A Companion to Roman Religion E-Book

• Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
• Kategorie: Geisteswissenschaft
• Serie: Blackwell Companions to the Ancient World
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 1283

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2011

Beschreibung

A comprehensive treatment of the significant symbols and institutions of Roman religion, this companion places the various religious symbols, discourses, and practices, including Judaism and Christianity, into a larger framework to reveal the sprawling landscape of the Roman religion. * An innovative introduction to Roman religion * Approaches the field with a focus on the human-figures instead of the gods * Analyzes religious changes from the eighth century BC to the fourth century AD * Offers the first history of religious motifs on coins and household/everyday utensils * Presents Roman religion within its cultural, social, and historical contexts

Leseprobe

Contents

Cover

Half Title Page

Series Page

Title Page

Copyright Page

Figures

List of Maps

Contributors

Acknowledgments

Abbreviations

Maps

Chapter One: Roman Religion – Religions of Rome

Roman Religion

An Ancient Religion

Religion for a City and an Empire

Religion

Further Reading

Chapter Two: Approaching Roman Religion: The Case for Wissenschaftsgeschichte

Classical Antiquity through the Renaissance

Early Modern Europe through the Eighteenth Century

Nineteenth Century and Early Twentieth Century I: Colonialism, Darwin, Universities

Nineteenth Century and Early Twentieth Century II: Developments in Germany and Britain

The Twentieth Century until 1960

Recent Developments

Further Reading

Acknowledgment

Part I: Changes

Chapter Three: The Religion of Archaic Rome

Ancient Sources

Archaeology

Festivals and Gods

The Roman Calendar and Roman Priesthood

Religion and the City

Further Reading

Chapter Four: Pre-Roman Italy, Before and Under the Romans

Sentinum and the Impossible Religious Unity of the Italian Peninsula

Shared Sanctuaries or Exclusion of the Other?

The Italic Religious Cultures: Similarities and Differences

The Great Public Rituals: Possibility and Limits of Comparison

The Names of Gods

The Sanctuaries of Pre-Roman Italy

The Italian Cults in Roman Italy: Ruptures and Continuities

Further Reading

Chapter Five: Urban Religion in the Middle and Late Republic

Religion and the Res Publica

Religious Authority

Effects of Expansion

A Response to Expansion: Defining “Roman” Religion

Competition in the Late Republic

The Religious Programs of Pompey the Great and Julius Caesar

Further Reading

Chapter Six: Continuity and Change: Religion in the Augustan Semi-Century

Some Fundamental Aspects of Continuity and Change

Restoration

Increased Participation for the Non-Elite

The Divinity of Augustus and the Imperial Cult

Further Reading

Chapter Seven: Religions and the Integration of Cities in the Empire in the Second Century AD: The Creation of a Common Religious Language

Provincial Particulars and Integration: The Diversity of the Pantheons

Religious Autonomy and Empire: Rapprochement with Rome

The Gods of the Cities and the Gods of Rome: A Shared Destiny

Conclusion

Further Reading

Chapter Eight: Old Religions Transformed: Religions and Religious Policy from Decius to Constantine

An Empire of Religious Variety

Imperial Intervention I: Reshaping Paganism

Imperial Intervention II: Reshaping Christianity

Conclusion

Further Reading

Chapter Nine: Religious Koine and Religious Dissent in the Fourth Century

Religious Koine in Public Cult and Ritual: Shared Religious Traditions in Roman Religion in the First Half of the Fourth Century CE

Religious Koine in Private Cult and Ritual: Shared Religious Traditions in Roman Religion in the First Half of the Fourth Century CE

Constantine’s Legacy, 337–61 CE: Imperial Policy on Religious Koine and Religious Dissent under Constans and Constantius II

Emperors on Religious Koine and Religious Dissent, 361–423 CE: Julian and the Dynasties of Valentinian and Theodosius

Bishops on Religious Koine and Religious Dissent, 350–423 CE

A New Religious Koine

Further Reading

Part II: Media

Chapter Ten: The History of Roman Religion in Roman Historiography and Epic

The Divine Sanction of the First Roman Epics

The Religious Order of Virgil’s Aeneid

Order Denied: Lucan and Statius

The Religion of the First Roman Histories

Religion in Livy: Creating and Preserving a System

Religion in Tacitus: The System Subverted

Further Reading

Chapter Eleven: Religion and Roman Coins

Temples and Monuments

Religious Realia and Scenes of Sacrifice

Symbolic Motifs

Gods, Personifications, and the Emperor

Christianity and the Roman Coinage

Further Reading

Chapter Twelve: Reliefs, Public and Private

At the Altar: The Peculiar Religious Reality of the Images

Rituals and their Special Iconography

Big Events, Lavish Processions

Realities of Religious Life Beyond the Evidence of Public Monuments

Sacrificial Victims: Showing, Not Acting

Further Reading

Chapter Thirteen: Inscriptions as Sources of Knowledge for Religions and Cults in the Roman World of Imperial Times

