A Concise Manual of Pathogenic Microbiology E-Book

Saroj K. Mishra

• Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
• Kategorie: Wissenschaft und neue Technologien
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 265

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2012

Beschreibung

A quick, concise reference to pathogenic microorganisms and the diseases they cause, this book is divided into specific groups of pathogenic microorganisms including bacteria, protozoa, fungi, viruses, and prions. It lists important pathogenic taxa in each group, covering their natural habitats, the diseases they cause, microbiological highlights, laboratory diagnosis, and measures of prevention and control, including availability of vaccines and effective therapeutic agents. All healthcare professionals and public health workers will benefit from having this reliable source of information at their fingertips.

Leseprobe

Table of Contents

Cover

Title page

Copyright page

Dedication

Preface

About the Authors

Chapter 1 Introduction

KOCH’S POSTULATE

TERMINOLOGY

MAJOR CATEGORIES OF PATHOGENIC MICROORGANISMS

TRANSMISSION OF INFECTIOUS DISEASE (MODE OF DISSEMINATION)

UNIVERSAL PRECAUTIONS

Chapter 2 Host-Microbe Interactions

RESIDENT MICROBIOTA

HOST DEFENSES

Chapter 3 Antibiotics and Other Chemotherapeutic Agents

CLASSIFICATION OF ANTIBIOTICS

SUMMARY OF THE MECHANISMS OF ACTION

Chapter 4 Antiseptics and Disinfectants

PHYSICAL CONTROL OF MICROORGANISMS

CHEMICAL CONTROL OF MICROORGANISMS

Chapter 5 Gram-Positive Cocci

BACTERIAL TAXONOMY (AN OVERVIEW)

CLINICALLY IMPORTANT GRAM-POSITIVE COCCI

GRAM-POSITIVE COCCI RELATED TO STREPTOCOCCUS SPECIES

Chapter 6 Gram-Positive Bacilli

CLOSTRIDIUM SPECIES

LACTOBACILLUS SPECIES

BACILLUS SPECIES

LISTERIA SPECIES

Chapter 7 Gram-Positive Bacteria with Rudimentary Filaments

CORYNEBACTERIUM DIPHTHERIAE

MYCOBACTERIUM SPECIES

Chapter 8 Gram-Negative Cocci

NEISSERIA SPECIES

MORAXELLA CATARRHALIS

HAEMOPHILUS INFLUENZAE

AN OVERVIEW OF GRAM-NEGATIVE BACTERIA

Chapter 9 Gram-Negative Bacilli

SPECIMEN COLLECTION

MEDIA AND LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS

ENTEROBACTERIACEAE

GLUCOSE NONFERMENTERS

UNCOMMON NONFERMENTATIVE TAXA

Chapter 10 Miscellaneous Gram-Negative Bacteria

BRUCELLA MELITENSIS

BORDETELLA PERTUSSIS

FRANCISELLA TULARENSIS

PASTEURELLA SPECIES

VIBRIO CHOLERAE

AEROMONAS SPECIES

CAMPYLOBACTER SPECIES

LEGIONELLA SPECIES

GARDNERELLA VAGINALIS

CHLAMYDIA SPECIES

RICKETTSIA RICKETTSII

BACTEROIDES SPECIES

CALYMMATOBACTERIUM GRANULOMATIS

CARDIOBACTERIUM HOMINIS

STREPTOBACILLUS MONILIFORMIS

SPIRILLUM MINUS

Chapter 11 Spirochetes and Bacteria without a Cell Wall

SPIROCHETES

BACTERIA WITHOUT A CELL WALL

Chapter 12 Actinomycetes

ANAEROBIC ACTINOMYCETES

AEROBIC ACTINOMYCETES

THERMOPHILIC ACTINOMYCETES

Chapter 13 Introduction to Pathogenic Fungi and Superficial Mycoses

YEAST-LIKE FUNGI

MOLDS OR FILAMENTOUS FUNGI

DIMORPHIC FUNGI

SUPERFICIAL MYCOSES

MUCOCUTANEOUS MYCOSES

Chapter 14 Subcutaneous and Systemic Mycoses

SUBCUTANEOUS MYCOSES

SYSTEMIC MYCOSES

DISEASES CAUSED BY DIMORPHIC FUNGI

DISEASES CAUSED BY YEAST-LIKE FUNGI

DISEASES CAUSED BY FILAMENTOUS FUNGI

DISEASES CAUSED BY MISCELLANEOUS FILAMENTOUS FUNGI

Chapter 15 Unicellular Parasites

LABORATORY METHODS IN PARASITOLOGY

DISEASES CAUSED BY LUMEN-DWELLING PROTOZOA

BLOOD- AND TISSUE-DWELLING PROTOZOA

Chapter 16 Multicellular Parasites

LUMEN-DWELLING HELMINTHS

BLOOD- AND TISSUE-DWELLING HELMINTHS

Chapter 17 Viruses and Prions

LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS

DOUBLE-STRANDED DNA VIRUSES

SINGLE-STRANDED DNA VIRUSES

DOUBLE-STRANDED RNA VIRUSES

SINGLE-STRANDED RNA VIRUSES

PRIONS

Bibliography and Suggested Reading

Index

Copyright © 2013 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved

Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey

Published simultaneously in Canada

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data:

Mishra, Saroj (Saroj K.)

 A concise manual of pathogenic microbiology / Saroj K. Mishra, Dipti Agrawal.

p. cm.

 Includes index.

 ISBN 978-1-118-30119-7 (hardback)

 1. Medical microbiology–Handbooks, manuals, etc. 2. Diagnostic microbiology–Handbooks, manuals, etc. I. Agrawal, Dipti. II. Title.

