A Companion to New Media Dynamics E-Book

• Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
• Kategorie: Geisteswissenschaft
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 1075

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2013

Beschreibung

A Companion to New Media Dynamics presents a state-of-the-art collection of multidisciplinary readings that examine the origins, evolution, and cultural underpinnings of the media of the digital age in terms of dynamic change * Presents a state-of-the-art collection of original readings relating to new media in terms of dynamic change * Features interdisciplinary contributions encompassing the sciences, social sciences, humanities and creative arts * Addresses a wide range of issues from the ownership and regulation of new media to their form and cultural uses * Provides readers with a glimpse of new media dynamics at three levels of scale: the 'macro' or system level; the 'meso' or institutional level; and 'micro' or agency level

Leseprobe

Table of Contents

Title Page

Copyright

Notes on Contributors

Acknowledgments

Introducing Dynamics

What's New…?

…about New Media?

The Dynamics of the Book

Part 1: Approaches and Antecedents

Part 2: Issues and Identities

Part 3: Forms, Platforms, and Practices

Part 1: Approaches and Antecedents

Chapter 1: Media Studies and New Media Studies

History and Geography

Political Aesthetics

The Study of New Media Practice

Chapter 2: The Future of Digital Humanities Is a Matter of Words

Prologue

Projecting the Future

Writing the History

Destinations Evolve

Destination is Resonance

Watchfulness

Chapter 3: Media Dynamics and the Lessons of History: The “Gutenberg Parenthesis” as Restoration Topos

Present and Past: Juxtapositions

Restorations: Media Technology

Restorations: Beyond Technology

Chapter 4: Literature and Culture in the Age of the New Media: Dynamics of Evolution and Change

The Book Culture

The Highbrow Margins

The New Old Media

The Evolutionary Story

Nobrow, Evolist, and Beyond

Chapter 5: The Economics of New Media

What Can Economics Tell Us about New Media?

Information as a Public Good

What does an Information Economy Mean for Economics?

Policy Implications

Concluding Comments

Chapter 6: The End of Audiences?: Theoretical Echoes of Reception Amid the Uncertainties of Use

The Death of the Audience?

A Crossgenerational Dialogue

Conceptual Continuities

The Short History and Long Past of Audiences

Conclusion

Chapter 7: The Emergence of Next-Generation Internet Users

Introduction

Approach

The Emergence of Next-Generation Users

Theoretical Perspectives

Defining the Next-Generation User

Why Does this Matter?

Who are the Next-Generation Users?

Beyond Britain: The World Internet Project

The Future

Chapter 8: National Web Studies: The Case of Iran Online

Introduction: National Web Studies

Blocked yet Blogging: The Special Case of Iran

Defining National Websites, and the Implications for National Web Capture

Demarcating the Iranian Web: Studying the Outputs of Device Cultures

Device Cultures: How Websites are Valued, and Ranked

Analyzing the Characteristics of the Iranian Webs: Language and Responsiveness

The Iranian Web and Its Languages

The Iranian Web and Responsiveness

The Iranian Web and Internet Censorship

The Iranian Web and Freshness

Conclusion: National Web Health Index

Acknowledgments

Part 2: Issues and Identities

Agency

Chapter 9: In the Habitus of the New: Structure, Agency, and the Social Media Habitus

Habitus, Agency, and Structure

Structure and Agency in the Habitus of the New

Affordances and the Habitus

(Authorship and) Disclosure

Listening

Redaction

Digital Literacy as Agency

Chapter 10: Long Live Wikipedia?: Sustainable Volunteerism and the Future of Crowd-Sourced Knowledge

Mobility

Chapter 11: Changing Media with Mobiles

Introduction: The Emergence of Moving Media

The Mobile Phone as a Medium

From Personal to Social Television

The Second Coming of Mobile Internet

Placing Media with Mobiles

Conclusion

Chapter 12: Make Room for the Wii: Game Consoles and the Construction of Space

Locating the Game Console

Limited Spatial Mobilities

Conclusion: Too Many Mobilities to Count?