Calendars

Dedicatory Inscriptions

Curse Tablets (tabellae defixionum)

Tomb Inscriptions

Further Reading

Chapter Fourteen: Religion in the House

The Hellenized House in Italy

Wall Painting

Mosaics

Sculpture

Silverware

Ceramics

Artistic Evidence for the Domestic Cult

Summary

Further Reading

Part III: Symbols and Practices

Chapter Fifteen: Roman Cult Sites: A Pragmatic Approach

Subject Matter and Disposition

Basic Concepts

Spatial Order and Functionality

Spatial Perception and Movement

Cult Sites in Everyday Life

Cult History at the Grove of Anna Perenna

The Sanctuary of Apollo Palatinus as a Cult(ural) Center

The Temple of Fortuna Augusta in Daily Urban Life

Further Reading

Chapter Sixteen: Complex Rituals: Games and Processions in Republican Rome

Emergence and Expansion of the System of Public Games

The Nobility and the Elaboration of Public Games

Sulla, Caesar, and the New Public Games

Religion and Politics

Further Reading

Chapter Seventeen: Performing the Sacred: Prayers and Hymns

The Power of Ritual Words

Prayer as Performance

There’s a Time and Place

Petition

Vow

Oath

Thanksgiving

Hymns

Performing Politics

Conclusions

Further Reading

Chapter Eighteen: Music and Dance: Forms of Representation in Pictorial and Written Sources

Musicians and Dancers: Duties and Organization in Rome

Translation of Rituals into Literary and Pictorial Representations

Function of Music and Dance in Structuring the Ritual and Creating Emotions

Further Reading

Chapter Nineteen: Sacrifices for Gods and Ancestors

The Sacrificial Rite

The Offering and the Banquet

The Interpretation of Sacrifice

Funerary Sacrifices

Further Reading

Part IV: Actors and Actions

Chapter Twenty: Religious Actors in Daily Life: Practices and Related Beliefs

“Humanity Born for Pains” (natum in curas hominum genus) (Tibullus 3.4.9)

“Every Living Soul Trusts to Heaven” (omnes mortales dis sunt freti) (Plautus, Casina 348)

“When the Gods are Propitious to a Man, they Throw Money in his Way” (quoi homini di sunt propitii lucrum ei profecto obiciunt) (Plautus, Curculio 531)

“Men were Used to Protect Themselves (muniti essent) by Dedications against Shocks of Fortune (aduersus fortunae impetus)” (Servius, Aeneis 4.694)

Searching for More Insurance for the Future through Preliminary Expiations and Curses

Towering over Competitive Situations through the Activation of Ritual Powers

Conclusion

Further Reading

Chapter Twenty-One: Republican Nobiles: Controlling the Res Publica

Prodigies

Prodigies and Communication

Augurs, Magistrates, and Auspices

Individual Politicians and the Power of Divination

Further Reading

Chapter Twenty-Two: Emperors: Caring for the Empire and Their Successors

The Mental Situation

The Religious Situation at the End of the Republic

The Response of Augustus to the Problems

The Acceptance of the Emperor Cult

The Emperor and the Population of the Empire

The Emperor as Guarantee of Peace and Security

The Propagation of the Imperial Theology

Changing Attitudes to the Emperor

The Emperor as a God-Sent Person

Further Reading

Chapter Twenty-Three: Urban Elites in the Roman East: Enhancing Regional Positions and Social Superiority

Local Patriotism and Euergetic Activities

Elites’ Cosmopolitism, Hellenic Identity, and Personal Ambition

Serving their Cities and their Own Career

Mediators between Rome and the Cities: Diplomatic Activities

Elites as Bearers of Civic Ambition

Local Rivalries and Popular Complaints against Elites’ Members

Local Aristocrats as Models: Civic Honors and Imperial Awards

Conclusion

Further Reading

Chapter Twenty-Four: Living on Religion: Professionals and Personnel

Cult Servants of “State Cults” Paid by the Roman State, the Cities, or the Sacrificing Magistrates or Priests

Apparitores: Public Attendants of Magistrates and Priests Paid by the State or the Cities

Haruspices: Specialists in Divination

Superstition, a Luxury? – or – He shall Love Her Forever: The Cost of Magic

Further Reading

Part V: Different Religious Identities

Chapter Twenty-Five: Roman Diaspora Judaism

Methodological, Conceptual, and Theoretical Issues

Roman Diaspora Judaism: An Adaptation of Late Biblical Judaism for Life as a Minority Community within Greco-Roman Urban Settings

Final Remarks

Further Reading

Acknowledgment

Chapter Twenty-Six: Creating One’s Own Religion: Intellectual Choices

Substitutes for State Religion

New Ways Toward a Scientific Religion: The Democritean Way

The Pythagorean Way

Conflation of Rational Theology and Revelations

Pagan Literature on Revelations

Theological Literature or Sects’ Holy Books?

