AAEVT's Equine Manual for Veterinary Technicians E-Book

• Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
• Kategorie: Fachliteratur
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 1149

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2022

Beschreibung

AAEVT’s Equine Manual for Veterinary Technicians

Practical handbook on all aspects of veterinary care in horses relevant to veterinary technicians

AAEVT’s Equine Manual for Veterinary Technicians, Second Edition offers a compendium of information on the care and treatment of horses for equine veterinary technicians, building on the basics of equine care to provide a complete reference for equine nursing skills, training, and technical information. The text is specifically geared toward those who already have basic equine knowledge and training and are looking to build upon their foundations.

Comprehensive yet accessible, the new edition updates all medical, procedural, pharmaceutical, equipment, staffing, and office management information. Images also appear in full color throughout the book for the first time.

Chapters cover a variety of topics ranging from general horse management and nutrition to diagnostics and medical emergencies. Charts, tables, and images support the text to aid in reader comprehension.

Sample topics covered in AAEVT’s Equine Manual for Veterinary Technicians include:

• General horse management, equine nutrition, applied anatomy and physiology, equine reproduction, and equine wellness programs
• Foal care, equine pharmacology, laboratory diagnosis in equine practice, equine anesthesia, surgical assistance, and nursing care
• Technical procedures, diagnostic procedures, common equine medical emergencies, equine physical rehabilitation, equine behavior, and equine office procedures
• An overall explanation of procedures and medical information regarding the care of horses in a clinic or ambulatory practice

Highly accessible and easy to use, AAEVT’s Equine Manual for Veterinary Technicians, Second Edition is an invaluable reference for qualified equine veterinary technicians and assistants—particularly those earning their equine certification—as well as vet tech students and equine practices.

Leseprobe

Table of Contents

Cover

Title Page

Copyright

Preface, 2nd Edition

Preface, 1st Edition

Acknowledgments, 2nd Edition

Acknowledgments, 1st Edition

List of Contributors

Medical Acronyms and Abbreviations

1 General Horse Management

Facilities

Restraint of Horses

Methods of Identification

Hoof Care

Transportation of Horses

References and Further Reading

2 Equine Nutrition

Introduction

General Digestive Physiology and Architecture of the Gut

Nutrient Requirements

Feeding Different Classes of Horses

Feeding Management

Seasonal Nutrition Considerations

Nutritional Management of Certain Medical Conditions

Conclusion

Acknowledgments

References and Further Reading

3 Applied Anatomy and Physiology

Hematology

Immunology

The Cardiovascular System

The Respiratory System

Respiratory Physiology: Breathing

The Gastrointestinal System

The Nervous System

The Urinary System

The Liver

The Endocrine System

The Skin

The Eye

The Ear

The Musculoskeletal System

The Hoof

References and Further Reading

4 Equine Reproduction

Reproductive Anatomy of the Mare

Puberty

Reproductive Endocrinology in the Mare

Controlling the Estrous Cycle

Pregnancy

Placentation

Diagnosis of Pregnancy

Fetal Assessment

Parturition

Reproductive Management of Mares

Artificial Insemination

Equine Embryo Transfer: Technique, Expectations, and Results

Infertility

The Stallion

Veterinary Technician's Role

References and Further Reading

5 Equine Wellness Programs

Vaccination Guidelines

Equine Internal Parasites

Annual Components of an Equine Wellness Program

Preventative Health Care for the Neonatal Foal

References and Further Reading

6 Foal Care

Basic Foal Care

Advanced Nursing Care for Neonates

Common Foal Diseases

References and Further Reading

7 Equine Pharmacology

Introduction

Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics

Routes of Administration

Drug Incompatibilities

Drug Compounding

Drug Dosage Determination

Scheduled (Controlled) Drugs

Specific Drug Classes

References and Further Reading

8 Laboratory Diagnosis in Equine Practice

Laboratory Use and Safety

Sample Preparation and Submission Protocol

Hematology

Laboratory Evaluation of Blood Samples

Clinical Chemistry

Renal Function

Intestinal Function

Blood Glucose

Testing for Equine Pituitary Pars Intermedia Dysfunction/Cushing's Testing

Serum Amyloid A

Serum Biochemistry Analysis

Urinalysis

Chemical Tests

Urine Sediment

Collection of Body Fluids

Tissue Biopsy

Skin and Hair Analysis

Fecal Analysis

Procedures for Fecal Floatation

Virology

Microbiology

Staining Techniques

Acquiring Swabs

Sensitivity Testing

References and Further Readings

9 Equine Anesthesia

Preanesthetic Assessment

Anesthetic Preparation

Premedication and Sedation

Analgesia in Horses

Induction

Intubation

Positioning on the Operating Room Table

Maintenance

Monitoring

Supportive Care

Neuromuscular Blockers

Recovery

Anesthesia and Sedation in Foals

Complications

Postanesthetic Myopathies and Neuropathies

Problems with Recovery

References and Further Reading

10 Surgical Assistance

The Preoperative Operating Room

Patient Induction and Preparation

Patient Positioning and Preparation

Preparation of Patient

The Surgical Team

Preparing the Operating Room

Common Instruments

Decontaminating and Sterilizing

Tissue Injury

Preparation of the Surgical Patient

Common Orthopedic Procedures

Growth Plate Retardation and Periosteal Stripping

Soft‐Tissue Procedures

References and Further Reading

11 Nursing Care

Examinations

Nursing Skills

References and Further Reading

12 Technical Procedures

Nasogastric Intubation

Abdominocentesis

Rebreathing Examination

Bronchoalveolar Lavage

Transtracheal Wash (Transtracheal Aspiration)

Whole Blood Transfusion

Urinary Catheterization

Arthrocentesis

References and Further Reading

13 Diagnostic Procedures

Regional Analgesia and Anesthesia

Radiography

Ultrasound

Nuclear Scintigraphy

Computed Tomography

Positron Emission Tomography

Magnetic Resonance Imaging

References and Further Reading

14 Common Equine Medical Emergencies

Colic

Exhausted Horse Syndrome

Rhabdomyolysis

Choke

Lacerations

Bandages for Emergencies

Sudden Non‐Weight‐Bearing Lameness

Ophthalmologic Emergencies

References and Further Reading

15 Equine Physical Rehabilitation

Introduction to Equine Physical Rehabilitation

Role of the Physical Rehabilitation Veterinary Technician

Indications for Physical Rehabilitation

Considerations when Building the Physical Rehabilitation Plan

Monitoring Progress and Outcome Measures

Therapeutic Modalities

Acknowledgments

References and Further Reading

16 Equine Behavior

Understanding Equine Behavior

Handling and Restraining Horses

Stereotypic Behaviors

Learning Theory

Pain Behaviors

References and Further Reading

17 Equine Office Procedures

Purpose

Regulations and Definitions

Variations of Types of Equine Practice

Equine Client and Communications

Receptionist's Role and Appointments

Admission of Patients

Medical Records

Discharge

Inventory Management

Logs

Import and Export

Billing and Data Entry

Accounting and Budgets

Client Education

References and Further Reading

Index

End User License Agreement

List of Tables

Chapter 1

Table 1.1 Common contagious diseases.

