Abc's Of Positive Training E-Book

Miriam Fields-Babineau

• Herausgeber: CompanionHouse Books
• Kategorie: Lebensstil
• Serie: Positive Training
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 157

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2011

Beschreibung

From puppy to senior - and every stage of life in between - Positive-Training Series books offer fanciers savvy advice straight from the experts.

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Leseprobe

The author, Miriam Fields-Babineau, with Golden Retriever puppies.

AUTHOR BIOGRAPHY

Miriam Fields-Babineau has been training dogs and other animals professionally since 1978. She has owned and operated Training Unlimited Animal Training and Animal Actors, Inc., for 25 years. She teaches people how to communicate with and train their dogs, of any age or breed, specializing in behavioral problem-solving.

Ms. Fields-Babineau has authored many animal-related books, including Dog Training with a Head Halter (Barron’s Educational Series, Inc.), the e-book How to Become a Professional Dog Trainer (Intellectua.com), Dog Training Basics (Sterling Publishing Co., Inc.) and many more. She writes numerous articles for trade magazines, such as the award-winning Off-Lead Magazine and Practical Horseman. She has produced the videos The First Hello, which addresses how to prepare a dog for an infant, and Dog Training with a Comfort Trainer, which demonstrates how to train a dog using her head-halter design, the Comfort Trainer.

Ms. Fields-Babineau also provides animals for television, film and advertising, having worked with National Geographic, Animal Planet, the History Channel, Warner Films, Orion Films, the Discovery Channel, CBS, the Family Channel and many more. When not training other people’s animal companions, she travels the country, performing in equine and canine competitions as well as exhibiting the skills of her trained felines.

Photographs by

Bernd Brinkmann, Evan Cohen, Miriam Fields-Babineau, Isabelle Français and Carol Ann Johnson.

KENNEL CLUB BOOKS®ABCS OF POSITIVE TRAINING

ISBN: 978-1-59378-954-1

Copyright © 2005 • Kennel Club Books, LLC

308 Main Street, Allenhurst, NJ 07711 USA

Cover Design Patented: US 6,435,559 B2 • Printed in South Korea

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form, by photostat, scanner, microfilm, xerography or any other means, or incorporated into any information retrieval system, electronic or mechanical, without the written permission of the copyright owner.

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Contents

Simple as A-B-C

The Origin of Operant Conditioning

Explore a brief history and development of operant-conditioning methods and meet the pioneers in the field. Take a closer look at the work of B.F. Skinner and see how his research has affected our approach to training dogs and other animals.

Reinforcement and Punishment

As you embark on a positive-training program, learn the essentials: different types of reinforcers, schedules of reinforcement, different ways to modify a behavior, the use of correct timing, rewards and how to determine their value to a dog, self-rewarding behavior and different types of punishment.

Different Schools of Thought

Look at the different ways of implementing positive-reinforcement training. Explore luring, bridging/rewarding and capturing behavior, or using these methods in combination, to achieve results in a positive manner. Learn about successive approximation and become acquainted with clicker training.

Teaching Behavior Both Near and Far

Learn the basics of targeting and the methods used by some of the experts in the field today. You will find out how to teach your dog to target and what equipment is needed.

Behavior Shaping

Based on successive approximation, learn how to shape a behavior. Follow the ten key points of behavior shaping as outlined by one of its leading proponents and learn how to practice with a friend so that you’ll be more confident when trying it with your dog.

Loose Leash Walking

Learn how to teach one of the hardest lessons to a dog. Vary your method based on the dog’s age and attention span, and what rewards he finds valuable. Progress from off-leash in a secure area to heeling on-lead, introducing turns and performing with distractions. Compare the various types of training collars and learn how to prevent pulling.

Sit and Down

Using the methods you’ve learned, it’s time to teach two basic obedience commands: sit and down. Learn how to lure into the sit and teach the dog to sit during the heel exercise and for attention. Move on to the down and the special challenges that this command presents; also see how to combine the down with other behaviors.

Stay

Teach your dog to stay in the sit and down positions using brief increments of time and gradually progressing. Add movement into the stay, meaning walking alongside and around the dog while he maintains the position. Combine the stay with previously learned behaviors.

