historical Deduction” of the Concept of Art

1. The Textual Status of Hegel’s “Historical Deduction”

2. The Place of the “Historical Deduction” within the Argumentative Task of the Lectures’ Introduction

3. The Three “Common Ideas of Art” and the Emergence of the Standpoint of the “Historical Deduction”

4. From Kant to Schiller to Schlegel: The Third Critique, the Culture of Reflectivity, and the Rise of the Concept of the Beautiful

5. The Problem of History and the Narrative Structure of Hegel’s Philosophy of Art

18 Soundings: Hegel on Music

Part IX: Philosophy of Religion

19 Love, Recognition, Spirit: Hegel’s Philosophy of Religion

Hegel on Love: The Early Theological Writings

Recognition and Spirit: Hegel’s Appropriation and Critique of Fichte

Hegel’s Philosophical Theology: Love, Reconciliation, True Infinity

20 Hegel’s Proofs of the Existence of God

1. Hegel’s Discussion of the Proofs

2. On “Proof” and “Existence”

4. The Multiplicity of Proofs and the One God

5. The Cosmological Proof

6. The Teleological Proof

7. The Ontological Proof

8. The Dialectic of the Proofs and the Speculative Reversal

9. Hegel’s Proofs Today

Part X: History of Philosophy

21 Hegel’s Aristotle: Philosophy and Its Time

1. Introduction

2. A “Retrieval” of Aristotle?

3. Who Is Hegel’s Aristotle?

4. Is Hegel’s Aristotle Compatible with His Idea of a History of Philosophy?

5. The Limits of Aristotle According to Hegel

6. The Limits of Hegel’s Aristotle

22 From Kant’s Highest Good to Hegel’s Absolute Knowing

1. Kant’s Anti-Cartesianism

2. Kant on the Highest Good and the Practical Necessity of Belief in God’s Existence

3. The Moral Proof at the Tübinger Stift and Its Fate

4. Self-Positing and the “Only True and Thinkable Creation Out of Nothing”

5. The Way to Absolute Knowing in Hegel’s Phenomenology

Part XI: Hegel and Post-Hegelian Thought

23 Hegel and Marx

1. Humanity, Mutual Recognition, and the State in Hegel

2. Species-Being and Communism in Marx

3. Hegel on the Roman World

4. Marx on the Modern State and Capital

5. Marx on His Relation to Hegel

6. Conclusion

24 Kierkegaard and Hegel on Faith and Knowledge

1. Hegel’s Account of Faith

2. Kierkegaard’s Criticism: The Separation of Faith and Knowledge

3. Critical Evaluation

25 Thinking of Nothing: Heidegger’s Criticism of Hegel’s Conception of Negativity

Nothing and Negativity from a Logical Point of View

Hegel’s Conceptions of Nothing and Negativity

Heidegger’s Criticism

Conclusion

26 Adorno’s Reconception of the Dialectic

1. Hegel and Negative Dialectic

2. Adorno’s Disagreement with Hegel

3. The Hegelianism of Adorno’s Critical Theory: An Assessment

27 Hegel and Pragmatism

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

28 The Analytic Neo-Hegelianism of John McDowell and Robert Brandom

John McDowell: From the Problems of Empiricism to Hegel’s Absolute Idealism

Robert Brandom: From the Problems of “Representationalism” to Hegel’s “Inferentialism”

Hegel and Brandom on the Recognitive Infrastructure of Intentionality

Dialectical Logic and Ontology

29 Différance as Negativity: The Hegelian Remains of Derrida’s Philosophy

1. Introduction

2. The Production of Arbitrary Differences

3. Conflictual Ontological Oppositions

4. Negativity

5. Différance, Difference, and Contradiction

6. Glas

7. Conclusion

30 You Be My Body for Me: Body, Shape, and Plasticity in Hegel’s Phenomenology of Spirit

Catherine Malabou: “Unbind Me”

Judith Butler: What Kind of Shape Is Hegel’s Body in?