Table 1.2 Useful farrier tools for the equine veterinary technician.

Table 1.3 Guidelines for long‐distance transport of horses.

Chapter 2

Table 2.1 Daily nutrient requirements of horses (500‐kg mature body weight)...

Table 2.2 Common risk factors for colic.

Chapter 3

Table 3.1 Muscles grouped by location and function.

Chapter 4

Table 4.1 Basic endocrine, physical, and behavioral changes during the estr...

Table 4.2 Hormonal methods for inducing ovulation or lysing the corpus lute...

Table 4.3 Causes of abortion in the mare.

Table 4.4 When to assist in delivery.

Table 4.5 Equipment needed for a dystocia.

Table 4.6 Complete reproductive examination.

Table 4.7 Artificial insemination technique.

Table 4.8a Antibiotics that can be infused into the uterus.

Table 4.8b Antibiotics that have been given systemically.

Chapter 5

Table 5.1 Common anthelmintics.

Chapter 6

Table 6.1 Foal physical examination.

Table 6.2 Supplies needed to place a nasogastric tube.

Table 6.3 Resuscitation kit supplies.

Table 6.4 Physical characteristics of prematurity.

Table 6.5 Differential diagnosis of diarrhea in foals younger than 30 days ...

Table 6.6 Differences in physical examination findings specific to the neon...

Table 6.7 Respiratory diseases specific to the neonate.

Chapter 7

Table 7.1 List of the five categories of scheduled drug substances, as defi...

Table 7.2 Sample record‐keeping log sheets for controlled substances.

Table 7.3 Summary of the most commonly used antibiotics in equine medicine....

Table 7.4 Nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs labeled for use in horses in...

Table 7.5 Classification of steroids.

Chapter 8

Table 8.1 How to collect blood from jugular vein.

Table 8.2 Normal serum protein values and abnormalities.

Table 8.3 Acid–base disturbances.

Table 8.4 Biochemical tests on equine urine.

Table 8.5 Examination of equine urine sediment.

Table 8.6 Normal features of fluid samples.

Table 8.7 Viral samples and tests.

Table 8.8 Media commonly used in veterinary practice.

Table 8.9 How to plate bacteria.

Chapter 9

Table 9.1 Characteristics of the three classes of premedicants.

Table 9.2 Common premedicants and their dosages and routes of administratio...

Table 9.3

α

2

‐agonists characteristics.

Table 9.4 Dosage and route of administration of nonsteroidal anti‐inflammat...

Table 9.5 Anesthesia protocol for healthy young horse.

Table 9.6 Anesthesia protocol: Exploratory laparotomy with acute abdominal ...

Table 9.7 Drugs that decrease minimum alveolar concentration.

Table 9.8 Advantages and disadvantages of intermittent positive‐pressure ve...

Table 9.9 Monitoring depth of anesthesia.

Table 9.10 Positive inotropes used in large‐animal anesthesia.

Table 9.11 Anesthetic protocol for healthy foals younger than six weeks of ...

Table 9.12 Anesthetic protocol for sick foal.

Table 9.13 Anesthetic protocol for healthy foal older than six weeks.

Chapter 11

Table 11.1 Normal vital parameters.

Table 11.2 Cranial nerves.

Table 11.3 Commonly used blood‐collection tubes.

Table 11.4 Catheter characteristics.

Table 11.5 Materials needed to place an intravenous catheter.

Table 11.6 Assessment of dehydration in horses.

Table 11.7 Example: Calculation of fluid requirements.

Table 11.8 Oral electrolyte therapy for a 500‐kg horse.

Table 11.9 Guidelines for administration of total parenteral nutrition.

Table 11.10 Selected normal values for critical care monitoring.

Chapter 12

Table 12.1 Supplies needed to perform a transtracheal wash.

Table 12.2 Supplies needed to perform arthrocentesis.

Chapter 14

Table 14.1 Common lesions in horses with colic.

Table 14.2 Management of lacerations.

Table 14.3 How to manage acute non‐weight‐bearing lameness.

Chapter 15

Table 15.1 Examples of tasks and treatments performed by the physical rehab...

Table 15.2 Physical rehabilitation considerations based on phase of healing...

Table 15.3 Use of therapeutic modalities for common conditions.

List of Illustrations

Chapter 1

Figure 1.1 Fluid hangers that swivel and a rope to raise and lower them as n...

Figure 1.2 Stocks should be placed on a nonslip floor that can be disinfecte...

Figure 1.3 Isolation facility with a perimeter fence.

Figure 1.4 Horses in isolation should be handled with gloves, barrier clothi...

Figure 1.5 A lead shank with a nose chain is used to control excitable horse...

Figure 1.6 A lead shank with a chain applied under the upper lip is a method...

Figure 1.7 The rope twitch is a common method of restraint for passing a nas...

Figure 1.8 A loading ramp should have tall sides and good footing.

Figure 1.9 A loading chute will help load difficult horses.

Chapter 2

Figure 2.1 Feedstuffs pass relatively rapidly through the stomach and small ...

Figure 2.2 Fermentation of feedstuffs in the hindgut takes a longer period o...

Figure 2.3 Horses need fresh, clean water at all times to help meet their in...

Figure 2.4 Body condition scoring.

Figure 2.5 Adequate roughage (such as that found in hay) is essential to mai...

Figure 2.6 Energy requirements of the lactating mare may be double that of m...

Figure 2.7 Lower level event horses are in the moderate‐to‐heavy working cat...

Figure 2.8 Older horses have special nutritional and managerial requirements...

Figure 2.9 Horses can survive quite well during the winter months with adequ...

Figure 2.10 Turnout with a grazing muzzle can help restrict pasture and hay ...

Chapter 3

Figure 3.1 Lymph node anatomy.

Figure 3.2 Longitudinal section anatomy of the equine heart.

Figure 3.3 Anatomy of the peripheral circulation.

Figure 3.4 Median section of the equine head with nasal septum removed. The ...

Figure 3.5 Lateral view of the equine head, showing position of the guttural...

Figure 3.6 (a) Endoscopic view of the larynx. 1, epiglottis; 2, vocal folds;...

Figure 3.7 The hyoid apparatus of the horse.

Figure 3.8 The cartilages of the equine larynx.

Figure 3.9 Transverse section of the thorax at the level of the heart.

Figure 3.10 Respiratory terminology.

Figure 3.11 Cross‐section typical incisor.

Figure 3.12 Modified Triadan system for naming teeth.

Figure 3.13 Major salivary glands of the horse.

Figure 3.14 The equine stomach.

Figure 3.15 The large intestine.

Figure 3.16 Anatomy of a neuron.

Figure 3.17 Anatomy of the central nervous system.

Figure 3.18 Cross section of spinal cord.