Recall and Distraction-Proofing

Teach your dog the most important command for him to know and to perform reliably: the recall or come. Increase the distance between you and teach your dog to ignore distractions so that your call takes precedence over his surroundings. Use previously learned behaviors to shape the drop-on-recall.

Positive Reinforcement in Everyday Life

Use positive reinforcement for more than just the basic commands. Use this method to house-train your dog as well as to prevent and/or cure common behavior problems, including jumping up, rummaging in the trash, mouthing and chewing, excessive barking, rushing the door and stealing food or other items.

More Sources of Information

Let’s begin by spelling out the terminology commonly used by dog trainers who subscribe to the popular positive-training technique. Positive training is as simple as praising your dog for good behavior–it’s as simple as telling him “Yes, Good dog!” and now it’s as simple as A-B-C!

ACTIVE SUBMISSION

The dog gives up his leadership role by lying down in a submissive position. He can be lying on his stomach, back or side. His tail is wagging slow and low, and he might be licking his lips, blinking his eyes and holding his ears down. The dog tries to make himself look smaller and less threatening.

ALLEY-OOP

A target training tool designed by Gary Wilkes. It has a circular non-tip base, a cylindrical post about a foot long and a round ball on top of the post. It can be placed on most any surface and remain standing upright, making it a great tool for distance targeting.

AVOIDANCE

Trying to keep away from something.

BAITING

Food or a toy used near the dog’s muzzle to attain and maintain the dog’s attention.

BEHAVIOR

Anything the dog does is a behavior. Examples: Sit, down, come to you, lick his lips, get into the trash can, jump up.

BEHAVIOR CHAIN

A group of behaviors. Examples: Heel and sit, down and stay, sit and stay then come.

BEHAVIOR SHAPING

Building on the knowledge of a known behavior to turn it into a new behavior. Example: The dog knows how to sit and you wish to teach him to stay. Each time the dog remains sitting in the same spot for a few seconds longer, his behavior is being shaped to learn how to stay.

BRIDGE

The point between the dog’s responding to a stimulus and receiving his reward.

BRIDGING SIGNAL

Examples: The sound of a click, a squeaky toy or the words “Good” or “Yes” in a happy tone of voice, signifying that a reward is coming.

CAPTURING

The moment that the dog has performed a behavior you were seeking, the dog is bridged. This captures the moment that he has done something you wanted him to do. As he has learned that the bridging signal means a reward, he’ll seek to repeat the behavior and obtain more rewards.

CLASSICAL CONDITIONING

A stimulus that automatically elicits an uncontrollable response. Example: Pavlov conditioned dogs to salivate when they heard a ringing bell by always feeding the dogs upon the sound of the bell.

CLICKER

A small box, either oval or rectangular in shape. The rectangular box has a piece of metal that, when pressed, makes a clicking noise upon release. The oval type of box has a button that presses upon a piece of metal, making a similar clicking noise upon release.

CONDITIONED RESPONSE

A taught response to specific stimuli.

CONSISTENCY

Doing the same thing every time, regardless of the situation.

CRITERIA

The rules and/or conditions you set that must be met prior to a reward.

DISTANCE TARGETING

Setting up something away from you that you wish the dog to go touch.

DISTRACTION

Anything that takes the dog’s mind off of you. Examples: Toys, food, people, dogs, other animals, traffic, loud noises.

DOMINANT

In charge. Number one. The boss.

ELECTRONIC COLLAR/ELECTRONIC STIMULATION COLLAR/E-COLLAR

A collar that will elicit an uncomfortable sensation when triggered either by the vibration of the dog’s voice box or the use of a remote-control device.

ESCAPE

Trying to avoid a stimulus. Example: A dog that has learned that a certain object can bring either great pain or anxiety will remain away from that object.

EXTINCTION/EXTINGUISH

To get rid of a behavior.

FIXED INTERVAL

A fixed amount of time after which a reward will be given.

FIXED RATIO

A specific amount of correct responses after which a reward will be given.