From Private Theology to Magic

The Main Concerns of Theologians during the Late Imperial Age

The Intellectual Choice of Julian the Apostate

Further Reading

Chapter Twenty-Seven: Institutionalized Religious Options: Mithraism

Attracting Attention

Identity

Communication

Patronage and Deference

The Suffering Body

Further Reading

Chapter Twenty-Eight: The Romanness of Roman Christianity

Growth and External Perception

Devotional Spaces in the City

Suburban Funerals and Obsequies

The Development of Martyr Cult

The Constantinian Shift

The Martyrs’ Basilicas as Trophies of Constantine

The Martyrs as the Glory of Rome

The Annual Cycle of Victory Celebrations

Liturgy and Munificence

The Circus-Shaped Martyrs’ Basilicas

The Martyrs as Athletes of Christ

Martyrs’ Celebrations and the Days of the Games

Other Aspects of Romanization

Further Reading

Part VI: Roman Religion Outside and Seen from Outside

Chapter Twenty-Nine: Exporting Roman Religion

Colonies

Municipalities

Conclusion

Further Reading

Chapter Thirty: Religion in the Roman East

“Roman” Religion in the East

Interaction between “Rome” and the Indigenous Cults of the East

Greco-Roman Patterns of Religious Culture in Palmyra

Mythological and Religious Interest in the Past in the Second Sophistic

Religious Life in Dura-Europos

Concluding Remarks

Further Reading

Chapter Thirty-One: Roman Religion in the Vision of Tertullian

Tertullian

Conclusion

Further Reading

Bibliography

General Index

Index of Personal Names

Index of Places

A COMPANION TO ROMAN RELIGION

BLACKWELL COMPANIONS TO THE ANCIENT WORLD

This series provides sophisticated and authoritative overviews of periods of ancient history, genres of classical literature, and the most important themes in ancient culture. Each volume comprises between twenty-five and forty concise essays written by individual scholars within their area of specialization. The essays are written in a clear, provocative, and lively manner, designed for an international audience of scholars, students, and general readers.

ANCIENT HISTORY

Published

A Companion to the Roman ArmyEdited by Paul ErdkampA Companion to the Roman RepublicEdited by Nathan Rosenstein andRobert Morstein-MarxA Companion to the Roman EmpireEdited by David S. PotterA Companion to the Classical Greek WorldEdited by Konrad H. KinzlA Companion to the Ancient Near EastEdited by Daniel C. SnellA Companion to the Hellenistic WorldEdited by Andrew ErskineA Companion to Late AntiquityEdited by Philip Rousseau

In preparation

A Companion to SpartaEdited by Anton Powell

LITERATURE AND CULTURE

Published

A Companion to Classical Receptions

Edited by Lorna Hardwick and Christopher Stray

A Companion to Greek and Roman Historiography

Edited by John Marincola

A Companion to Catullus

Edited by Marilyn B. Skinner

A Companion to Roman Religion

Edited by Jörg Rüpke

A Companion to Greek Religion

Edited by Daniel Ogden

A Companion to the Classical Tradition

Edited by Craig W. Kallendorf

A Companion to Roman Rhetoric

Edited by William Dominik and Jon Hall

A Companion to Greek Rhetoric

Edited by Ian Worthington

A Companion to Ancient Epic

Edited by John Miles Foley

A Companion to Greek Tragedy

Edited by Justina Gregory

In preparation

A Companion to Sophocles

Edited by Kirk Ormand A Companion to Aeschylus Edited by Peter Burian A Companion to Greek Art