Figure 3.19 Section through equine kidney.

Figure 3.20 A renal nephron.

Figure 3.21 Sagittal view of brain, cerebellum, brainstem, and pituitary gla...

Figure 3.22 Adrenal glands in situ.

Figure 3.23 Cross section of adrenal gland, showing three zones and correspo...

Figure 3.24 Pancreas histopathology.

Figure 3.25 Anatomy of the eye.

Figure 3.26 Overview of the ear.

Figure 3.27 Anatomy of the middle ear.

Figure 3.28 The equine skull.

Figure 3.29 Generalized vertebra cranial view (a) and lateral view (b).

Figure 3.30 Skeleton of thoracic limb.

Figure 3.31 Skeleton of pelvic limb.

Figure 3.32 Immature equine tibia showing the different regions of a long bo...

Figure 3.33 Cross section of a synovial joint.

Figure 3.34 Muscle contraction.

Figure 3.35 Tendons of the thoracic limb.

Figure 3.36 Tendons of the pelvic limb.

Figure 3.37 Stay apparatus of thoracic limb.

Figure 3.38 The reciprocal apparatus.

Figure 3.39 Solar view of the hoof.

Figure 3.40 Sagittal section of the equine digit.

Chapter 4

Figure 4.1 Normal perineal conformation..

Figure 4.2 Abnormal/poor perineal conformation. Note the cranial ventral til...

Figure 4.3 Equine reproductive tract.

Figure 4.4 Equine reproductive tract.

Figure 4.5 A red velvety bag will protrude out of the vulva when the chorioa...

Figure 4.6 Fetal membranes. The chorioallantois, a large blue‐tinged sac, is...

Figure 4.7 Fetal membranes from a mare with ascending placentitis. Note the ...

Figure 4.8 The vulva of the mare needs to be washed three to four times and ...

Figure 4.9 The uterus is filled with flush media for collecting an embryo. T...

Figure 4.10 The flush fluids that remain in the embryo‐holding cup are poure...

Figure 4.11 Tapping cap of guarded uterine culture instrument onto glass sli...

Figure 4.12 Cytology smears can be made by rolling a swab with uterine secre...

Figure 4.13 Equipment needed to perform a small‐volume flush of the uterus f...

Figure 4.14 Endometrial tissue sample collected for histological evaluation ...

Figure 4.15 The external genitalia of the stallion in an erect state..

Figure 4.16 The external genitalia of the stallion..

Figure 4.17 Spermatozoa fixed with eosin–nigrosin stain (1000×)..

Chapter 5

Figure 5.1 Acceptable locations for vaccination and/or intramuscular medicat...

Figure 5.2 Eight‐week‐old foal with muscle rigidity and third eyelid prolaps...

Figure 5.3 Five‐year‐old Thoroughbred gelding with EEE. This horse was unvac...

Figure 5.4 Two‐year‐old Quarter Horse gelding displaying enlarged submandibu...

Figure 5.5 Yearling filly with purulent nasal discharge from a strangles inf...

Figure 5.6 Chondroids identified via guttural pouch endoscopy in an asymptom...

Figure 5.7 Large and small strongyles.

Figure 5.8 Adult ascarids (roundworms).

Figure 5.9 Tapeworms:

Anoplocephala perfoliata

(small) and

Anoplocephala mag

...

Figure 5.10 Veterinarian performing routine dentistry using a speculum and h...

Figure 5.11 Dental examination chart.

Figure 5.12 Brachygnathism (underbite) malalignment identified during newbor...

Figure 5.13 Angular limb deformity (carpal valgus confirmation) identified o...

Figure 5.14 Icteric sclera in a three‐day‐old foal with neonatal isoerythrol...

Chapter 6

Figure 6.1 Foal suckling.

Figure 6.2 Dipping the umbilicus with chlorhexidine.

Figure 6.3 Nasogastric tube secured with a Chinese finger snare.

Figure 6.4 Gravity feeding of milk through a nasogastric tube.

Figure 6.5 Oxygen cannula placed in the left nostril.

Figure 6.6 Foal with respiratory disease placed in sternal recumbency.

Figure 6.7 Entropion secondary to dehydration.

Figure 6.8 Surgical correction of entropion.

Figure 6.9 A flowchart illustrating the decision‐making in resuscitation of ...

Figure 6.10 Proper positioning for cardiac compression for cardiopulmonary r...

Chapter 7

Figure 7.1 Severe injection site swelling (a) and dependent edema (b) with a...

Figure 7.2 Photograph depicting acepromazine (left), romifidine (middle), an...

Chapter 8

Figure 8.1 Equine red blood cells.

Figure 8.2 Rouleaux formation.

Figure 8.3 Red blood cell agglutination.

Figure 8.4 (a) Anisocytosis and (b) Heinz bodies.

Figure 8.5 (a) Segmented neutrophil, (b) small lymphocyte, (c) monocyte, (d)...

Figure 8.6 Equine platelets.

Figure 8.7 Blood film preparation.

Figure 8.8 Veterinarian autoread tube.

Figure 8.9 Procyte Dx.

Figure 8.10 SNAP foal immunoglobulin G test.

Figure 8.11 Veterinarian test dry‐slide filtering.

Figure 8.12 IDEXX Catalyst DX Chemistry Analyzer.

Figure 8.13 Common equine parasite eggs. (a) Strongyle, (b)

Parascaris

, (c)

Figure 8.14 Lice of the US horse. (a)

Damalinia equi

(biting louse) and (b)

Figure 8.15

Anoplocephala perfoliata

egg (equine tapeworm). Source:

Figure 8.16

Eimeria leuckarti

oocysts (enteric coccidian of horses).

Chapter 9

Figure 9.1 Rinsing horse's mouth with water using oral dosing syringe.

Figure 9.2 Horse after premedication and before induction; note lowered head...

Figure 9.3 Induction of horse in padded induction stall.

Figure 9.4 Horse in free fall induction within padded recovery stall.

Figure 9.5 Horse positioned in dorsal recumbency on operating room table (sy...

Figure 9.6 Horse in lateral recumbency on operating room table (lower front ...

Figure 9.7 Diagram of circle system for delivering inhalant anesthetic. 1. O...

Figure 9.8 Placement of ECG electrodes using the base–apex lead system.

Figure 9.9 Peripheral nerve stimulator on superficial peroneal nerve.

Figure 9.10 Horse on foam mats in padded recovery stall; still intubated wit...

Chapter 10

Figure 10.1 Common Instruments. Top row from left to right: penetrating towe...

Chapter 11

Figure 11.1 Paper and digital medical treatment sheets.

Figure 11.2 Paper patient flowchart.

Figure 11.3 Auscultation of the heart behind the left elbow.

Figure 11.4 Outline of the lung field.

Figure 11.5 Palpation of digital pulses.

Figure 11.6 Blocking the auriculopalpebral nerve.

Figure 11.7 Fluorescein dye used to detect a corneal ulcer.