FORCE-TRAINED

The dog’s being pulled or otherwise made to perform without being given a chance to make the correct choice.

HEAD HALTER

A training tool worn on the dog’s head, much like a horse’s halter (not a bridle, for there is no bit). The tool is made to apply pressure to the top of the dog’s nose and guide the head. The body follows the head, thereby reducing the dog’s “pulling” power and quickly teaching him to pay attention in a manner that is understood by the dog.

INSTINCTIVE/INSTINCTUAL BEHAVIOR

A behavior that comes naturally.

LEARNED RESPONSE

A behavior that occurs upon presentation of a specific stimulus. Example: You give the command to sit. Your dog sits. He has learned to respond to the stimulus of your command.

LURING

Using food or a toy to move your dog into a desired position or to elicit a specific behavior.

MOTIVATION

A desire to perform or behave in a specific manner.

NEGATIVE PUNISHMENT

A stimulus or reward is taken away from the dog to extinguish a behavior. Examples: You turn away when a dog jumps on you, not giving him the satisfaction of getting any reaction out of you.

NEGATIVE REINFORCEMENT

An aversive stimulus is removed to encourage a behavior. Example: The pressure of the head halter on the nose is removed when the dog pays attention.

OPERANT CONDITIONING

A signal (stimulus) is associated with a reward, thus eliciting a learned response.

PRAISE

Words of reward spoken to the dog in a high-pitched, enthusiastic tone of voice.

POSITIVE PUNISHMENT

Something is added to punish the dog. Examples: A yank on a neck collar. Spraying the dog in the face with water.

POSITIVE REINFORCEMENT

Something is added to reward the dog. Examples: Praise, treats, toys.

POSITIVE RESPONSE

Your dog behaves in the correct manner.

PREY DRIVE

The drive to go after something that will offer either food, shelter or territory. Dogs are predators and all have this drive. Example: A dog chasing squirrels.

PRIMARY PUNISHERS

A training device. Examples: Choke chain, prong collar, e-collar.

PRIMARY REINFORCER

A reward that the receiver doesn’t have to learn to like.

PROGRESSING

Moving forward with training new behaviors.

PRONG COLLAR

A metal linked collar with prongs turned toward the inside, made to be worn against the dog’s neck. When tugged upon, the prongs come together in a pinching action, catching the dog’s skin between them. Yes, it’s painful. However, when used properly, it can be an effective training device for dogs that won’t respond to gentler methods. However, these dogs are few and far between, as most dogs will respond to positive training in some manner.

PUNISHMENT

The use or removal of a stimulus to decrease the occurrence of a behavior.

RANDOM INTERVAL

A varied amount of time between actions.

REDIRECTING

Taking the dog’s attention away from an improper behavior and turning him toward a proper, or approved, behavior.

REINFORCER

Anything that contributes to the dog’s accomplishments.

REGRESSING

Going back a step or two to where the dog was showing successful responses. This happens when progress has stopped; regressing is done in order to maintain a positive attitude.

RELIABILITY

A behavior that is sound and consistent in any situation.

REWARD

Anything the dog likes. Examples: Food, toys, exercise.

RECALL

The dog’s coming to you on command.

RESPONSE

Reaction to a stimulus.

SCHEDULES OF REINFORCEMENT

The intervals at which a reward will be given, including fixed interval, variable interval, fixed ratio and variable ratio.

SECONDARY PUNISHER

A correction that is first given concurrently with the primary punisher. Example: The word “No” said in a low, growling tone of voice. The dog will learn to avoid the primary punisher, thus correcting himself upon hearing the secondary punisher.

SECONDARY NEGATIVE PUNISHER

Denying the dog any reaction or reward. This causes the dog to keep throwing out (performing) behaviors, as he hasn’t received a reward or punishment of any kind.

SECONDARY REINFORCER

These are actions that the receiver has to learn to like. Examples: The words “Good” or “Yes.”

SELF-REWARDING BEHAVIOR

Anything that gives the dog pleasure without your involvement. Examples: Counter surfing, garbage hunting, jumping up, racing through a door.

SHAPING

Building a desired behavior through breaking it down into smaller portions, accomplishing those portions and then bringing them together for the complete desired behavior.