Edited by Tyler Jo Smith and Dimitris Plantzos

A Companion to Ancient History

Edited by Andrew Erskine

A Companion to Archaic Greece

Edited by Kurt A. Raaflaub and Hans van Wees

A Companion to Julius Caesar

Edited by Miriam Griffin

A Companion to Byzantium

Edited by Liz James

A Companion to Ancient Egypt

Edited by Alan B. Lloyd

A Companion to Ancient Macedonia

Edited by Joseph Roisman and Ian Worthington

A Companion to the Punic Wars

Edited by Dexter Hoyos

A Companion to Latin Literature

Edited by Stephen Harrison

A Companion to Greek and Roman Political Thought

Edited by Ryan K. Balot A Companion to Ovid

Edited by Peter E. Knox

A Companion to the Ancient Greek Language

Edited by Egbert Bakker

A Companion to Hellenistic Literature

Edited by Martine Cuypers and James J. Clauss

A Companion to Vergil’s Aeneid and its Tradition

Edited by Joseph Farrell and Michael C. J. Putnam

A Companion to Horace

Edited by Gregson Davis

A Companion to Families in the Greek and

Roman Worlds

Edited by Beryl Rawson

A Companion to Greek Mythology

Edited by Ken Dowden and Niall Livingstone

A Companion to the Latin Language

Edited by James Clackson

A Companion to Tacitus

Edited by Victoria Pagán

A Companion to the Archaeology of the Ancient Near East

Edited by Daniel Potts

This paperback edition first published 2011© 2011 Blackwell Publishing Ltd

Edition history: Blackwell Publishing Ltd (hardback, 2007)

Blackwell Publishing was acquired by John Wiley & Sons in February 2007. Blackwell’s publishing program has been merged with Wiley’s global Scientific, Technical, and Medical business to form Wiley-Blackwell.

Registered OfficeJohn Wiley & Sons Ltd, The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex, PO19 8SQ, United Kingdom

Editorial Offices350 Main Street, Malden, MA 02148-5020, USA9600 Garsington Road, Oxford, OX4 2DQ, UKThe Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex, PO19 8SQ, UK

For details of our global editorial offices, for customer services, and for information about how to apply for permission to reuse the copyright material in this book please see our website atwww.wiley.com/wiley-blackwell.

The right of Jörg Rüpke to be identified as the author of the editorial material in this work has been asserted in accordance with the UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, except as permitted by the UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, without the prior permission of the publisher.

Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats. Some content that appears in print may not be available in electronic books.

Designations used by companies to distinguish their products are often claimed as trademarks. All brand names and product names used in this book are trade names, service marks, trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective owners. The publisher is not associated with any product or vendor mentioned in this book. This publication is designed to provide accurate and authoritative information in regard to the subject matter covered. It is sold on the understanding that the publisher is not engaged in rendering professional services. If professional advice or other expert assistance is required, the services of a competent professional should be sought.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

A companion to Roman religion / edited by Jörg Rüpke.p. cm. — (Blackwell companions to the ancient world)Includes bibliographical references and index.ISBN 978-1-4051-2943-5 (hardcover : alk. paper)ISBN 978-1-4443-3924-6 (paperback : alk. paper) 1. Rome—Religion.I. Rüpke, Jörg.

BL803.C66 2007292.07—dc22

2006025010

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.