Figure 11.8 Slit lamp, which is used to evaluate the anterior chamber of the...

Figure 11.9 Tonopen, which is used to measure intraocular pressure.

Figure 11.10 Retina and optic nerve.

Figure 11.11 Neurological examination form.

Figure 11.12 Demonstration of the tail pull test.

Figure 11.13 Blood collection from the facial sinus.

Figure 11.14 Subpalpebral lavage.

Figure 11.15 Both plasma and blood require a filtered administration set....

Figure 11.16 Use of a sling in a recumbent horse.

Figure 11.17 Use of pulse oximetry in a foal.

Figure 11.18 Indirect blood pressure measurement from the coccygeal artery....

Chapter 12

Figure 12.1 Bilge pump being used to reflux a horse.

Figure 12.2 Creating a siphon.

Figure 12.3 Fenestrated teat cannula and #15 blade.

Figure 12.4 Use of a teat cannula for abdominocentesis.

Figure 12.5 Rebreathing examination.

Figure 12.6 Three‐meter gastroscope.

Figure 12.7 Gastroscope wedged in distal brochus.

Figure 12.8 Bronchoalveolar lavage samples containing surfactant.

Figure 12.9 Cytologic appearance of normal bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. Note th...

Figure 12.10 Commercially prepared transtracheal wash kit.

Figure 12.11 Advancing the transtracheal wash catheter through the lumen.

Figure 12.12 Aspirating sample before withdrawing the catheter.

Figure 12.13 Cytologic examination of a transtracheal wash obtained from a n...

Figure 12.14 Bacterial contamination in a transtracheal wash sample.

Figure 12.15 Washing erythrocytes.

Figure 12.16 Normal rouleaux.

Figure 12.17 Incompatibility agglutination.

Figure 12.18 Arthrocentesis.

Chapter 13

Figure 13.1 Palmar digital neurovascular bundle. The dashed arrows show the ...

Figure 13.2 Sites for preparation for abaxial sesamoid perineural anesthesia...

Figure 13.3 Site for preparation for low four (asterisks) and high four (tri...

Figure 13.4 Site for preparation for anesthesia of the lateral palmar nerve ...

Figure 13.5 Sites of preparation for distal interphalangeal (coffin) joint a...

Figure 13.6 Sites of preparation for metacarpophalangeal (fetlock) joint ane...

Figure 13.7 Sites of preparation for dorsal and palmarolateral entry into th...

Figure 13.8 Sites of preparation for tarsal intra‐articular anesthesia.

Figure 13.9 Sites of preparation for stifle joint injection. The location of...

Figure 13.10 Portable and ceiling‐mounted x‐ray generators, and a ceiling‐mo...

Figure 13.11 Computed radiography detector plate. The image plate has been p...

Figure 13.12 Digital radiography detector plate. The fiber‐optic cable conne...

Figure 13.13 Lateromedial radiographic image of the metatarsophalangeal join...

Figure 13.14 Dorsopalmar radiographic image of the metacarpophalangeal joint...

Figure 13.15 Oblique radiographic image of the carpal joints. The radiograph...

Figure 13.16 Equine myelogram. Iodinated contrast material surrounds the spi...

Figure 13.17 An overexposed radiograph of the stifle in which most of the la...

Figure 13.18 An underexposed radiograph of the stifle in which there is sign...

Figure 13.19 Motion artifact resulting in a blurry image.

Figure 13.20 Differences in acoustic impedance result in differences in tran...

Figure 13.21 Linear array transducers. Traditional linear transducer (left),...

Figure 13.22 B‐mode (top) and M‐mode (bottom) ultrasound images. B mode prod...

Figure 13.23 Color flow Doppler depicting the direction of blood flow in dif...

Figure 13.24 Horse undergoing nuclear scintigraphic examination.

Figure 13.25 Nuclear scintigraphic image showing increased radiopharmaceutic...

Figure 13.26 Computed tomography scanner (left) and a CT cross‐sectional ima...

Figure 13.27 A distal limb undergoing standing PET scan.

Figure 13.28 A PET scan co‐registered with a CT scan showing focal increased...

Figure 13.29 High‐field magnetic resonance imaging scanner (left) and an MRI...

Figure 13.30 Low‐field magnetic resonance imaging scanner designed for horse...

Chapter 14

Figure 14.1 Horse with colic.

Figure 14.2 Examples of gastric ulcers diagnosed via gastroscopy.

Figure 14.3 Abdominal fluid. Normal is clear to light yellow. Red fluid repr...

Figure 14.4 Urine from an endurance horse that is dehydrated and “tying up.”...

Figure 14.5 Endoscopic view of esophageal choke.

Figure 14.6 Laceration of a horse's leg. The wound will heal by secondary in...

Figure 14.7 A large, wide wound that cannot be closed via primary closure....

Figure 14.8 Standing bandage.

Figure 14.9 Robert Jones bandage.

Figure 14.10 Foot bandage.

Figure 14.11 Foot abscess rupture at the coronary band of a horse (gravel)....

Figure 14.12 (a) Radiograph and (b and c) images of equine hooves with sever...

Figure 14.13 Eyelid laceration requiring surgical repair.

Figure 14.14 Rupture of the cornea due to severe corneal ulcer.

Figure 14.15 Diffuse corneal edema of a horse's eye.

Chapter 15

Figure 15.1 Postoperative colic patients are one of many candidates for phys...

Figure 15.2 Horses are rechecked regularly to ensure week‐to‐week progressio...

Figure 15.3 Cryotherapy can be accomplished through a number of methods incl...

Figure 15.4 Cold saltwater spa. Source: Courtesy of Petaluma Equine.

Figure 15.5 Handheld TENS and NMES unit. Source: Courtesy of Courtney Ziegle...

Figure 15.6 Low‐level laser therapy. Source: Courtesy of Kari Farley.

Figure 15.7 Extracorporeal shockwave therapy. Source: Courtesy of Kari Farle...

Figure 15.8 Therapeutic ultrasound applied to the superficial digital flexor...

Figure 15.9 Equine hyperbaric oxygen chamber. Source: Courtesy of Pegasus Tr...

Figure 15.10 Kinesiology tape applied to the stifle for management of swelli...

Figure 15.11 Above‐ground water treadmill. Source: Courtesy of ECB Equine, U...

Figure 15.12 Below‐ground water treadmill. Source: Courtesy of Petaluma Equi...

Figure 15.13 Equine balance pads. Source: Courtesy of Courtney Ziegler.

Figure 15.14 Active range of motion (“carrot stretches”). Source: Courtesy o...

Chapter 16

Figure 16.1 Thoroughbred mare cribbing on a wood fence board. credit: Cariss...

Figure 16.2 Sample pain scoring system for use in hospitalized patients.