Enterprise

Chapter 13: Improvers, Entertainers, Shockers, and Makers

Chapter 14: The Dynamics of Digital Multisided Media Markets: How Media Organizations Learn from the IT Industries How to Engage with an Active Audience

Introduction

Two-Sided Media Markets

Digital Technologies Change the Dynamics of Multisided Media Markets

Amateur Developers in the IT Industries

IT Industry Practices for Engaging with an Active Audience

Media Organizations that Learn from the IT Industries

Discussion and Conclusions

Search

Chapter 15: Search and Networked Attention

Paying Attention

Media of Attention

Networked Distraction

The New Gatekeepers

Search Engine Thinking

After Search Engines

Chapter 16: Against Search: Toward A New Computational Logic of Media Accessibility

New Modalities of Access

More Data is Better Data

Conclusion: The Politics of Data

Network

Chapter 17: Evolutionary Dynamics of the Mobile Web

Introduction

Conceptualization: Evolutionary Dynamics of Media

Networks of the Mobile Web and Their Evolution

Conclusion

Chapter 18: Pseudonyms and the Rise of the Real-Name Web

Introduction

A Clash of Ideals

Pseudonyms in History

Functional Motivations

Situational Motivations: Moving to Another Room

Personal Motivations: Putting on a Costume

Why So Many Names?

The Real-Name Web

Life Off the Screen

The Nymwars

Human Flesh Search

Conclusion

Acknowledgments

Surveillance

Chapter 19: New Media and Changing Perceptions of Surveillance

Introduction

Media as a Surveillance Practice

Privacy and Transparency

Conclusion

Chapter 20: Lessons of the Leak: WikiLeaks, Julian Assange, and the Changing Landscape of Media and Politics

Journalism or Terrorism—What actually is WikiLeaks?

The Economy of the Leak

Why Change? Politics Versus the “Transparency Movement”

Transparency, WikiLeaks, and Julian Assange

Acknowledgments

Part 3: Forms, Platforms, and Practices

Culture and Identity

Chapter 21: Cybersexuality and Online Culture

Chapter 22: Microcelebrity and the Branded Self

Introduction: Identity Crisis

Online Identity: Media, Naming, Doing

The Internet as Marketplace; Users as Sellers, Buyers, Goods

The Branded Self Online: The Paradox of Late Capitalism

From Subculture Stars to Microcelebrity Practices

Immaterial Labor and the “Attention” Economy

The Super-public and the Rise of Strange Familiarity

Chapter 23: Online Identity

Introduction

Theories of Identity

Social Media and Online Identity

Identity Construction

Identity and Difference

Context Collapse and Privacy

Authenticity

Conclusion

Chapter 24: Practices of Networked Identity

Introduction

Basic Concepts of Identity

Characteristics of Networked Identity

Practices of Networked Identity

Drawing Boundaries: Self-disclosure and Privacy

Conclusion

Politics, Participation, and Citizenship

Chapter 25: The Internet and the Opening Up of Political Space

Opening Up and Closing Down

The Internet and Democratic Opportunities

Fixing a Broken Relationship

Forms of Digital Citizenship

Chapter 26: The Internet as a Platform for Civil Disobedience

Hegemony and Censorship

The Singapore Context

Alternative Online Media

Chapter 27: Parody, Performativity, and Play: The Reinvigoration of Citizenship through Political Satire

Dynamics of Change in Mediated Citizenship

Performativity and Play

Silly Citizenship within New Media Dynamics

Chapter 28: The Politics of “Platforms”

“Platform”

Users, Advertisers, Clients

Edges

Conclusion

Acknowledgments

Chapter 29: From Homepages to Network Profiles: Balancing Personal and Social Identity

Phase 1: The First Homepages

Phase 2: Attempts at Organizing the Web

Phase 3: Dreamweaver and the Return to Individualism

Phase 4: Blogs and the Shift toward Web 2.0

Phase 5: Social Networking—You Are What You Tweet

Future Developments in the Personal/Social Dynamic

Knowledge and New Generations

Chapter 30: The New Media Toolkit

Introduction: The Age of Connection

Hyperconnectivity

Hyperdistribution

Hyperintelligence

Hyperempowerment

Dissecting Hyperempowerment

Conclusion

Chapter 31: Materiality, Description, and Comparison as Tools for Cultural Difference Analysis

The Circulation of Cultural Waves

Describing the Chinese Internet

The Materiality of Culture

Conclusion

Acknowledgments

Chapter 32: Learning from Network Dysfunctionality: Accidents, Enterprise, and Small Worlds of Infection

Defining Dysfunctionality

Modeling Dysfunctionality

Network Dysfunctionality as Biopolitical Theory

Chapter 33: Young People Online

Introduction

New Media and New Ways of Interacting

Concerns around Children's Online Activities

EU Kids Online II: Design

EU Kids Online: Findings

Conclusions

Chapter 34: Beyond Generations and New Media

Old and New Media Generations

Inventing Digital Natives

From Generations to Networks of Association

Conclusion

Index

This edition first published 2013

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

A companion to new media dynamics / edited by John Hartley, Jean Burgess and

Axel Bruns.

p. cm.

Includes bibliographical references and index.