Catherine Malabou: What Is Shaping the Body?

Judith Butler: A Chiasm between Us, but No Chasm

Index

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This edition first published 2011

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Notes on Contributors

Michael Baur is Associate Professor of Philosophy and Adjunct Professor of Law at Fordham University. He holds a PhD in Philosophy from the University of Toronto, and a J.D. from Harvard Law School. He is the translator of Fichte’s Foundations of Natural Right (2000), Series Editor of “Cambridge Hegel Translations” (Cambridge University Press), and Associate Editor of the Owl of Minerva: Journal of the Hegel Society of America. His areas of research include German Idealism, the philosophy of law, and contemporary continental thought. He has published articles on a wide range of thinkers, including Aristotle, Aquinas, Kant, Fichte, Hegel, Heidegger, Adorno, and Gadamer.

Frederick C. Beiser is Professor of Philosophy at Syracuse University. He is the author of The Fate of Reason (1987), Enlightenment, Revolution and Romanticism (1992), The Sovereignty of Reason (1996), German Idealism (2002), The Romantic Imperative (2003), Hegel (2004), Schiller as Philosopher (2005) and Diotima’s Children (2009). He has edited two collections on Hegel, The Cambridge Companion to Hegel (2002), and The Cambridge Companion to Hegel and Nineteenth-Century Philosophy (2008). He is currently finishing a book on German historicism.

Robert Bernasconi is Edwin Erle Sparks Professor of Philosophy at Pennsylvania State University. He was previously for over twenty years Moss Professor of Philosophy at the University of Memphis. He is the author of The Question of Language and Heidegger’s History of Being (1985), Heidegger in Question (1991), and How to Read Sartre (2006). He has published numerous articles on such figures as Kant, Hegel, Levinas, Derrida, and Fanon, and he has written extensively within the field of political philosophy and critical philosophy of race.

John W. Burbidge, FRSC, is Professor Emeritus at Trent University, Canada. He is the author of On Hegel’s Logic (1981), Hegel on Logic and Religion (1992), Real Process: How Logic and Chemistry Combine in Hegel’s Philosophy of Nature (1996), The Logic of Hegel’s Logic: An Introduction (2006), Hegel’s Systematic Contingency (2007), and The A to Z of Hegelian Philosophy (2010). He has been President of the Hegel Society of America and is currently Honorary President of the Hegel Society of Great Britain.

Judith Butler is Maxine Elliot Professor in the Departments of Rhetoric and Comparative Literature and the Codirector of the Program of Critical Theory at the University of California, Berkeley. She is the author of Subjects of Desire: Hegelian Reflections in Twentieth-Century France (1987), Gender Trouble (1990), Bodies That Matter (1993), The Psychic Life of Power (1997), Excitable Speech (1997), Antigone’s Claim: Kinship Between Life and Death (2000), Precarious Life: Powers of Violence and Mourning (2004), Undoing Gender (2004), Who Sings the Nation-State? (2008) (with Gayatri Spivak), Frames of War: When Is Life Grievable? (2009), and Is Critique Secular? (2009) (with Talal Asad, Wendy Brown, and Saba Mahmood). She is active in Jewish Voice for Peace and is presently the recipient of the Andrew Mellon Award for Distinguished Academic Achievement in the Humanities.

Andrew Chitty is a Lecturer in Philosophy at the University of Sussex. He has published on Hegel, Marx, E.V. Ilyenkov, and Alan Gewirth, and is coeditor (with Christopher Bertram) ofHas History Ended? Fukuyama, Marx, Modernity(1994) and (with Martin McIvor) ofKarl Marx and Contemporary Philosophy(2009). He is a founding member of the Marx and Philosophy Society. He is currently working on a monograph on freedom and sociality in the thought of Marx.