Guide

Cover

Table of Contents

Title Page

Copyright

Preface, 2nd Edition

Preface, 1st Edition

Acknowledgments, 2nd Edition

Acknowledgments, 1st Edition

List of Contributors

Medical Acronyms and Abbreviations

Begin Reading

Index

End User License Agreement

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AAEVT's Equine Manual for Veterinary Technicians

Second Edition

Edited by

Sally DeNotta, DVM, PhD, DACVIMUniversity of Florida College of Veterinary MedicineGainesville, FL, United States

Martha Mallicote, DVM, MBA, DACVIMUniversity of Florida College of Veterinary MedicineGainesville, FL, United States

Sheri Miller, LVT, VTS‐EVNRood and Riddle Equine HospitalLexington, KY, United States

Deborah Reeder, LVT, VTS‐EVN (R)AAEVT Executive DirectorWimberley, TX, United States

This edition first published 2023© 2023 John Wiley and Sons Inc.

Edition HistoryWiley Blackwell (1e, 2009)

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, except as permitted by law. Advice on how to obtain permission to reuse material from this title is available at http://www.wiley.com/go/permissions.

The right of Sally DeNotta, Martha Mallicote, Sheri Miller and Deborah Reeder to be identified as the authors of the editorial material in this work has been asserted in accordance with law.

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Limit of Liability/Disclaimer of WarrantyThe contents of this work are intended to further general scientific research, understanding, and discussion only and are not intended and should not be relied upon as recommending or promoting scientific method, diagnosis, or treatment by physicians for any particular patient. In view of ongoing research, equipment modifications, changes in governmental regulations, and the constant flow of information relating to the use of medicines, equipment, and devices, the reader is urged to review and evaluate the information provided in the package insert or instructions for each medicine, equipment, or device for, among other things, any changes in the instructions or indication of usage and for added warnings and precautions. While the publisher and authors have used their best efforts in preparing this work, they make no representations or warranties with respect to the accuracy or completeness of the contents of this work and specifically disclaim all warranties, including without limitation any implied warranties of merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose. No warranty may be created or extended by sales representatives, written sales materials or promotional statements for this work. The fact that an organization, website, or product is referred to in this work as a citation and/or potential source of further information does not mean that the publisher and authors endorse the information or services the organization, website, or product may provide or recommendations it may make. This work is sold with the understanding that the publisher is not engaged in rendering professional services. The advice and strategies contained herein may not be suitable for your situation. You should consult with a specialist where appropriate. Further, readers should be aware that websites listed in this work may have changed or disappeared between when this work was written and when it is read. Neither the publisher nor authors shall be liable for any loss of profit or any other commercial damages, including but not limited to special, incidental, consequential, or other damages.

Library of Congress Cataloging‐in‐Publication Data Applied for[Paperback ISBN: 9781119678380]

Cover Design: WileyCover Images: © Lauren Gilbert, Rood and Riddle Equine Hospital

Preface, 2nd Edition

Since its formation in 2004, the American Association of Equine Veterinary Technicians and Assistants (AAEVT) has many accomplishments to its name. The AAEVT created the first formal communication platform for technicians, assistants, and support staff in equine practice. This communication network is possibly our greatest and most important success and formed the basis for nearly everything that followed. The ability to share thoughts and ideas as well as discuss common problems and issues with peers was energizing. The flood of suggestions that we received when groups of technicians began to communicate was immense. We quickly had multiple avenues to pursue to satisfy the wants and needs of our growing membership. One common and recurring concern was the lack of a comprehensive textbook for our profession. Our desire to rectify that shortcoming is what led to the production of the 1st Edition of this manual in 2009.

For veterinary technology students, the amount of equine material presented in most programs is extremely limited. Most required textbooks contain only very brief overviews of equine procedures, if they have any equine content at all. This lack of formal education and resources leaves many aspiring equine technicians feeling unprepared and lacking the confidence to apply for positions in equine practice. This manual was created to help fill this void. It is intended to serve as a resource and a comprehensive overview of topics pertinent to the care and treatment of horses in both hospital and field settings. Authored by a diverse group of veterinarians and technicians from both academia and private practice, the breadth of topics included in this manual offers something for all members of the equine veterinary team. In addition, it has become the core text for preparing for the Academy of Equine Veterinary Nursing Technicians (AEVNT) entrance examination and is an excellent supplement for members enrolled in the AAEVT's Online Certificate Program. As advances are constantly taking place in veterinary medicine and equine care, we felt the need to update our original text by creating this new edition, which builds on the original work.

We are passionate about contributing to the equine veterinary profession by being educated, trained, and informed. We endeavor to utilize these skills at the highest level because the clients and the horses we serve deserve nothing less. From continuing education opportunities, to regional and national meetings, to mentorship and fellowship, the AAEVT strives to fulfill our mission statement: “To promote the health and welfare of the horse through the education and professional enrichment of the equine veterinary technician, assistant and staff.” At over 1000 members strong, we are a home to and an advocate for the entire veterinary team. We hope you enjoy this new edition of AAEVT's Equine Manual for Veterinary Technicians.

We would like to acknowledge and thank the many contributors to this manual, without whom this outstanding resource would not be as robust and complete. We want to also acknowledge those accredited technician training programs that are striving to incorporate equine courses into their programs. We thank Merryl LeRoux, with Wiley Publishing, for her patience and encouragement.

Sally DeNotta, DVM, PhD, DACVIM

Martha Mallicote, DVM, MBA, DACVIM

Sheri Miller, LVT, VTS‐EVN

Deborah Reeder, LVT, VTS‐EVN (R)

Preface, 1st Edition

The American Association of Equine Veterinary Technicians (AAEVT) took its first breath four short years ago and is now 1200 members strong, with enthusiasm and energy far surpassing the anticipation of the American Association of Equine Practitioners' (AAEP) Task Force, which gave substance to the vision of Deb Reeder, RVT. She served on the task force and became the first president and executive director of the association, supported by an executive board of committed technicians and veterinary assistants, who saw the need for an organization that was dedicated to providing a means of continuing education for, and communication among, all who were employed in the field of equine veterinary medicine.

In keeping with its mission “to promote the health and welfare of the horse through the education and professional enrichment of the equine veterinary technician and assistant,” the AAEVT proposed the creation of a reference specifically directed toward the tasks of these individuals. No other reference of this type and magnitude, which addresses the role of the technician or assistant in equine veterinary medicine in the United States, is available. The differences in the practice of equine veterinary medicine between the United Kingdom and the United States make a similar reference published in England less than ideal for individuals employed in this field in the United States.

Because of the spectrum of topics included in this manual, its use in the classroom is preordained. Veterinary technician programs will find it the ideal supplemental reference text for those students pursuing a career in equine practice. The list of authors is lengthy and drawn from both academia and practice, with multiple board‐certified veterinary specialists and credentialed technicians included.

This manual is a salute to the vast number of faithful trusted assistants who have literally shouldered much of the day‐to‐day responsibility for work that includes client communications, preparation for the day's wide variety of tasks, patient care and handling, paperwork, and, last but not least, care and feeding of the equine clinician! It is my honor and privilege to write this preface and to give recognition to the patient, tireless, hardworking, and caring individuals who have made veterinary medicine not only fun for many like myself but also possible.