ISBN 978-1-4443-3224-7 (hbk. : alk. paper) 1. Mass media—Technological innovations.

2.~Digital media. 3. Social media. I. Hartley, John, 1948- II. Burgess, Jean (Jean Elizabeth) III.~Bruns, Axel, 1970-

P96.T42C626 2013

302.23′1—dc23

2012023047

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.

Jacket image: © altrendo images / Getty

Jacket designer: Simon Levy Design Associates

1 2013

Notes on Contributors

Anders Albrechtslund is Associate Professor at the Department of Aesthetics and Communication, Aarhus University, Denmark. His main research is within surveillance studies, philosophy of technology, new media, and ethics. He is a member of the Management Committee of “Living in Surveillance Societies” (EU COST Action, 1099–13: see www.liss-cost.eu/about-liss/description) and is taking part in the research project “Surveillance in Denmark,” funded by the Danish Research Council. His publications include “Empowering Residents: A Theoretical Framework for Negotiating Surveillance Technologies” (with Louise Nørgaard Glud, Surveillance & Society, 2010); Internet and Surveillance (ed. with Christian Fuchs, Kees Boersma, and Marisol Sandoval, 2011); and “Participatory Surveillance in Intelligent Living and Working Environments” (with Thomas Ryberg, Design Issues, 2011).

Ben Aslinger is Assistant Professor of Media and Culture in the Department of English and Media Studies at Bentley University, USA. His research focuses on popular music licensing in television and video game texts and the globalization of video game consoles. His publications include articles in the collections Teen Television: Essays on Programming and Fandom (2008), LGBT Identity and Online New Media (2010), and Down to Earth: Satellite Technologies, Industries, and Cultures (2012).

Feona Attwood is a Professor in the Media Department at Middlesex University, UK. Her research is in the areas of sex in contemporary culture, with particular interests in “onscenity,” sexualization, new technologies, identity and the body, and controversial media. She is the editor of Mainstreaming Sex: The Sexualization of Western Culture (2009) and porn.com: Making Sense of Online Pornography (2010), and coeditor (with Vincent Campbell, I.Q. Hunter, and Sharon Lockyer) of Controversial Images and Sex, Media and Technology. She is also coeditor of journal special issues on “Controversial Images” (with Sharon Lockyer, Popular Communication, 2009), “Researching and Teaching Sexually Explicit Media” (with I.Q. Hunter, Sexualities, 2009), and “Investigating Young People's Sexual Cultures” (with Clarissa Smith, Sex Education, 2011). She is a founding member of the Onscenity Research Network.

Christoph Bieber is Professor of Political Science at the NRW School of Governance, University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany. The position is funded by the Johann-Wilhelm-Welker-Stiftung, where the main area of research is ethics in political management and society. Previously he was an Assistant Professor of Political Science at the Justus-Liebig-University of Giessen. His dissertation thesis on Political Projects on the Internet: Computer-Mediated Communication and the Political Public Sphere was published in 1999. He has published widely on the effects of online communication for political actors. His books include Politik digital. Online zum Wähler (2010) and Unter Piraten: Erkundungen einer neuen politischen Arena (ed. with Claus Leggewie, 2012). He blogs at http://internetundpolitik.wordpress.com and on Twitter he is known as @drbieber.

Grant Blank is the Survey Research Fellow at the Oxford Internet Institute, University of Oxford, UK. His special interests are statistical and qualitative methods, the political and social impact of computers and the Internet, and cultural sociology. He previously taught at American University in Washington, DC.

Erik Borra is a PhD candidate at the University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands, as well as Digital Methods Initiative's lead developer. He holds an MSc in artificial intelligence. His research focuses on rethinking the web as a source of data for social and cultural science.

Danielle Brady is a Lecturer in Media, Culture and Mass Communications and Coordinator of Higher Degrees by Research in the School of Communications and Arts at Edith Cowan University, Perth, Australia. Following a previous career in research science and further postgraduate study in the arts, she has specialized in advising on research methods across a range of disciplines and in facilitating multidisciplinary research. Her research interests lie in the social study of science and technology.

Axel Bruns is Associate Professor in the Creative Industries Faculty at Queensland University of Technology in Brisbane, Australia, and a Chief Investigator in the ARC Centre of Excellence for Creative Industries and Innovation (CCI). He is the author of Gatewatching: Collaborative Online News Production (2005) and Blogs, Wikipedia, Second Life and Beyond: From Production to Produsage (2008), and editor of Uses of Blogs (with Joanne Jacobs, 2006). His research website is at http://snurb.info. His work focuses on the development of new research methodologies for the study of public communication in social media spaces; see http://mappingonlinepublics.net for more information.