Irene filiae carissimae

Figures

4.1Ancient Italy.11.1Roman silver didrachm, c. 275 BC, showing a wreathed head of Apollo and horse.11.2Roman silver denarius, c. 212 BC, with Roma and Dioscuri.11.3Etruscan cast bronze coin, third century BC, with priestly accoutrements.11.4Roman gold stater, c. 220 BC, showing oath-taking scene.11.5Seleucid silver tetradrachm, 129–125 BC, depicting the altar of Sandan.11.6Roman silver denarius, c. 135 BC, showing the Columna Minucia.11.7Roman silver denarius, 42 BC, showing Octavian on horseback holding a lituus.11.8Roman gold aureus, AD 69–79, depicting the temple of Vesta.11.9Ephesian bronze coin, AD 138–61, showing the temple of Artemis.11.10Silver shekel, AD 132–5, depicting the destroyed Jerusalem Temple.11.11Bronze coin of Heliopolis, AD 193–211, with an aerial view of the temple.11.12Bronze coin of Ephesus, AD 218–22, showing the city’s four neocoric temples.11.13Gold aureus of Augustus, c. 16 BC, showing the clipeusvirtutis and sacred laurel trees.11.14Gold coin made for Sulla, c. 84 BC, with his priestly symbols.11.15Silver denarius, 44 BC, showing the bust of Julius Caesar with priestly symbols.11.16Ancient British silver coin of Verica, early first century AD, showing a naked figure holding a lituus.11.17Bronze coin of Carthago Nova, Spain, mid-first century BC, with Roman priestly symbols.11.18Silver didrachm from Syrian Antioch, AD 41–54, showing the young Nero and Roman priestly emblems.11.19Bronze coin of Ephesus, AD 218–22, showing athletic prize-crowns.11.20Roman silver denarius, c. 97 BC, showing King Numa sacrificing.11.21Gold aureus of Augustus, 17 BC, showing the emperor sacrificing.11.22Brass sestertius of Caligula, AD 37–41, showing the emperor pouring a libation like a god and sacrificing.11.23Denarius of Augustus, 16 BC, showing Apollo Actius pouring a libation.11.24Denarius of Julius Caesar, 44 BC, with sacrificial implements combined with symbols of prosperity.11.25Base-metal coin of Constantine I, AD 321, showing a globe resting on an altar.11.26Denarius of Vitellius, AD 69, with temple and image of Jupiter Capitolinus.11.27Gold aureus of Elagabalus, AD 218–22, showing the stone image of the god Sol Elagabal being drawn in a chariot.11.28Denarius of Commodus, AD 187, with an image of Pietas sacrificing.11.29Bronze coin from Alexandria, AD 81–96, with the figure of Elpis Sebaste.11.30Copper as of Domitian, AD 84, showing the figure of Moneta Augusta.11.31Gold solidus of Constantine I, AD 317, mounted for wearing as a personal ornament or amulet.11.32Base-silver coin of Diocletian, c. AD 301, depicting Sacra Moneta.11.33Base-metal coin of Constantine I, AD 327, celebrating the foundation of Constantinople.11.34Gold solidus of Constantine I, c. AD 325, showing him “at prayer.”11.35Bronze coin commemorating the death of Constantine I, AD 337.11.36Bronze coin of Magnentius, AD 350–3, with prominent chi-rho symbol.11.37Base-silver coin of Vetranio, AD 350, showing him holding the labarum.11.38Base-silver coin of Constantine I, AD 318, one of the last issues to depict the image of Sol.11.39Gold solidus of the empress Eudocia, c. AD 423–4, showing an angel with the True Cross.11.40Base-metal coin, AD 326, showing Fausta, wife of Constantine I, and an image of the goddess Salus.11.41Base-metal coin, c. AD 388, showing Victory dragging a bound captive.11.42Base-metal coin, c. AD 430, with a simple cross motif.11.43Gold solidus, AD 704–11, with the image of Christ on the obverse and the emperor Justinian II with his son Tiberius displaced onto the reverse.12.1Altar of the magistri of the vicus Aescleti (Rome, AD 2/3).12.2Sacrifice on the occasion of the twentieth anniversary of Hadrian’s reign (Rome, AD 137).12.3Testing a sacrificial animal (Rome).12.4Suovetaurilia sacrifice on the Anaglypha Traiani (Rome).13.1The Roman calendar before the reform of C. Iulius Caesar.14.1aWall painting of Apollo and Daphne, Pompeii.14.1bWall painting of Perseus and Andromeda, Pompeii.14.2Center of a silver dish, third century, found at Chaourse.14.3Lamp from the early Roman military camp of Haltern.14.4Mercury with money-bag and staff on a money-box from Italy, c. AD 200.14.5Lararium, Pompeii.15.1Temple precinct of Apollo on the Palatine.15.2Sacred precinct of Fortuna Augusta, Pompeii.18.1Marble relief of a triumphal arch, AD 176.18.2Marble relief of a triumphal arch, AD 176. Rome, attic of Constantine’s arch.18.3Fragment of a marble frieze from the temple of Apollo Sosianus, c. 20 BC.19.1Initial libation at a portable altar.20.1Votive epigraph from imperial Phrygia.20.2Charm on a tablet found in Berytus.24.1Fragment of a frieze of the Trajanic period.28.1Reconstruction of the memoria of Peter at the Vatican, second half of the second century.28.2Constantinian church buildings outside the gates of Rome.28.3Reconstruction of the presbyterium of the Constantinian Lateran Basilica.28.4Stational churches of Rome, sixth century.

Maps

The Roman empire.

The center of Rome, late republic.

Contributors

Cecilia Ames studied at the National University of Cordoba, Argentina, and at Eberhard-Karls-Universität Tübingen. Since 1994 she has been professor of ancient history and of myth and religion in Greece and Rome at the National University of Cordoba. Invited as a researcher to Tübingen and Erfurt universities and to the Kommission für Epigraphik und Alte Geschichte/German Archaeological Institute at Munich, she is also a research member of CONICET (Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientificas y Tecnicas, Argentina) and director of the “Discursive Practices in Greco-Roman Times” research project.

Clifford Ando is professor of classics and of the college at the University of Chicago. He studied at Princeton and Michigan and was formerly professor of classics, history, and law at the University of Southern California.