Daniel O. Dahlstrom, Chair of the Department of Philosophy at Boston University, is the author of Das logische Vorurteil (1994), Heidegger’s Concept of Truth (2001), and Philosophical Legacies: Essays on the Thought of Kant, Hegel, and Their Contemporaries (2008). He has published numerous articles and has translated works by Mendelssohn, Schiller, Hegel, Feuerbach, and Heidegger. A former President of the Metaphysical Society of America and currently Presiding Officer of the Heidegger Circle, he is the editor of Interpreting Heidegger: New Essays (2010) and the cotranslator (with Klaus Brinkmann) of Hegel’s Encyclopedia Logic (2010).

Karin de Boer is Lecturer in Philosophy at the University of Groningen, The Netherlands. Her areas of interest include Kant, Hegel, Heidegger, tragedy, metaphysics, and contemporary French thought. She is the author ofThinking in the Light of Time: Heidegger’s Encounter with Hegel(2000) andOn Hegel: The Sway of the Negative(2010), as well as numerous articles on modern and contemporary continental philosophy. She is the editor (with Ruth Sonderegger) ofConceptions of Critique in Modern and Contemporary Philosophy(2011).

Katerina Deligiorgi teaches philosophy at the University of Sussex. She is currently completing a monograph on The Scope of Autonomy: Thinking About the Morality of Freedom with Kant, Schiller, and Hegel. She is the author of Kant and the Culture of Enlightenment (2006) and the editor of Hegel: New Directions (2006). She has been editing the Bulletin of the Hegel Society of Great Britain since 2007.

Alfredo Ferrarin is Professor of Theoretical Philosophy at the University of Pisa. He is the author of Hegel and Aristotle (2001), Artificio, desiderio, considerazione di sé. Hobbes e i fondamenti antropologici della politica (2001), Saggezza, immaginazione e giudizio pratico. Studio su Aristotele e Kant (2004), and over 30 articles on ancient and modern philosophy. He is the editor of Congedarsi da Kant? Interventi sul Goodbye Kant di Ferraris (2006), Passive Synthesis and Life-world (2006), and La realtà del pensiero. Essenze, ragione, temporalità (2007). He co-organized the Eleventh International Kant Congress in Pisa in May 2010.

Cinzia Ferrini is a Lecturer in the History of Philosophy at the University of Trieste and a Humboldt Fellow. She is the author of Guida al “De orbitis” (1995), Scienze empiriche e filosofie della natura (1996), and Dai primi hegeliani a Hegel (2003), the editor of Eredità kantiane (2004) and Itinerari del criticismo (2005), and has contributed two essays on “Reason” to the Blackwell Guide to Hegel’s “Phenomenology” (2009). Her essays in English on Kant’s and Hegel’s philosophies of nature have appeared in journals such as The Owl of Minerva (1988), Hegel-Jahrbuch (1991), Archiv für Geschichte der Philosophie (2000), Philosophia Naturalis (1994), Bulletin of the Hegel Society of Great Britain (1999, 2007), and Hegel-Studien (2004, 2010), and in a number of collections and proceedings. She currently serves on the Board of the Academia Europaea.

Peter C. Hodgson is Charles G. Finney Professor of Theology, Emeritus, Divinity School, Vanderbilt University. He is the author, in recent years, of Winds of the Spirit (1994), God’s Wisdom (1999), Christian Faith (2001), The Mystery Beneath the Real (2001), Hegel and Christian Theology (2005), and Liberal Theology (2007). He is the editor and translator (with R. F. Brown and J. M. Stewart) of Hegel’s Lectures on the Philosophy of Religion (1984–1987), of Hegel’s Lectures on the Proofs of the Existence of God (2007), and (with R. F. Brown) of Hegel’s Lectures on the Philosophy of World History (forthcoming).

Stephen Houlgate is Professor of Philosophy at the University of Warwick. He is the author of Hegel, Nietzsche and the Criticism of Metaphysics (1986), An Introduction to Hegel: Freedom, Truth and History (1991, 2005), and The Opening of Hegel’s Logic (2006). He is the editor of Hegel and the Philosophy of Nature and The Hegel Reader (both 1998), Hegel and the Arts (2007), and G.W.F. Hegel: Elements of the Philosophy of Right (2008). He served as Vice-President and President of the Hegel Society of America and was editor of the Bulletin of the Hegel Society of Great Britain from 1998 to 2006.