Thank you.

Midge Leitch, VMD, DAVCS

September 1, 2008

Acknowledgments, 2nd Edition

Sheri and I, as two of the original editors, wanted to keep the Acknowledgment of the First Edition, because this 2nd Edition would never be a reality if it were not for all those who carried our vision to today. One person who is dearly missed while working through this 2nd Edition is Dr. Midge Leitch. Our utmost appreciation and professional kudos and thanks go out to Dr. Sally DeNotta and Dr. Martha Mallicote who stuck with this project against all odds.

Deborah Reeder, LVT, VTS‐EVN (R)

Sheri Miller, LVT, VTS‐EVN

Acknowledgments, 1st Edition

This resource is dedicated to all the equine veterinary technicians, assistants, support staff, and students, who dedicate themselves day in and day out to this wonderful profession. The equine veterinary industry is indebted to you for your tireless, caring, attention to each patient, your compassion with each client, your commitment to education, and for providing the absolute highest standard of veterinary nursing care and medical treatment. Without you, equine veterinary care and this profession would not be where they are today and their future not nearly so bright.

I want to acknowledge first of all the equine technicians in the state of Texas, who fought for many years for official recognition of our profession. And to that special group (Joni, Kristi, Linda, Debbie, Ky, Lisa, Charly to name a few) who gave birth to the vision of an association for equine technicians and assistants and whose dedication and friendship have inspired me to turn that vision into a reality, I am forever indebted.

I would like to acknowledge my colleagues on the Executive Organizing Committee of the AAEVT, who eventually became its first board of directors: Sheri Miller, LVT, DeeAnn Wilfong, CVT, Kelly Fleming, CPA, Mandy Walton, LVT, and Jane Tyrie and Paul Vrotsos, CVT. Each of you has contributed to the path of the AAEVT, its foundation, its vision, and its future. I applaud you for the many hours you volunteered to steer this association, the commitment you made (unaware of the time it would require!), and the incredible contribution you have made to the equine veterinary profession. I know you are not done; you are here continuing to contribute and will be the mentors for those that follow in our footsteps.

I also acknowledge the AAEP Board of Directors, David Foley, Executive Director and the staff, and the AAEVT Task Force members and original Advisory Council: Drs. Rick Lessor, Brad Jackman, Midge Leitch, Susan White, Dana Zimmel, Reynolds Cowles, and Bob Magnus for their support, guidance, and wisdom.

The AAEVT would like to acknowledge and thank the many contributors to this manual, without whom this outstanding resource for equine technicians, assistants, support staff, and the many aspiring students would not have become a reality. We want to also acknowledge those programs accredited by the American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA) that are striving to incorporate equine courses into their programs. Here is your long‐awaited textbook. We thank Erica Judisch, Editor for Blackwell Publishing, for her patient guidance and encouragement. We made it!

I thank the other editors as well, for their tireless reviews, soliciting of authors, and organization of this manual. When DeeAnn Wilfong and I met with Wiley‐Blackwell to discuss the idea of creating and publishing this manual, I am sure we had no idea of the magnitude of the task ahead of us; we simply believed that such a reference was dearly needed. With everyone's support, commitment, and teamwork, the words, the chapters, the illustrations, and the charts are now bound by the glue of that vision.

Deborah Reeder, LVT, VTS‐EVN (R)

AAEVT Executive Director

List of Contributors

Tanya Balaam‐Morgan

, DVM, DABVP

Sierra Valley Large Animal Veterinary Services

Chilcoot, CA, United States

Bonnie S Barr

, VMD DACVIM

Rood and Riddle Equine Hospital

Lexington, KY, United States

Gail Broussard

Texas A&M University College of Veterinary Medicine

College Station, TX, United States

Jennifer L Davis

, DVM, PhD, DACVIM (LA), DACVCP

Virginia‐Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine

Virginia Tech

Blacksburg, VA, United States

Karen Davison

, PhD

Land O’Lakes, Inc.

Purina Animal Nutrition Center

Gray Summit, MO, United States

Sally DeNotta

, DVM, PhD, Dipl. ACVIM

University of Florida College of Veterinary Medicine

Gainesville, FL, United States

Elizabeth Elzer

, VMD, DACVS‐LA

Rood and Riddle Equine Hospital

Saratoga Springs, NY, United States

Kira Epstein

, DVM, DACVS‐LA, DACVECC‐LA

College of Veterinary Medicine

University of Georgia

Athens, GA, United States

Kari Farley

, RVT, CERP

Circle Oak Equine Rehabilitation

Petaluma, CA, United States

Mary Beth Gordon

, PhD

Land O’Lakes, Inc.

Purina Animal Nutrition Center

Gray Summit, MO, United States

Jamie DeFazio Guiberson

, CVT, VTS‐EVN

University of Pennsylvania

New Bolton Center

Kennett Square, PA, United States

Kelsey A Hart

, DVM, PhD, DACVIM (LAIM)

College Of Veterinary Medicine

University of Georgia

Athens, GA, United States

Elizabeth Hinton

Texas A&M University Veterinary Teaching

College Station, TX

Amanda M. House

, DVM, DACVIM

College of Veterinary Medicine

University of Florida

Gainesville, FL, United States

Laura Javsicas

, VMD, DACVIM

Internal Medicine

Rhinebeck Equine

Rhinebeck, NY, United States

Audrey Kelleman

, DVM, DACT

College of Veterinary Medicine

University of Florida

Gainesville, FL, United States

Nicole LaGrange

, RVT, BA

Dechra Veterinary

Overland Park, KS, United States

Martha Mallicote

, DVM, MBA, DACVIM

University of Florida College of Veterinary Medicine

Gainesville, FL, United States

Sheri Miller

, LVT, VTS‐EVN

Rood and Riddle Equine Hospital

Lexington, KY, United States

Alison J. Morton

, DVM, MSpVM, DACVS‐LA, DACVSMR‐Equine, CERP

College of Veterinary Medicine

University of Florida

Gainesville, FL, United States

Maggie Nolin

, DVM, MAB

IDEXX Laboratories

Westbrook, ME, United States

Luisito S. Pablo

, DVM, MS, DACVAA

College of Veterinary Medicine

University of Florida

Gainesville, FL, United States

Gemma Pearson

, BVMS, Cert AVP(EM) MScR PhD CCAB MRCVS

Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies

The University of Edinburgh

United Kingdom

Michael Porter

, DVM, PhD, DACVIM

PHD Veterinary Services

Newberry, FL, United States

Nicole Bone Reybuck

, BS LVT

NLR Consulting

St. Joseph, MI

Deborah Reeder

, LVT, VTS‐EVN (R)

AAEVT Executive Director

Wimberley, TX, United States

Laura M. Riggs

, DVM, PhD, DACVS‐LA, DACVSMR (Equine)

School of Veterinary Medicine

Louisiana State University

Baton Rouge, LA, United States

Tracy Sheffield

, BS, LVT, CVPM

T & L Veterinary Business Consulting

Wimberley, TX, United States

Kimberly D. Trolinger‐Meadows

, DVM, CERP, CVA, CVMMP

College of Veterinary Medicine

University of Florida

Gainesville, FL, United States

Kelly R. Vineyard

, MS, PhD

Equine Technical Solutions

Purina Animal Nutrition

Gray Summit, MO, United States

Andrea Whittle

, BS, LVT

Internal Medicine Technician

Rood and Riddle Equine Hospital, KY, United States

Carissa Wickens

, PhD, PAS

Department of Animal Sciences

University of Florida

Gainesville, FL, United States

Stevie Badger Willett

, LVT, VTS (EVN)

Faculty in Veterinary Technology

Dallas College, Cedar Valley Campus

Lancaster, TX

J. Kathleen Young

, PhD.