Jean Burgess is Deputy Director of the ARC Centre of Excellence for Creative Industries and Innovation (CCI), Queensland University of Technology in Brisbane, Australia. She is a coauthor of the first research monograph on YouTube—YouTube: Online Video and Participatory Culture (2009, also translated into Polish, Portuguese, and Italian) and coeditor of Studying Mobile Media: Cultural Technologies, Mobile Communication, and the iPhone (2012). Her research focuses on methodological innovation in the context of the changing media ecology, especially the “computational turn” in media and communication studies.

Stephen Coleman is Professor of Political Communication at the Institute of Communications Studies, University of Leeds, UK. His three most recently published books are The Internet and Democratic Citizenship: Theory, Practice, and Policy (with Jay G. Blumler, 2009), The Media and the Public: “Them” and “Us” in Media Discourse (with Karen Ross, 2010), and Connecting Democracy: Online Consultation and the Flow of Political Communication (coedited with Peter Shane, 2011). His next book, How Voters Feel, is forthcoming from Cambridge University Press and is based on research conducted for his AHRC-funded project “The Road to Voting,” which explores the affective and aesthetic dimensions of democratic engagement.

Kate Crawford a Principal Researcher at Microsoft Research in Cambridge, USA, and an Associate Professor in Media at the University of New South Wales, Sydney. For 10 years, she has published widely on the social, political, and cultural practices that surround and inform media technologies. She has conducted large-scale studies of mobile and social media use at sites around the world, including in India and Australia. Her book on technology, culture, and generational critique, Adult Themes (2006), won the Manning Clark Cultural Award. Her current projects include the long-term implications of Big Data, social news, young people's use of mobiles, and media use during disasters and other acute events.

Sean Cubitt is Professor of Film and Television at Goldsmiths, University of London, UK; Professorial Fellow of the University of Melbourne, Australia; and Honorary Professor of the University of Dundee, UK. His publications include Timeshift: On Video Culture (1991), Videography: Video Media as Art and Culture (1993), Digital Aesthetics (1998), Simulation and Social Theory (2001), The Cinema Effect (2004), and EcoMedia (2005). He is the series editor for Leonardo Books at MIT Press. His current research is on the history and philosophy of visual technologies, on media art history, and on ecocriticism and mediation.

Ranjana Das is a Lecturer in Media and Communications at the University of Leicester, UK. From 2011 to 2012 she was a Post-Doctoral Fellow at the University of Lüneburg, Germany. She completed a PhD (2008–2011) in the Department of Media and Communications at London School of Economics and Political Science, UK, where she researched media audiences and media literacies. She is Grad Student Rep for the International Communication Association (2011–2013), and was Young Scholars' (YECREA) Representative (2010–2012) on the Audience and Reception Studies Thematic Section of the European Communication Research and Education Association. Her interests lie in media audiences across a range of different genres. She has been involved with cross-national projects in Europe to do with the media and families, transforming audiences, and children and the Internet.

William H. Dutton is Professor of Internet Studies at the Oxford Internet Institute (OII), University of Oxford, and Fellow of Balliol College, UK. Before coming to Oxford in 2002, he was Professor in the Annenberg School for Communication at the University of Southern California, USA, where he is an Emeritus Professor. In the UK, he was a Fulbright Scholar, National Director of the UK's Programme on Information and Communication Technologies (PICT), and founding director of the OII during its first decade. He is editing a handbook of Internet Studies and writing a book on the network society's Fifth Estate.

Emily Easton is a PhD student in Communication at the University of Illinois at Chicago, USA. She holds an MA in Social Sciences from the University of Chicago and has taught in the Cultural Studies Department at Columbia College Chicago. Her research interests lie at the intersections of cultural capital, cultural consumption, and technology. She has coauthored Harnessing Social Technology in Students' Transition to College: Facebook's Role in Student Adjustment and Persistence (with R. Gray, J. Vitak, and N. Ellison, 2012).

Cherian George is Associate Professor at Nanyang Technological University's Wee Kim Wee School of Communication and Information, Singapore. His research focuses on journalism and politics, including online alternative media. He is the author of Contentious Journalism: Towards Democratic Discourse in Malaysia and Singapore (2006). A former journalist with The Straits Times, Singapore, he blogs at Journalism.sg and Airconditionednation.com. He has a PhD in communication from Stanford University and a Masters from Columbia University's graduate school of journalism.