Catherine Malabou is Professor of Philosophy at the University of Paris Ouest-Nanterre and will be Professor of Philosophy in the Centre for Modern European Philosophy at Kingston University from 2011. She is the author of The Future of Hegel: Plasticity, Temporality and Dialectic (English translation, 1985), What Should We Do With Our Brain? (English translation, 2005), and Plasticity at the Dusk of Writing (English translation, 2009).

Frederick Neuhouser is Professor of Philosophy at Barnard College, Columbia University. He is the author of Rousseau’s Theodicy of Self-Love: Evil, Rationality, and the Drive for Recognition (2008), Actualizing Freedom: Foundations of Hegel’s Social Theory (2000), and Fichte’s Theory of Subjectivity (1990). He is an editor of The Journal of Philosophy.

Angelica Nuzzo is Professor of Philosophy at the Graduate Center and Brooklyn College, City University of New York. Among her publications are Representation and Concept in the Logic of Hegel’s Philosophy of Right (in Italian, 1990), Logic and System in Hegel (in Italian, 1996), System (in German, 2003), Kant and the Unity of Reason (2005), Ideal Embodiment. Kant’s Theory of Sensibility (2008), and the edited volume Hegel and the Analytic Tradition (2009). Her numerous essays on German Idealism and Modern Philosophy appear in journals such as the Journal of the History of Philosophy, Metaphilosophy, Journal of Philosophy and Social Criticism, Deutsche Zeitschrift für Philosophie, Hegel Studien, and Fichte Studien.

Brian O’Connor is Associate Professor of Philosophy at University College Dublin. He is the author ofAdorno’s Negative Dialectic(2004), Adorno: The Routledge Philosophers (2011), and papers on the German Idealist and Critical Theory traditions. He is the editor ofThe Adorno Reader(2000) and (with Georg Mohr) ofGerman Idealism: An Anthology and Guide(2007).

Terry Pinkard is a Professor at Georgetown University in Washington, DC. He is the author of Hegel’s Phenomenology: The Sociality of Reason (1994), Hegel: A Biography (2000), and German Philosophy 1760–1860: The Legacy of Idealism (2002). He is the editor of and wrote the introduction for Heinrich Heine, On the History of Religion and Philosophy in Germany and Other Writings (2007).

Thomas Posch is Senior Scientist and Lecturer at the Institute of Astronomy of the University of Vienna. He holds a PhD in Philosophy (2002) and one in Astronomy (2005). His current research topics include the history of astronomy, the philosophy of nature and the role of solid particles in the cosmic matter cycle. As well as publishing numerous papers on these subjects, he has edited several lecture transcripts of, and anthologies on, Hegel’s philosophy of nature. Combining astrophysics and the humanities, he recently edited a book entitled Das Ende der Nacht (The End of Night) (2010), which examines the history and the dramatic effects of turning night into day through the ever-growing excessive use of artificial illumination.

Paul Redding is Professor of Philosophy at the University of Sydney. He is the author of Hegel’s Hermeneutics (1996), The Logic of Affect (1999), Analytic Philosophy and the Return of Hegelian Thought (2007), and Continental Idealism: Leibniz to Nietzsche (2009).

John Russon is Professor of Philosophy at the University of Guelph. He is the author of The Self and Its Body in Hegel’s Phenomenology of Spirit (1997), Human Experience: Philosophy, Neurosis, and the Elements of Everyday Life (2003), Reading Hegel’s Phenomenology (2004), and Bearing Witness to Epiphany: Persons, Things, and the Nature of Erotic Life (2009). He is the coeditor (with Michael Baur) of Hegel and the Tradition: Essays in Honour of H. S. Harris (1998), (with John Sallis), of Retracing the Platonic Text (2000), and (with Patricia Fagan) of Reexamining Socrates in the Apology (2009). He is also Director of the Toronto Summer Seminar in Philosophy.