Kentucky Equine Research

Lenexa, KS, United States

Courtney Ziegler

, RVT, CERP

Equitec Consulting Ltd.

Beiseker, AB, Canada

Medical Acronyms and Abbreviations

Deborah Reeder, Sheri Miller, and Jamie Guiberson

Acronym/Abbreviation

Description

AAEP

American Association of Equine Practitioners

AAEVT

American Association of Equine Veterinary Technicians

ab, Ab

antibody

ACTH

adrenocorticotropic hormone

ag, Ag

antigen

AGID

agar immunodiffusion

AI

artificial insemination

ALP

alkaline phosphatase

APHIS

Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (USDA)

AST

aspartate aminotransferase

Ax

anesthesia

BID

twice a day

BAR

bright, alert, responsive

BP

blood pressure

bpm

beats per minute

BEVA

British Equine Veterinary Association

BLK

butorphanol, lidocaine, ketamine

BUN

blood urea nitrogen

BW

body weight

Bx

biopsy

C‐1, C‐2 …

the cervical vertebrae

C. diff

.

Clostridium difficile

C. perf

.

Clostridium perfringens

CAT scan or CT

computerized axial tomography; computed tomography

CBC

complete blood count

CC

cranial to caudal

or

caudal to cranial

CEM

contagious equine metritis

CF or CFT

complement fixation; complement fixation test

CK

creatine kinase

CL

corpus luteum

CN1, CN2, …

the cranial nerves

CNS

central nervous system

COPD

chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

CPK

creatine phosphokinase

CRT

capillary refill time

CSF

cerebrospinal fluid

CV

cardiovascular

CVP

central venous pressure

CVT

Certified Veterinary Technician

DDFT

deep digital flexor tendon

DDSP

dorsal displacement of the soft palate

DEA

Drug Enforcement Administration

DIRT

distal intermediate ridge of the tibia

DIT

distal intertarsal joint

DJD

degenerative joint disease

DLPMO

dorsolateral to palmar/plantar medial oblique

DMPLO

dorsomedial to palmar/plantar lateral oblique

DMSO

dimethyl sulfoxide

DNA

deoxyribonucleic acid

DP

dorsal to palmar/plantar

DSS

dioctyl sodium sulfosuccinate

DV

dorsal to ventral

DVM

Doctor of Veterinary Medicine

Dx

diagnosis

ECF

extracellular fluid

ECG

equine chorionic gonadotrophin

ECG

electrocardiogram

EDTA

ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid

EE

equine encephalomyelitis

EEE

eastern equine encephalomyelitis

EHV

equine herpes virus

EIA

equine infectious anemia

EIPH

exercise‐induced pulmonary hemorrhage

ELISA

enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay

EMG

electromyogram

EPM

equine protozoal myeloencephalitis

ET

embryo transfer

EVA

equine viral arteritis

Ex

examination

FEI

Federation Equestre International

FFD

focal film distance

FLASH

Fast Localized Abdominal Sonography of the Horse

FSH

follicle‐stimulating hormone

fx

fracture

GG

guaifenesin

GGT

gamma‐glutamyl transferase

GI

gastrointestinal

GKX

guaifenesin, ketamine, xylazine

GnRH

gonadotropin‐releasing hormone

HA

hyaluronic acid

Hb or Hgb

hemoglobin concentration

HBOT

hyperbaric oxygen treatment

HCG

human chorionic gonadotropin

Hct

hematocrit

HR

heart rate

HYPP

hyperkalemic periodic paralysis

IBP

invasive blood pressure

ICO

instrument count only

ID

intradermal

IgG

immunoglobulin G

IM

intramuscular

IN

intranasal

INGT

indwelling nasogastric tube

IV

intravenous

kV

kilovolt

LDH

lactate dehydrogenase

LH

luteinizing hormone

LRS

lactated Ringer’s solution

LVT

licensed veterinary technician

mA

milliamperes

MAC

minimum alveolar concentration

MAP

mean arterial pressure

MCH

mean corpuscular hemoglobin

MCHC

mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration

MCII/MTII

second metacarpal or metatarsal bone (splint bone)

MCIII/MTIII

third metacarpal or metatarsal bone (cannon bone)

MCIV/MTIV

fourth metacarpal or metatarsal bone (splint bone)

MCV

mean corpuscular volume

MLK

morphine, lidocaine, ketamine

mm

mucous membranes

MRI

magnetic resonance imaging

NI

neonatal isoerythrolysis

NIBC

noninvasive blood pressure

NGT

nasogastric tube

NPO

nothing per os (nothing by mouth)

NS

normal saline

NSAID

nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drug

O.D.

right eye

O.S.

left eye

O.U.

both eyes

OA

Osteoarthritis

OCD

osteochondrosis dissecans

P1

first phalanx (long pastern bone)

P2

second phalanx (short pastern bone)

P3

third phalanx (coffin bone)

PaO2

partial pressure of oxygen in arterial blood

PCV

packed cell volume

PHF

Potomac horse fever

PIT

proximal intertarsal joint

PO

per os (by mouth)

PPE

prepurchase examination

PPG

procaine penicillin g

PPN

partial parenteral nutrition

PR

per rectum

PRN

as needed

PSGAG

polysulfated glycosaminoglycan

q

each

QID

four times a day

q1h

every hour

QAR

quiet, alert, responsive

qd

every day

QNS

quantity not sufficient

qod

every other day

QS

quantum statis or sufficit (as much as is sufficient)

RBC

red blood cell

rDVM

referring Doctor of Veterinary Medicine

rVMD

referring Veterinary Medical Doctor

RJB

Robert Jones bandage

RR

respiratory rate

RV

rabies vaccine

RVT

Registered Veterinary Technician

SAA

serum amyloid A

SID

once a day

SPC

subpalpebral catheter

SPL

subpalpebral lavage

SQ

subcutaneously

SDFT

superficial digital flexor tendon

SDH

sorbitol dehydrogenase

SL

suspensory ligament

SMZ

sulfamethazine

sx

surgery

TAO

triple antibiotic ointment

TAT

tetanus antitoxin

TID

three times a day

TDL

therapeutic drug level

TMS

trimethoprim sulfadiazine

TMT

tarsometatarsal joint

TP

total protein

TPN

total parenteral nutrition

TPR

temperature, pulse, respiration

TS

total solids

TSH

thyroid stimulating hormone

TT

tetanus toxoid

TTW

transtracheal wash

Tx

treatment

VMD

Veterinary Medical Doctor

VEE

Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis

VS

vesicular stomatitis

WB

western blot (test)