Tarleton Gillespie is Associate Professor in the Communication Department of Cornell University, USA, with affiliations in the Department of Information Science and the Department of Science and Technology Studies. His research examines the ways in which public discourse is structured by legal, political, and economic arrangements. His first book, Wired Shut: Copyright and the Shape of Digital Culture (2007), on the debates about digital copyright and the implications of technological regulation, was chosen as Outstanding Book by the International Communication Association. His second book will examine how the content guidelines imposed by online media platforms, social networking sites, and smartphone app stores set the terms for what counts as “appropriate” user contributions, and will ask how this private governance of cultural values has broader implications for freedom of expression and the character of public discourse.

Gerard Goggin is Professor of Media and Communications in the Department of Media and Communications, University of Sydney, Australia. He is widely published on the cultural and social dynamics of new media, with books including Digital Disability (2003), Virtual Nation: The Internet in Australia (2005), Cell Phone Culture (2006), Internationalizing Internet Studies (2009), Mobile Technologies: From Telecommunications to Media (2009), Global Mobile Media (2011), New Technologies and the Media (2012), and Mobile Technology and Place (2012).

Lelia Green is Professor of Communications at Edith Cowan University, Perth, Australia, and Co-Chief Investigator of the ARC Centre of Excellence for Creative Industries and Innovation (CCI). She is the author of The Internet: An Introduction to New Media (2010), which includes work arising from two projects funded by the Australian Research Council to investigate schoolchildren's use of the Internet in the context of their family life and that of their peers. She is a collaborating researcher with the EU Kids Online project in Europe. In 2010 the CCI funded its “Risk and Representation” program, comprising Lelia Green, Catharine Lumby (UNSW), and John Hartley (QUT), and conducted research in Australia to parallel that carried out in Europe by the EU Kids Online network.

Alexander Halavais is Associate Professor of Sociology at Arizona State University, USA, where he teaches in a graduate program in Interactive Communications. He also serves as the Technical Director of the Digital Media and Learning Hub, and as President of the Association of Internet Researchers. His research addresses questions of social change and social media, and particularly questions of attention, metrics, and learning. His book Search Engine Society (2008) discussed the ways in which search is changing us individually and socially. His work explores the role of formal metrics in guiding attention and social change. He blogs at alex.halavais.net and tweets as @halavais.

John Hartley, AM, is Professor of Cultural Science and Director of the Centre for Culture & Technology, Curtin University; Researcher at the ARC Centre of Excellence for Creative Industries and Innovation (Australia); and Professor in the School of Journalism, Media & Cultural Studies (JOMEC), Cardiff University (Wales). He is former Dean of the Creative Industries Faculty, and ARC Federation Fellow at Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia. His research interests include cultural, media, and communication studies; creative industries; and cultural science. He has published 24 books and over 200 papers, including Creative Industries (ed. 2005), Television Truths (2008), Story Circle (ed. 2009), The Uses of Digital Literacy (2009/10), and Digital Futures for Cultural and Media Studies (2012). He is founding editor of the International Journal of Cultural Studies (Sage), and a member of the ARC College of Experts.

Bernie Hogan is Research Fellow at the Oxford Internet Institute, University of Oxford, UK. His research focuses on the relationship between technologically mediated social cues (such as friend lists, real names, address books, etc.), social identity, and network structure. Hogan has also focused on novel techniques for the capture and analysis of online social networks. His work has been featured in Information, Communication & Society, City & Community, Field Methods, Bulletin of Science, Technology & Society, and several edited collections. He is working on identity and social conflict on Wikipedia and crossnational perceptions of social norms in online dating.

Indrek Ibrus is a researcher at Tallinn University's Estonian Institute of Humanities. He received his PhD from the London School of Economics and Political Science with a thesis on the evolutionary dynamics of mobile web-media forms. He received his MPhil from the University of Oslo, Norway. His research interests include the practices of crossmedia content production, the evolution of transmedia narratives, and the forms of the ubiquitous and device-agnostic web. He is also investigating the possibility of dialogue between disciplinarily distant evolutionary approaches to media change (evolutionary economics, cultural semiotics, complexity theory, political economies of media) with the purpose of working toward a transdisciplinary approach to “media innovation.”

Jeffrey P. Jones is Director of the Institute of Humanities at Old Dominion University in Norfolk, Virginia, USA. He is the author of Entertaining Politics: Satirical Television and Political Engagement (2nd edn., 2010) and coeditor of The Essential HBO Reader (2008) and Satire TV: Politics and Comedy in the Post-Network Era (2009). With Geoffrey Baym, he is also coeditor of News Parody and Political Satire Across the Globe (2012).