John Sallis is the Frederick J. Adelmann Professor of Philosophy at Boston College and a regular Visiting Professor at the Universität Freiburg. He is the founding Editor of Research in Phenomenology and the author of many books, including, most recently, Shades: Of Painting at the Limit (1998), Chorology (1999), Force of Imagination (2000), On Translation (2002), Platonic Legacies (2004), Topographies (2006), The Verge of Philosophy (2007), and Transfigurements: On the True Sense of Art (2008).

Sally Sedgwick is Professor of Philosophy and Affiliated Professor of Germanic Studies at the University of Illinois at Chicago. Her publications include numerous essays on Kant and Hegel, and the monograph Kant’s Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals: An Introduction (2008). She is the editor of the volume The Reception of Kant’s Critical Philosophy: Fichte, Schelling, and Hegel (2000) and she has under review a book on Hegel’s critique of Kant’s theoretical philosophy. In the academic year 2009–2010, she was President of the Central Division of the American Philosophical Association.

Allen Speight is Associate Professor of Philosophy at Boston University. He is a recipient of Fulbright, DAAD, Berlin Prize and NEH Fellowships and is the author of Hegel, Literature and the Problem of Agency (2001) and The Philosophy of Hegel (2008). He is also coeditor and translator (with Brady Bowman) of Hegel: Heidelberg Writings (2009), the first volume to appear in the new series of Hegel translations published by Cambridge University Press. He currently serves as Director of the Institute for Philosophy and Religion at Boston University and is editor-in-chief of the series Boston Studies in Philosophy, Religion and Public Life (Springer).

Robert Stern is Professor of Philosophy at the University of Sheffield. He has written widely on Hegel and German Idealism more generally, including Hegel, Kant and the Structure of the Object (1990) and Hegel and the “Phenomenology of Spirit” (2002), while a collection of his papers has been published under the title of Hegelian Metaphysics (2009). He was the editor of G.W.F. Hegel: Critical Assessments (1993). He is currently President of the Hegel Society of Great Britain.

Jon Stewart is Professor at the Kierkegaard Research Centre at Copenhagen University. He is the author of The Unity of Hegel’s Phenomenology of Spirit (2000), Kierkegaard’s Relations to Hegel Reconsidered (2003), A History of Hegelianism in Golden Age Denmark (2007), and Idealism and Existentialism (2010). He is the editor of The Hegel Myths and Legends (1996), The Phenomenology of Spirit Reader (1998), Miscellaneous Writings by Hegel (2002), and Kierkegaard and His Contemporaries (2003). He has translated Heiberg’s “On the Significance of Philosophy” (2005) and Heiberg’s Speculative Logic (2006) into English. He is the editor of the series Kierkegaard Studies: Sources, Reception and Resources, Texts from Golden Age Denmark, and Danish Golden Age Studies. He is a member of The Royal Danish Academy of the Sciences.

Jere O’Neill Surber is Professor of Philosophy and Cultural Theory at the University of Denver. He is the author of numerous books and articles in the areas of nineteenth- and twentieth-century Continental Philosophy and contemporary cultural critique. He has been a visiting professor at such institutions as the Johannes-Gutenberg-Universität, Mainz, and Katholieke Universiteit, Leuven; he serves on the editorial boards of several journals; and he has been Vice-President and Program Chair of the Hegel Society of America.

Kenneth R. Westphal is Professorial Fellow at the University of East Anglia. He is author of Kant’s Transcendental Proof of Realism (2004), Hegel’s Epistemology (2003), Hegel, Hume und die Identität wahrnehmbarer Dinge (1998), “From ‘Convention’ to ‘Ethical Life’: Hume’s Theory of Justice in Post-Kantian Perspective” (The Journal of Moral Philosophy, 2010) and “Mutual Recognition and Rational Justification in Hegel’s Phenomenology of Spirit” (Dialogue, 2010). His current projects are “Hegel’s Critique of Cognitive Judgment: From Naïve Realism to Understanding” and “Moral Constructivism Modern Style.”