Nicole Belayche studied at the University of Paris IV–Sorbonne and the École pratique des hautes études (Paris). She was maître de conférences of Roman history at the universities of Orléans and Paris IV–Sorbonne 1989–99, then professor of Roman history at the University of Rennes. Since 2002, she has been directeur d’études at the École pratique des hautes études, sciences religieuses (Paris). She coordinates the following research programs within the Centre Gustave Glotz (UMR 8585): “Les communautés religieuses dans les mondes grec et romain,” “Les identités religieuses dans les mondes grec et romain,” and “Cohabitations et contacts religieux dans les mondes grec et romain.”

Frank Bernstein studied at the universities of Düsseldorf, Oxford (Brasenose College), and Duisburg. From 2002 he was Hochschuldozent of ancient history at the University of Mainz, then replacement teaching chair and full professor at the University of Bielefeld. Since 2007 he has been chair of ancient history at the University of Frankfurt/Main. He is working on Greek and Roman political and religious history.

Olivier de Cazanove studied at the Sorbonne, at the Ecole normale supérieure (Paris), and at the French School at Rome. Formerly director of the Jean Bérard Centre in Naples, then maître de conférences of ancient history at the University of Paris I, and professor of archaeology at the University of Burgundy at Dijon. He is currently professor of Roman archaeology at the University of Paris 1. He directed excavations in South Italy and works on the “Inventory of Sacred Places in Ancient Italy” program, promoted by the French National Center for Scientific Research, Italian universities and archaeological soprintendenze.

Ulrike Egelhaaf-Gaiser studied at the universities of Munich and Tübingen. She was a research assistant at the University of Tübingen 1994–5, then a research associate at the Berlin-Brandenburgische Akademie der Wissenschaften (Inscriptiones Graecae) and a research assistant at the University of Giessen. Since 2006 she has been a research associate at the Collaborative Research Centre (SFB 434) working on “Memory Cultures” at the University of Giessen. She is currently replacement teaching chair of Latin at the University of Hamburg, and will be professor of Latin philology at the University of Göttingen from 2008.

Denis Feeney studied at Auckland University and Oxford University. He has held teaching positions at Edinburgh, Wisconsin, Bristol, and New College, Oxford, and is Giger Professor of Latin and chairman of the Department of Classics at Princeton University. In spring semester 2004 he was Sather Professor at the University of California, Berkeley.

Friederike Fless is professor of classical archaeology at the Institute for Classical Archaeology, Freie Universität Berlin. She studied at the University of Trier, the Julius-Maximilians-Universität, Würzburg, and the Johannes Gutenberg-Universität, Mainz. Her current research focuses on Attic red figure vases as a part of Greek culture in the necropolis of Pantikapaion, toreutics and jewelry in the North Pontic region, and sepulchral representation in the Bosphoran kingdom.

Karl Galinsky studied at Princeton University. He is the Floyd Cailloux Centennial Professor of Classics and University Distinguished Teaching Professor at the University of Texas at Austin. He has directed several projects, including faculty seminars on Roman religion, for the National Endowment of the Humanities and received many awards both for his teaching and for his research, including grants from the Guggenheim and von Humboldt Foundations and from the Max-Planck Society.

Richard Gordon studied at Jesus College, Cambridge. He was a research fellow at Downing College 1969–70; then a lecturer and senior lecturer in ancient civilization at the University of East Anglia, Norwich. He was a visiting fellow at Darwin College 1979–80, and since 1987 has been a private scholar resident in Germany. He was made honorary professor in the history of ancient religions at the University of Erfurt in 2007.

Rudolf Haensch studied at the universities of Cologne and Bonn. He became a member of the Institute of Advanced Study, Princeton, in 2001, then replacement teaching professor of ancient history at Hamburg and Cologne, then visiting professor at the Ecole des hautes études en sciences sociales (Paris). Since 2004 he has been second director of the “Kommission für Alte Geschichte und Epigraphik des Deutschen Archäologischen Instituts” (Munich).

Stefan Heid has been professor of the history of liturgy and of hagiography at the Pontifical Institute for Christian Archeology at Rome since 2001.

Peter Herz studied at the universities of Mainz and Oxford. He was professor of ancient history at the University of Mainz 1986–94, then chair of ancient history at the University of Regensburg. In 1990 he became a member of the Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton.

Frances Hickson Hahn studied at the University of North Carolina in Chapel Hill. She was assistant professor of classics at the University of California, Santa Barbara, 1987–93, then became associate professor of classics.