Charles Leadbeater is an independent author based in London, UK. He is the author of several books about the rise of the web and cultural industries, from Living on Thin Air (1998) to We-Think: Mass Innovation Not Mass Production (2008). The Independents: The Rise of Cultural Entrepreneurs, was published by Demos, the London think-tank. His most recent book is Innovation in Education: Lessons from Pioneers Around the World (2011). His website is charlesleadbeater.net.

Andrew Lih is a new media researcher and technology journalist, and Associate Professor at the Annenberg School for Communication and Journalism, University of Southern California, USA, where he directs the new media program. He is the author of The Wikipedia Revolution: How a Bunch of Nobodies Created the World's Greatest Encyclopedia (2009) and is a noted expert on online collaboration and participatory journalism. In his previous life as a software engineer, he worked for AT&T Bell Laboratories and was a principal/founder of Mediabridge Infosystems, creator of the first online city guide for New York City (ny.com).

Sonia Livingstone is Professor of Social Psychology, Department of Media and Communications at the London School of Economics and Political Science, UK. Her research examines children, young people, and the Internet; media and digital literacies; the mediated public sphere; audience reception for diverse television genres; Internet use and policy; public understanding of communications regulation; and research methods in media and communications. She is the author or editor of sixteen books and many academic articles and chapters, including Audiences and Publics (ed., 2005), The Handbook of New Media (ed. with Leah Lievrouw, 2006), The International Handbook of Children, Media and Culture (ed. with Kirsten Drotner, 2008), Children and the Internet (2009), Media Consumption and Public Engagement (with Nick Couldry and Tim Markham, 2010), Children, Risk and Safety Online (ed. with Leslie Haddon and Anke Goerzig, 2012), and Media Regulation: Governance and the Interests of Citizens and Consumers (with Peter Lunt, 2012).

Alice E. Marwick is an Assistant Professor at Fordham University, USA, in the department of Communication and Media Studies and a research affiliate at the Berkman Center for Internet and Society. Her work looks at online identity and consumer culture through lenses of privacy, consumption, and celebrity. She is currently working on two ethnographic projects, one examining youth technology use and the other looking at femininity and domesticity in social media such as fashion blogs, Tumblr, and Pinterest. Her book, Status Update: Celebrity, Publicity and Self-Branding in Web 2.0, is forthcoming from Yale University Press. She has a PhD from New York University's Department of Media, Culture and Communication, and was previously a postdoctoral researcher in social media at Microsoft Research New England.

Willard McCarty is Professor of Humanities Computing, King's College London, UK, and Professor in the School of Computing, Engineering and Mathematics, University of Western Sydney, Australia. He is the editor of the British journal Interdisciplinary Science Reviews (2008–), founding editor of the online seminar Humanist (1987–), and founding convenor of the London Seminar in Digital Text and Scholarship (2006–). He was the 2005 recipient of the Canadian Award for Outstanding Achievement (Computing in the Arts and Humanities), the 2006 Richard W. Lyman Award (Rockefeller Foundation), and the 2013 Roberto Busa Award (Alliance of Digital Humanities Organizations). He is the editor of Text and Genre in Reconstruction (2010) and author of the first comprehensive theoretical treatment of his field, Humanities Computing (2005). He lectures widely in Europe, North America, and Australia. See mccarty.org.uk.

Sabine Niederer is the Director of CREATE-IT, the applied research center of the School for Design and Communication at the Amsterdam University of Applied Sciences. She is also coordinator of the Digital Methods Initiative, the new media PhD program at the Department of Media Studies, University of Amsterdam. In her PhD project she studied the technicity of online content, such as the nonhuman content agents that coauthor online content (e.g., Twitter bots, Wikipedia bots), in an analysis of climate change skepticism on the web. From 2004 until 2012, Sabine worked at the Institute of Network Cultures, with Director Geert Lovink.

Zizi Papacharissi is Professor and Head of the Communication Department at the University of Illinois-Chicago, USA. Her work focuses on the social and political consequences of online media. Her book, A Private Sphere: Democracy in a Digital Age (2010) discusses how online media redefine our understanding of public and private in late-modern democracies. She has also edited a volume on online social networks, A Networked Self: Identity, Community, and Culture on Social Network Sites (2010). She is the author of three books and over 40 journal articles, book chapters, and reviews, and editor of the Journal of Broadcasting and Electronic Media (from 2012).

Jussi Parikka is Reader in Media & Design at Winchester School of Art, University of Southampton, UK, and Adjunct Professor of Digital Culture Theory at University of Turku, Finland. He is the author of Digital Contagions: A Media Archaeology of Computer Viruses (2007), Insect Media: An Archaeology of Animals and Technology (2010), and What is Media Archaeology? (2012). His coedited books include The Spam Book: On Viruses, Porn and Other Anomalous Objects from the Dark Side of Digital Culture (2009) and Media Archaeology (2011). Homepage and blog can be found at jussiparikka.net.