Robert R. Williams is Professor Emeritus of Germanic Studies, Philosophy and Religious Studies at the University of Illinois at Chicago. He is the author of Schleiermacher the Theologian (1978), Recognition: Fichte and Hegel on the Other (1992), and Hegel’s Ethics of Recognition (1997), and the editor of Beyond Liberalism and Communitarianism: Studies in Hegel’s Philosophy of Right (2001), the translator (with Claude Welch) of I. A. Dorner’s Divine Immutability (1994), and the translator of Hegel’s Lectures on the Philosophy of Spirit 1827–8 (2007). He was Vice President of the Hegel Society of America from 1998 to 2000 and President from 2000 to 2001. He is currently completing a book entitled Tragedy, Recognition and the Death of God: Studies in Hegel and Nietzsche.

Richard Dien Winfield is Distinguished Research Professor of Philosophy at the University of Georgia, where he has taught since 1982. He is the author of The Just Economy (1988), Reason and Justice (1988), Overcoming Foundations: Studies in Systematic Philosophy (1989), Freedom and Modernity (1991), Law in Civil Society (1995), Systematic Aesthetics (1995), Stylistics: Rethinking the Artforms After Hegel (1996), The Just Family (1998), Autonomy and Normativity: Investigations of Truth, Right and Beauty (2001), The Just State: Rethinking Self-Government (2005), From Concept to Objectivity: Thinking Through Hegel’s Subjective Logic (2006), Modernity, Religion, and the War on Terror (2007), and Hegel and Mind: Rethinking Philosophical Psychology (2010), and The Living Mind: From Psyche to Consciousness (2011).

Allen W. Wood is Ward W. and Priscilla B. Woods Professor at Stanford University. As of 2011–2012, he will be emeritus at Stanford and will be Ruth Norman Halls Professor at Indiana University. He has taught at Cornell University (1968–1996) and Yale University (1996–2000), and held visiting appointments at the University of Michigan (1973), the University of California at San Diego (1986), and Oxford University (2005). He is author of numerous books and articles, chiefly on ethics and on the German idealist tradition from Kant through Marx.