WBC

white blood cell

WEE

western equine encephalomyelitis

WNL

within normal limits

1General Horse Management

Martha Mallicote

(Adapted from original chapter authored by Dana Zimmel)

CHAPTER MENU

Facilities

Restraint of Horses

Methods of Identification

Hoof Care

Transportation of Horses

References and Further Readings

Facilities

Stable Management

The design of an equine facility should consider positioning of the stables to maximize the health of the horse and to provide easy access in case of an emergency. Stables should be designed to enhance ventilation to minimize respiratory disease. The average stall size is 12′ × 12′. Foaling stalls and stallion stalls are even larger, up to 12′ × 24′. The floor of all stalls should be designed to drain effectively and provide a nonslip walking surface. It is important that the surface not only be comfortable for standing and lying but also provide enough texture to allow easy standing. Each stall should be equipped with adequate water buckets (usually two) and a feed bucket. The water buckets should be washed daily and refilled frequently. Some farms with a large number of horses will choose to use automatic watering systems in which the horse will drink out of a small bowl of water that will continuously refill. Although this system is convenient, it does not allow monitoring of the horse's water consumption. The use of hay racks is controversial because they create an abnormal eating posture for the horse, increasing the amount of dust inhaled when eating hay. However, if a horse has a painful neck and cannot bend to eat off the floor, a hay rack or hay net is a good option. Hay nets and various devices are also used to slow hay consumption for horses that are on a limited‐volume diet or require additional enrichment.

Grain should always be stored in a secured room to prevent any loose horses from accessing large quantities of it because grain overload can result in severe endotoxemia and death. Grain transported in wheel barrows should be secured in a safe place between feeding for the same reason. The grain should be stored in airtight containers to minimize rodent contamination. In warm climates, grain should also be stored in air‐conditioned spaces to prevent the formation of mold. Consumption of moldy corn specifically can result in the severe neurologic condition leukoencephalomalacia, which is often fatal.

Hay should be stored in a separate building from the stable, when feasible. Studies have shown that stabling horses in close proximity to hay increases respiratory disease and it is also a fire hazard. Hay should be stored in an area where it can be stacked off the floor on pallets, kept dry from blowing rain, and have minimal sun exposure. To eliminate the chance of spontaneous combustion, hay must be properly cured before placing it the barn. It is advisable to store tractors and other gasoline‐powered equipment in a separate area to reduce fuel fumes and decrease the risk of fire.

Bedding should also be stored in a separate facility to minimize dust and reduce the risk of fire. Common types of bedding are wood shavings, straw, and occasionally shredded paper. Wood shavings from Black Walnut trees should never be used because they can cause severe laminitis. Shredded paper or cardboard has the least amount of dust and is preferred for horses with respiratory disease. Stalls are cleaned on a daily basis and the removal of all urine and feces is important, as accumulation of ammonia from poor sanitation is detrimental to the respiratory tract. Commercial products have been developed to absorb ammonia in excessively wet areas within the stall. Removal of manure waste should be considered in the design plans of any facility. The manure can be composted or taken off site to a disposal area. Careful manure management is essential to minimize the spread of diseases, control flies, and prevent the spread of intestinal parasites.

Equine Hospitals

Equine hospitals should be designed with all the basic principles previously stated plus consideration for the type of patients that it will house. For example, when treating critically ill neonates, it is helpful to have a divided stall in a climate‐controlled environment. This type of stall will allow the mare to stay near to her sick foal but provide adequate space for nursing care. There should also be plenty of lighting and electrical outlets and a ready supply of oxygen. Stalls with fully padded walls and a hoist are helpful when caring for recumbent or neurologic horses. Most facilities will use a 2‐ton hoist for lifting neurologic horses.

The stall floor and walls should be composed of a surface that can be fully disinfected between patients. Concrete walls and rubber floors are typically used in large animal hospital settings. If surface paints are used, they must be impervious and tolerant of disinfectant chemicals. Each stall should be fitted with a fluid hanger that can be used to hold at least 10–20 liters of intravenous fluid bags at a time (Figure 1.1).

Each hospital should have an area that is appropriate for evaluating patients. Stocks are ideal for managing critical patients. The stocks keep the horse stationary while multiple staff members concurrently attend to the horse. Rectal examinations and diagnostic procedures are safe and easy to accomplish in stocks. The floor should be nonslip and easy to disinfect. The workup area should be in a quiet area away from mainstream traffic yet convenient to supplies and diagnostic equipment (Figure 1.2).

Isolation Facilities

To minimize the risk of spreading contagious diseases, every hospital and farm should have an isolation area and a corresponding protocol (Figure 1.3). The common contagious equine diseases are listed in Table 1.1. Contagious diseases can be spread between horses through contact with feces, aerosolization, or indirect contact with fomites such as water buckets, manure forks, contaminated tack or brushes, and personnel. It is important to be able to distinguish between contagious diseases and infectious diseases. A contagious disease is spread between horses and an infectious disease is caused by a specific agent such as a bacteria, virus, or parasite but is not at risk of direct transmission.

Figure 1.1 Fluid hangers that swivel and a rope to raise and lower them as needed should be placed in the center of the stall.

Source: Courtesy of Dr. Dana Zimmel.

Figure 1.2 Stocks should be placed on a nonslip floor that can be disinfected. Notice the sides of the stocks can be raised or lowered or completely removed as needed to perform procedures.

Source: Courtesy of Dr. Dana Zimmel.

Figure 1.3 Isolation facility with a perimeter fence.

Source: Courtesy of Dr. Dana Zimmel.

Table 1.1 Common contagious diseases.

Affected body system

Infectious etiology

Gastrointestinal

Salmonellosis

Rotavirus

Equine coronavirus

Cryptosporidium

Respiratory

Strangles (

Streptococcus equi equi

)

Equine influenza

Equine herpesvirus (EHV‐1 and EHV‐4)

Equine viral arteritis

Neurologic

Equine herpesvirus (EHV‐1)

Reproduction/Abortion

Equine herpesvirus

Equine viral arteritis

Leptospirosis

Contagious equine metritis (CEM)

Dermatologic

Dermatophytosis (ringworm)

Blood

Equine infectious anemia (EIA)

Piroplasmosis

In hospitalized settings, an isolation facility is required when dealing with horses that may have contagious diseases, for example Strangles (Streptococcus equi equi), neurologic equine herpesvirus (EHV), or Salmonella. These contagious diseases can cause serious illness and can spread to other patients within the hospital.