Marietta Horster studied at the University at Cologne, where she was a researcher in ancient history 1990–4. She was assistant professor in ancient history at the University of Rostock 1995–2001, researcher at the Prosopographia Imperii Romani 2003–6, replacement teaching chair at the Universitites of Bamberg, Humboldt University Berlin, Hamburg, and Heidelberg 2006–9, and has been chair of ancient history at the University of Mainz since 2010.

Ted Kaizer studied at the University of Leiden and Brasenose College, Oxford. He was an associate lecturer at the Open University 2001–2, then British Academy Postdoctoral Fellow at Corpus Christi College, Oxford. Since 2005 he has been a lecturer in Roman culture and history (senior lecturer since 2008) at the University of Durham.

Annemarie Kaufmann-Heinimann studied at the universities of Basel and Bonn. She is a fellow of the Society of Antiquaries of London, and a research associate of the Archäologisches Seminar of the University of Basel. She works as a freelance archaeologist, and her main fields of research are Roman bronzes and religion, and Roman silver.

Hartmut Leppin studied at the universities of Marburg, Heidelberg, and Pavia. He was replacement teaching chair of ancient history at the University of Greifswald 1995–6, then Feodor-Lynen Fellow at the University of Nottingham, and Heisenberg Fellow at the University of Göttingen. Since 2001 he has been chair of ancient history at the University of Frankfurt/Main. He is a member of the editorial board of the Historische Zeitschrift and editor of Millennium Studies and the Millennium Yearbook.

Jack N. Lightstone studied at Carleton University and Brown University. He is currently president and vice-chancellor, as well as professor of history, at Brock University. He previously served as professor of religion and provost and vice-rector, academic, at Concordia University. He has been a visiting research fellow at the Hebrew University in Jerusalem and at the University of Miami, and vice-president and subsequently president of the Canadian Society of Biblical Studies.

Attilio Mastrocinque studied at the University of Venice. He was a fellow of the Istituto Italiano per gli Studi Storici (Naples) 1975–6 and of the Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche 1978–81, then a researcher in ancient history at the University of Venice.

He was professor of Greek history at the University of Trento 1987–95 and at the University of Verona 1995–2002. Since 2002 he has been chair of Roman history at the University of Verona. He is also Alexander von Humboldt-Stiftung research fellow at the universities of Cologne, Aachen, and Freiburg im Breisgau, and in 1993 he was invited professor at the Ecole normale supérieure (Paris).

Katja Moede is a researcher at the Institute for Classical Archaeology, Freie Universität Berlin.

Eric Orlin studied at Yale University, the American School of Classical Studies at Athens, and the University of California, Berkeley. He was an instructor in ancient history at California State University, Fresno, 1995–6, then assistant professor of history and classical studies at Bard College, and since 2000 he has been associate professor of classics at the University of Puget Sound. He was a participant at the NEH Seminar on “Roman Religion in its Cultural Context,” American Academy in Rome, 2002.

C. Robert Phillips, III studied at Yale, Oxford, and Brown universities. He went to Lehigh University in 1975, where he became professor of classics (1987) and professor of classics and ancient history (1990); he chaired the Department of Classics 1982–8. In his free time he practices Chopin’s Etudes.

Athanasios Rizakis studied at the universities of Thessalonika, Paris, and Lyon. He was a lecturer in Greek language and civilization at the University Lyon III-Jean Moulin 1974–8, then assistant and maître assistant associé at the University of St-Etienne. He became a research fellow and, in 1984, director of research at the National Hellenic Research Foundation, where he is head of the “Roman Greece” program and of many other European or bilateral research projects. He was an invited member at the Institute of Advanced Study, Princeton (1994), and visiting professor at the universities of Creta (1980–1), Lyon II (1987–8), and Cyprus (1996–7). Since 1998 he has been professor of ancient Greek history at the University of Nancy II (France).

Veit Rosenberger studied at the universities of Heidelberg, Augsburg, Cologne, and Oxford. He was an assistant at the University of Augsburg 1992–2003 and exchange professor at Emory University (Atlanta) 2000–1, and has been professor of ancient history at the University of Erfurt since 2004.

Jörg Rüpke studied at the universities of Bonn, Lancaster, and Tübingen. He was replacement teaching chair of Latin at the University of Constance 1994–5, then professor of classical philology at the University of Potsdam. Since 1999 he has been chair of comparative religion at the University of Erfurt, and since 2008 fellow of the Max Weber Centre and co-director of the International research group “Religious individualization in historical perspective” of the German Science Foundation. He was visiting professor at the Université Paris I-Sorbonne Panthéon in 2003, at the Collège de France and at Aarhus University in 2010, and T. B. H. L. Webster lecturer at Stanford University in 2005. In 2008 he received the Gay-Lussac Humboldt Prize.