Chronology of Hegel’s Life and Work

1770March 20: Friedrich Hölderlin born in Lauffen am Neckar. August 27: Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel born in Stuttgart. Ludwig van Beethoven and William Wordsworth are born in the same year.1775January 27: Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph von Schelling born in Württemberg.1776American Declaration of Independence.1777Hegel enters the Stuttgarter Gymnasium.1781First edition of Kant’s Critique of Pure Reason is published.1783September 20: Hegel’s mother dies.1784Hegel transfers to the Stuttgarter Obergymnasium.1785Hegel begins writing a diary, partly in Latin. Kant’s Groundwork for the Metaphysics of Morals is published.1787Second (revised) edition of Kant’s Critique of Pure Reason is published.1788Kant’s Critique of Practical Reason is published. October: Hegel and Hölderlin begin studies in theology and philosophy at the Tübinger Stift. During their time at the Stift the two students develop a close friendship with one another and with Schelling (after he enters the Stift in 1790).1789July 14: The storming of the Bastille in Paris marks the beginning of the French Revolution, which is greeted with enthusiasm by students at the Stift.1790Hegel receives his M.A. degree. Kant publishes his Critique of Judgement.1792Fichte’s Critique of All Revelation appears.1793Louis XVI is guillotined. Hegel graduates from the Tübinger Stift. Autumn: He takes up a position as private tutor with the family of Captain Carl Friedrich von Steiger in Bern. Kant publishes Religion within the Bounds of Reason Alone.1794Fall of Robespierre. Fichte begins to publish his Foundation of the Entire Science of Knowledge.1795Schiller’s letters on the Aesthetic Education of Man are published. Hegel works on “The Life of Jesus” and on “The Positivity of the Christian Religion.” Kant publishes “Towards Perpetual Peace.”1796Hegel (or Schelling or Hölderlin) writes the Earliest System-programme of German Idealism. Napoleon campaigns in Italy.1797January: Hegel moves to Frankfurt am Main to take up a position as private tutor which Hölderlin had arranged for him with the family Gogel. Summer/autumn: Hegel drafts fragments on religion and love.1798Schelling becomes Professor of Philosophy at Jena on the recommendation of Johann Wolfgang von Goethe. Hegel works on Kant’s Metaphysics of Morals. Napoleon campaigns in Egypt.1799January 14: Hegel’s father dies. Hegel writes the “Spirit of Christianity and Its Fate” and works on Sir James Steuart’s Inquiry into the Principles of Political Economy.1800Schelling publishes his System of Transcendental Idealism. September: Hegel completes his “System-fragment.” From 1800 to 1802 Hegel works on (but does not complete) his extended essay, “The Constitution of Germany.”1801January: Hegel joins Schelling at the University of Jena. He begins lecturing as an unsalaried lecturer (Privatdozent) on logic and metaphysics. His first publication, an essay entitled The Difference between Fichte’s and Schelling’s System of Philosophy, appears. He completes his dissertation, On the Orbits of the Planets.1802Hegel lectures on natural law. He begins publication of the Critical Journal of Philosophy with Schelling. Publication continues until the summer of 1803 when Schelling leaves Jena. Essays by Hegel published in the journal in 1802 and 1803 include Faith and Knowledge, The Relation of Scepticism to Philosophy, and On the Scientific Ways of Treating Natural Law.1803September: Hegel prepares a manuscript known as the “System of Speculative Philosophy,” which includes material on the philosophy of nature and the philosophy of spirit.1804February 12: Kant dies. December 2: Napoleon crowns himself Emperor.1805February: Hegel is appointed Extraordinary Professor of Philosophy at Jena through the help of Goethe. May 9: Schiller dies.1806July: Hegel draws his first regular stipend at Jena. October: He finishes the last pages of the Phenomenology of Spirit during the night before the battle of Jena (in which Napoleon’s army defeats the Prussian troops). Earlier, during the day before the battle, he sees Napoleon riding out of the city on reconnaissance.1807Phenomenology of Spirit is published. February 5: Christiana Burckhardt (née Fischer), Hegel’s landlady and housekeeper in Jena, gives birth to his illegitimate son, Ludwig Fischer. (Ludwig is raised in Jena by the sisters-in-law of Hegel’s friend, the publisher Karl Friedrich Frommann, until he is taken into Hegel’s own home in 1817.) March: Hegel moves to Bamberg to become editor of a newspaper. Autumn: A period of reform begins in Prussia, initially under Freiherr von Stein, then under Karl von Hardenberg. This lasts until 1813.1808November: Hegel moves to Nuremberg to become rector of the Ägidiengymnasium. One of his tasks at the Gymnasium is to teach speculative logic to his pupils.1811September 15: Hegel marries Marie von Tucher (born 1791).1812Napoleon’s Russian campaign. Volume 1 of the Science of Logic (the Logic of Being) is published. June 27: Hegel’s daughter Susanna is born. She dies on August 8.1813June 7: Hegel’s son Karl is born. Volume 2 of the Science of Logic (the Logic of Essence) is published. Søren Kierkegaard, Giuseppe Verdi, and Richard Wagner are born.1814January 29: Fichte dies. September 25: Hegel’s son Immanuel is born.1815Napoleon is defeated at Waterloo.1816Volume 3 of the Science of Logic (the Logic of the Concept) is published. Hegel becomes Professor of Philosophy at the University of Heidelberg. At Heidelberg he lectures on the history of philosophy, logic and metaphysics, anthropology and psychology, political philosophy, aesthetics, and the Encyclopaedia.1817The first edition of the Encyclopaedia is published. Hegel becomes co-editor of the Heidelberg Yearbooks and in that journal publishes his “Proceedings of the Estates Assembly in the Kingdom of Württemberg 1815–1816.”1818May 5: Karl Marx is born in Trier. Hegel is recruited by the Prussian Minister for Religious, Educational and Medical Affairs, Karl Siegmund Altenstein, to become Professor of Philosophy at the University of Berlin, where he remains until his death.1819August/September: The Karlsbad Decrees are passed, authorizing press censorship and closer surveillance of universities in Germany. In the period of crackdown shortly before the decrees are passed, one of Hegel’s students, Leopold von Henning, is arrested.1820October: Philosophy of Right published (dated 1821).1821Hegel lectures for the first time on the philosophy of religion. May 5: Napoleon dies.1822Hegel travels to the Rhineland and the Low Countries, where he sees paintings by Rembrandt and van Dyck. In Berlin he lectures for the first time on the philosophy of history.1824The Brockhaus Konversationslexikon includes an account of Hegel’s life and philosophy. Hegel visits Vienna where he attends several operas by Rossini.1826Hegel founds the Yearbooks for Scientific Criticism.1827The second edition of the Encyclopaedia is published. Hegel visits Paris, where he sees Molière’s Tartuffe and an operatic version of Oedipus at Colonus. He also sees the central section of the van Eyck Altarpiece in Ghent and paintings by Memling in Bruges. October: He visits Goethe in Weimar on the way home to Berlin.1830Hegel is Rector of the University of Berlin. The third edition of the Encyclopaedia is published. The July Revolution occurs in France.1831January: Hegel is awarded Red Eagle Third Class by Friedrich Wilhelm III of Prussia. August 28: Ludwig Fischer dies in the East Indies. November 14: Hegel dies in Berlin (probably of a chronic gastrointestinal disease) without learning of his son’s fate. December 24: A contract is signed by Hegel’s wife, students, and friends for the publication of his collected works.1832March 22: Goethe dies.1835–6D. F. Strauss’s Life of Jesus is published, marking the beginning of a split between Left, Right, and Middle Hegelians.1841Schelling is called to the University of Berlin by Friedrich Wilhelm IV to counter the influence of Hegelianism. L. Feuerbach’s The Essence of Christianity is published.1843June 7: Hölderlin dies in Tübingen.1848Marx and Engels publish the Communist Manifesto.1854August 20: Schelling dies in Switzerland.