 QR46.M597 2012

 616.9'041–dc23

2012015252

Dedicated to the students of pathogenic microbiology

Preface

Pathogenic microbiology is a highly developed branch of microbiology. The past few decades have witnessed a quantum leap in our understanding of the molecular aspects of microorganisms and the host–microbe interactions. But the need for basic information on which disease is caused by which microorganism, what is the mode of transmission, which methods of laboratory diagnosis should be used, and what is the sensitivity to antibiotics will always be there, at least through the foreseeable future. Ever since the publication of Bacteriology by J. Buchanan, in 1897, numerous excellent textbooks, monographs, and exhaustive reference books covering wide-ranging topics, variously on pathogenic microbiology, clinical microbiology, medical microbiology, and microbiology of infectious diseases, have been available for quite some time now. But almost all these books are large, often more than a thousand pages long, and are consequently quite expensive for average students. During the past 40 years of his teaching carrier, one of us (SKM) has been invariably challenged by his students to recommend a concise book that is not too expensive and provides essential information. As a teacher, SKM was not aware of any such book and finally decided to do the work himself in collaboration with the youthful and well-trained infectious disease expert Dr. Dipti Agrawal.

In this era of stressful lifestyles, widespread use of immunosuppressive drugs, and enhanced exposure to environmental pollutants, it is hard to draw a sharp line between pathogenic and nonpathogenic microorganisms. If the exposure is heavy, and the host immunity is severely compromised, the list of potentially pathogenic microorganisms could be very long and beyond the scope of any concise manual of clinical microbiology. Therefore, this book aims at presenting a succinct account of the causal agents of most important and common infectious diseases with a minimal historical and introductory discussion. Illustrations, sketches, and diagrams have been kept to a minimum. This concise manual is in no way a substitute for the classics or a clinical guide book, which will always be needed for in-depth information.

Collectively, the authors bring in nearly half a century of direct experience in pathogenic microbiology and infectious diseases. Together, they have spent much of their learning careers at some of the finest institutions in the world, including Robert Koch Institute, Germany, and, in the United States, Waksman Institute of Microbiology, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey; Boston University; University of Texas; and Baylor College of Medicine. The list of the distinguished microbiologists who mentored us includes Dr. Fritz Staib, formerly at Robert Koch Institute, the late Dr. Henry Isenberg, formerly at Long Island Jewish Hospital, and late Dr. Libero Ajello, formerly at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). The authors are thankful to these distinguished professionals for their guidance and also for providing some of the photographs included in the text. We are also thankful to the CDC, which in certain respects is SKM’s alma mater, and also a source for many of the photomicrographs included in this manual. Finally, we express our gratitude to our family members, without whose support and encouragement this work would not have materialized. And last but not least, we express our sincere thanks to the staff of John Wiley and Sons for their patience, support, and editorial assistance.

Saroj K. Mishra, Ph.D.Dipti Agrawal, M.D.

About the Authors

Saroj K. Mishra

Saroj K. Mishra received his Ph.D. degree in 1972 from the University of Delhi, India. He spent next 5 years as a postdoctoral fellow at Robert Koch Institute in Berlin, Germany, and at Waksman Institute of Microbiology, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, USA, the former being the place where the germ theory of diseases took its roots and the latter where the foundation was laid for the discovery of many powerful antibiotics. After working as a Senior Scientist at Robert Koch Institute for 5 years, Dr. Mishra joined Michigan State University as Assistant Professor and later NASA Johnson Space Center as a Senior Scientist and in charge of the Microbiology Laboratory, dedicated to support flight medicine and occupational medicine. More recently, he worked as vice president for anti-infective drug development at a pharmaceutical company and currently teaches numerous courses in microbiology at the University of Houston Clear Lake. He has authored over one hundred research papers and contributed chapters to numerous reference books. He has received numerous honors and awards, including Lady Tata Memorial, Karl-Unholz Memorial, Alexander von Humboldt Foundation, and NASA Space Act awards. In recognition of his contributions to the science of microbiology, Dr. Mishra was elected to the fellowship of the American Academy of Microbiology in 1993.

Dipti Agrawal

Dipti Agrawal received her Doctor of Medicine degree in 1996 from Boston University, followed by postgraduate training at Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, and University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas. Since 2001, she has pursued her career as an infectious disease specialist at several hospitals and educational institutions in Houston and has written numerous research papers related to infectious diseases. Dr. Agrawal is board-certified in infectious diseases.

Chapter 1

Introduction

It is generally believed that the wars are single most destructive socio-political events with greatest impact on the society. A glance at the estimates of casualties resulting from the major wars in the 20th century can have a chilling effect:

Number of persons killed during World War I: approximately 12 million.

Number of persons killed during World War II: approximately 55 million.

Combined total of persons killed in all other wars in the 20th century: approximately 1 million.

Thus, the total number of war casualties in the 20th century is estimated to be approximately 68 million.

If one takes into account all war-related deaths in the world during the past 500 years, the total would most probably be less than 100 million. In contrast, during the past century alone more than 500 million people have died of infectious diseases and nearly 5 billion have suffered from debilitating infectious diseases. Arguably, the numbers were much higher before the advent of the antibiotics era and before prophylactic vaccines became available.

Besides causing the social and emotional strain, infectious diseases profoundly affect economy and productivity of societies. There is no exact figure, but it is estimated that the worldwide health care cost during the past decade alone was several trillion dollars—much more than the total annual budget of the United States, the world’s richest nation. Yet, neither nations nor societies seem to take infectious diseases as seriously as wars! Why? The answer does merit some serious consideration.