Michele Renee Salzman studied at Bryn Mawr College. She was assistant professor of classical studies at Columbia University 1980–2, then assistant to associateprofessor at Boston University. Since 1995, she has been associate to full professor of history at the University of California at Riverside. She has been chair of the Department of History and professor-in-charge of the Intercollegiate Center for Classical Studies, Rome. She is senior editor of the Cambridge History of Ancient Mediterranean Religions.

John Scheid‘s PhD thesis was supervised by Robert Schilling and Hans Georg Pflaum. He was a member of the Ecole française de Rome 1974–7, then assistant professor of ancient history at the Université de Lille III, and afterwards professor and directeur d’études at the Ecole pratique des hautes études, sciences religieuses. Since 2001 he has been a member of the Collège de France.

Christopher Smith studied at Oxford University, and was appointed to St Andrews University in 1992. He is currently Director of the British School at Rome. In 2001 he gave the Stanford Lectures at Trinity College Dublin.

William Van Andringa studied at the universities of Toulouse and Oxford. He was a member of the French School at Rome 2002–3 and maître de conférences in Roman history and archaeology at the university of Picardie Jules-Verne. Since 2007, he is professor of Roman history (history of ancient religions) at the university of Charlesde-Gaulle Lille 3. Having supervised the excavations of the necropolis of Porta Nocera at Pompeii (2003–7), he is now Director of the archaeological journal Gallia and responsible for the research programme of the Temple of Fortuna Augusta at Pompeii.

Jonathan Williams studied classics at the University of Oxford. He was a lecturer in ancient history at St Anne’s College, Oxford, 1992–3, then curator of Iron Age and Roman coins at the British Museum. Since 2005 he has been policy adviser on international affairs for the British Museum. He is now Keeper of the Department of Prehistory and Europe at the British Museum.

Acknowledgments

Very few pages of this book were written by me. My first thanks go to my colleagues, who agreed to collaborate in this project, and made the bricks of this building. Their contributions combined the attempt to give an overview of the field, to introduce methodological problems of research into historical religions, and to give an individual face to each chapter. More reliably than in many projects before this, deadlines were held, limits kept to, questions quickly answered, and suggestions taken up or (for the benefit of the reader) rejected. The result attests to the various traditions of research in Italy and Greece, in Northern and Southern America, in Britain and France, in Germany and Switzerland. At the same time it attests to the coherence of an international scientific community that is willing and able to read and react to contributions in each other’s languages. I am grateful to those who provided English texts, to those who translated texts, and to those (mostly anonymous) who helped in improving these texts.

It was Al Bertrand who contacted me on July 30, 2003, about embarking on this project and who accompanied the Companion through all its stages, in particular the early phase of defining the project. Ben Thatcher, Sophie Gibson, Kitty Bocking, and Angela Cohen accompanied it at important steps along the way; Fiona Sewell as copy-editor was extremely helpful, sensible to intentions and mistakes, and last but not least efficient.

From the staff at the Department of Religious Studies at the University of Erfurt, Diana Püschel, Mihaela Holban, Blossom Stefaniw (for translations), Astrid Willenbacher (for the bibliography), and Elisabeth Begemann (who compiled the index) must be gratefully mentioned.

As our daughter started to read my last book, I felt I should dedicate this one to her, thus finally providing my excuse for missing a number of sunny afternoons and cozy evenings.

The cafeteria of the Ashmolean Museum in Oxford, Paris and Rome, Córdoba and Los Angeles, the Villa Vigoni on the Lago di Como, Munich and Erfurt offered places to discuss the book as a whole or individual chapters. I hope that it will find its way back to these places and many others. The fact that a paperback edition could appear is an indication that this wish is being granted.

Erfurt, September 2010

Abbreviations

Journals and Works by Modern Authors

AEAnnée épigraphique.AJAHAmerican Journal of Ancient History.AJPAmerican Journal of Philology.ANRWTemporini, Hildegard, and Haase, Wolfgang (eds.), Aufstieg und Niedergang der römischen Welt. Berlin 1972–.BEFARBibliothèque des écoles françaises d’Athénes et de Rome. Paris.BHGSocii Bollandiani (eds.), Bibliotheca hagiographica graeca. 3 vols. Brüssels 19092. Halkin, F. (ed.), 19573.BHLSocii Bollandiani (eds.), Bibliotheca hagiographica latina antiquae et medii aetatis. 2 vols. Brussels 1898–1901. Suppl. editio altera, 1911.