G.W.F. Hegel: An Introduction to His Life and Thought

STEPHEN HOULGATE

Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel (1770–1831) is one of the giants of the European philosophical tradition. Indeed, in the eyes of many the depth and sophistication of his thought are matched only in the work of Plato, Aristotle, and Kant. Hegel’s texts and lectures are by no means easy to read, but his influence on the modern world has been profound and wide-ranging. His thought helped spawn Marxism, existentialism, American pragmatism and the critical theory of the Frankfurt School; his philosophy of religion has left its mark on theologians, such as Karl Barth, Hans Küng, and Rowan Williams; he was considered by Ernst Gombrich to be the “father” of art history;1 and he continues to provide inspiration to many contemporary philosophers, including Judith Butler, John McDowell, and Robert Brandom.

Hegel is worth studying, however, not just because of the influence he has exercised, but also because of the intrinsic merits of his thought. He has challenging and profound views on thought and being, nature and natural science, consciousness and language, human freedom in society and the state, and on history, art, religion, and the history of philosophy.

The bulk of the chapters in this collection examine aspects of Hegel’s mature thought, which is set out in the Phenomenology of Spirit (1807) and the texts and lectures Hegel produced in the years following the ’s publication. All of the principal parts of Hegel’s system are covered in this collection, including the philosophy of nature and philosophy of subjective spirit, which are often overlooked in studies of Hegel. The collection also includes a chapter on Hegel’s early writings that brings out the exploratory character of his work in the late 1790s and early 1800s, and eight chapters that explore the ways in which some of the most significant post-Hegelian thinkers have engaged both sympathetically and critically with Hegel’s ideas.