Mark Pesce has been exploring the frontiers of media and technology for 30 years, fusing virtual reality with the World Wide Web to coinvent VRML in 1994. He is Honorary Associate in Digital Culture at the University of Sydney, Australia, and chaired the Emerging Media and Interactive Design programs at both the University of Southern California School of Cinema (USA) and the Australian Film Television and Radio School (Sydney, Australia). Pesce was for seven years a panelist and judge on the hit ABC series The New Inventors. He regularly contributes to ABC websites and has a monthly column in NETT magazine. He is working on his sixth book, The Next Billion Seconds.

Thomas Pettitt is Associate Professor in Medieval and Renaissance Studies at the Institute for the Study of Culture, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark. He teaches courses on early English literature and theater, Shakespeare, and Folklore in the undergraduate and graduate programs in English Studies and Comparative Literature. His research seeks to integrate popular vernacular traditions (tales and legends, songs and ballads, customs and entertainments) into a more embracing history of English and European verbal and performance cultures. He has published extensively in these fields, including two contributions (on customs and fairytales respectively) to the Blackwell Companion to English Renaissance Literature and Culture (2010). The encounter with the notion of a Gutenberg Parenthesis has prompted the disconcerting perception that much of this can be construed as media history, and may have contemporary relevance.

John Quiggin is ARC Federation Fellow in Economics and Political Science at the University of Queensland, Australia. He is prominent both as a research economist and as a commentator on Australian economic policy. He has produced over a thousand publications, including five books and over 300 journal articles and book chapters, in many fields of economics and other social sciences. He has been an active contributor to Australian public debate in a wide range of media. He is a regular columnist for the Australian Financial Review, to which he also contributes review and feature articles. He frequently comments on policy issues for radio and TV. He was one of the first Australian academics to present publications on a website (now at www.uq.edu.au/economics/johnquiggin). In 2002, he commenced publication of a blog (now at http://johnquiggin.com) that provides daily comments on a wide range of topics.

Penelope Robinson is Research Officer at the University of Sydney, Australia, with a PhD in sociology from the University of Western Sydney, Australia, and a BA (Hons) in gender studies. Her doctoral thesis examined the role of popular culture in marking a generation and in shaping young women's relationship with feminism. Her research interests include social and generational change, new media cultures, feminist cultural studies, and theories of postfeminism.

Richard Rogers is University Professor and holds the Chair in New Media & Digital Culture at the University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands. He is Director of Govcom.org, the group responsible for the Issue Crawler and other info-political tools, and the Digital Methods Initiative, which reworks methods for Internet research.

Tony D. Sampson is a London-based academic and writer. He lectures on new technology, affective experience, and interactive design at the University of East London. He received his PhD from the Department of Sociology at the University of Essex. He is a coeditor of The Spam Book: On Viruses, Porn, and Other Anomalies From the Dark Side of Digital Culture (with Jussi Parikka, 2009) and the author of Virality: Contagion Theory in the Age of Networks (2012) (his virality blog is at http://viralcontagion.wordpress.com).

Jan-Hinrik Schmidt is Senior Researcher for digital interactive media and political communication at the Hans-Bredow-Institute, an independent media research institute based in Hamburg, Germany. After studying sociology at Bamberg University, Germany, and West Virginia University, USA, he gained his PhD in 2004. His research interests focus on the characteristics, practices, and social consequences of online-based communication and the social web. Additionally, he is researching uses of digital games. He is the author of several monographs, journal papers, book chapters, and research reports; a reviewer for various conferences and journals; and a member of the editorial board of the open-access online journal kommunikation@gesellschaft as well as the print journal Medien & Kommunikationswissenschaft. Further information is available on his weblog at schmidtmitdete.de.

Theresa M. Senft is the author of Camgirls: Celebrity and Community in the Age of Social Networks (2008) and a coauthor of History of the Internet: A Chronology, 1843 to the Present (1999). She is a coeditor of the Routledge Handbook of Social Media and coedited a special issue of Women & Performance devoted to the theme “sexuality & cyberspace.” Her thoughts have appeared in media venues such as The New York Times and in a recent talk at TED London. Formerly a Senior Lecturer at the University of East London, UK, she is currently on faculty at the Global Liberal Studies Program at New York University, USA.

Pelle Snickars works as Head of Research at the Swedish National Library. He has published numerous edited books on media history as well as on digital media. Recent anthologies include After the Pirate Bay (2010, in Swedish), The YouTube Reader (2009), Moving Data: The iPhone and the Future of Media (2012), and The Myth of the Net (2012, in Swedish). He is currently completing a web book manuscript, with the working title Heritage as Data. For more information, see http://pellesnickars.se.

Peter Swirski is Professor of American Literature and Culture at the University of Missouri-St. Louis, USA and Honorary Professor in American Studies at Jinan University, China. His research ranges from American Literature and American Studies to interdisciplinary studies in literature, philosophy, and science, and the work of the late writer and philosopher Stanislaw Lem. He has been featured on European, Russian, and Chinese TV and on the BBC World Service Radio, and is the author of twelve books including the bestselling From Lowbrow to Nobrow (2005) and the National Book Award-nominated Ars Americana, Ars Politica (2010).

Esther Weltevrede is a PhD candidate with the Digital Methods Initiative, the New Media PhD program at the Department of Media Studies, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands, where she also teaches. Her research interests include national web studies as well as platform and engine politics.

Patrik Wikström is Associate Professor at Northeastern University, USA, where he teaches in a graduate program in Music Industry Leadership. His work primarily focuses on innovation and learning in music and media organizations. He is the author of The Music Industry: Music in the Cloud (2009) and has published his research in journals such as Technovation, International Journal of Media Management, Journal of Media Business Studies, Journal of Music Business Studies, and Popular Music and Society. He has previously served as a faculty member at Karlstad University, Jönköping International Business School, and the University of Gothenburg in Sweden.

Basile Zimmermann is Assistant Professor in Chinese Studies at the University of Geneva, Switzerland, where he teaches contemporary China studies and conducts research in the fields of Chinese Studies, Science and Technology Studies, and Sociology of Art. His research projects are on electronic music in Beijing, Chinese social networking site design, online advertisement in China, and methodology in Chinese Studies.

Acknowledgments

This project could not have been attempted or completed without the combined efforts of many people.

Jayne Fargnoli—and her team—at Wiley-Blackwell commissioned the book and then trusted us to produce a slightly different one, thereby proving the importance of dynamics in the publishing of new media studies.

Nicki Hall project-managed us, our authors, and the manuscript with a competence and commitment that always went well beyond the call of duty and a cheerful optimism that frequently went well beyond the empirical evidence. However, with her help and professionalism we came in “on time and on budget,” as they say. Nicki has been a longstanding colleague at QUT, and as always she has made working on a complex project with many personalities a simple pleasure.

The Australian Research Council, whose financial support provided us with time, research assistance, and institutional support, through several schemes: Discovery Project DP0879596: “Australian Television and Popular Memory: New Approaches to the Cultural History of the Media in the Project of Nation-Building” (Hartley); Discovery Project DP1094281: “New Media and Public Communication: Mapping Australian User-Created Content in Online Social Networks” (Bruns and Burgess); and The ARC Centre of Excellence for Creative Industries and Innovation SR0590002 (the CCI) (Hartley, Burgess, Bruns).

We are especially indebted to the 43 brilliant, argumentative, and scarily knowledgeable globally dispersed colleagues who we are now able to claim as coauthors. Thanks so much to you all. What an interesting book you have written!

Introducing Dynamics

A New Approach to “New Media”

John Hartley, Jean Burgess, and Axel Bruns

What's New…?

The term “new media” has been in play for decades now, and one might be forgiven for wondering how much longer digital forms and platforms can really be called “new,” or even what the scholarship of new media contributes to knowledge. Is it possible to say new things about new media? We think so. This Companion not only demonstrates the variety, salience, and importance of new media studies but also proposes a distinctive approach to the topic: an approach we call “new media dynamics.” In this view, what's interesting about “new media” is not novelty as such but dynamism. Capitalism, technology, social networks, and media all evolve and change, sometimes to our delight, sometimes our dismay. This incessant process of disruption, renewal, and eventual (if often partial) replacement is now one of humanity's central experiences.

This cutting-edge collection brings together a stellar array of the world's top researchers, cultural entrepreneurs, and emerging scholars to give the dynamics of new media their first full-length, multidisciplinary, historical, and critical treatment. Across 34 chapters, an international line-up of the very best authors reflects on the historical, technical, cultural, and political changes that underlie the emergence of new media, as existing patterns and assumptions are challenged by the forces of “creative destruction” and innovation, both economic and cultural. At the same time they show that familiar themes and problems carry through from “old” media—questions of identity, sexuality, politics, relationships, and meaning.

…about New Media?

Everyone thinks they know what they mean by the term “new media,” but in practice it will always be a shifting, contingent term. “New” describes something real, since inventions continually appear, but it always remains incomplete and contestable, with different media included and excluded in any given usage and over time.