SKINNER BOX

An operant conditioning tool that teaches a small animal (rat, pigeon, chicken) how to obtain a treat by eliciting a specific response. The box is usually made of metal with a food hopper, along with a lighted button or lever that will trigger the food to fall into the hopper when pressed.

STIMULI

Something that triggers a reaction. It can be a target, a lure, a toy or a verbal or visual cue.

SUBMISSIVE

Referring to a dog that wishes only to be part of the pack and not run the pack. He easily submits to a challenge. A submissive dog tries to make himself look small. He will crouch or lie down, show his tummy, tuck his tail between his legs and blink or look away. Some dogs will submissively urinate.

SUCCESSIVE APPROXIMATION

Gradual increase of criteria.

TARGETING

The dog’s constantly watching an object or going to it on command.

TERRITORIAL

In charge of a specific space or object.

THROWING OUT A BEHAVIOR

Performing a behavior. A dog that has learned how to elicit rewards will try doing different behaviors to obtain a reward. Example: He sits and doesn’t get a reward, he then lies down and doesn’t get a reward and he then rolls over and does get his reward. He threw out three behaviors before figuring out the one that was desired.

TOUCHING

A form of positive reinforcement, as dogs adore being scratched in certain places and caressed by their human companions.

VALUE (OF REWARD)

The importance or desirability of a reward to a dog. Each dog has different tastes. Some may think their kibble is the greatest treat in the world, while others will not put forth any effort for something they normally get for free. However, most dogs aren’t fed hotdogs, freeze-dried liver, cheese or steak as a normal meal, thus working harder to attain bits of these more sought-after delicacies. To some dogs, food doesn’t matter much at all, but touch has a very high value.

VARIABLE INTERVAL

A random amount of time or number of correct responses before a reward is given. The receiver of the reward has no control over when it will be given.

VARIABLE RATIO

Ratio in which the reward is given when the greater amount of correct responses occur within a specific set of stimuli.

VARIABLE REWARD

Changing the value of the reward according to the dog’s performance.

VERBAL CUE

The use of your voice to guide your dog and give commands.

VISUAL CUE

The use of body language and specific hand (or other body part) gestures to relay commands or guidance.

Learn how to teach your dog the positive way so that he performs for you anywhere and in any situation.

Positive dog training is based upon the studies of noted psychologist Edward Thorndike around the turn of the 20th century. He studied the ability to problem-solve in cats and dogs and was especially interested in the comparison of learned behavior occurring through imitation or observation as well as how quickly a mechanical response was repeated once successful. Do animals learn better through trying over and over and by chance getting the desired response? Or can they learn through watching other animals perform? His results formed a “law” of psychology—the law of effect—essentially stating that the closer the reward to the stimulus, the faster the behavior to obtain that reward will occur, whereas behaviors associated with discomfort will become less pronounced.

A well-trained and well-behaved dog is a wonderful companion who brings so much joy to his owners.

In 1914, John Broadhus Watson extrapolated that Thorndike’s law of effect was incorrect and that animals simply respond through instinct and reflex to stimuli, not using any reasoning or problem-solving behaviors. His experiments involved rats in mazes and conditioning them to learn various routes to their food rewards. Watson stated that the reinforcers or rewards might cause a specific behavior to occur more often but didn’t act directly on the learning curve. In essence, he rejected the notion of retained memory until a stimulus strengthened the association through repetition.

By the 1920s, Watson’s theories were disproved by Edward Tolman, who demonstrated that rats could recognize (through memory) and learn regardless of unexpected changes in the environment, but that decreasing the quality of the reward would weaken the learning. In 1942, this effect was further studied by another behavioral scientist, Crespi, who showed that a decreased reward caused a slower response, while an increased reward elevated the response.

All of this behavioral research was put into perspective when Burrhus Frederic Skinner published The Behavior of Organisms in 1938. He connected all of the previous works by stating that the animals were imprinted into responses through sequential learning. The law of effect was resurrected through Skinner’s development of the Skinner Box, which enabled psychologists to study the sequence of learned behavior produced over a period of time. Skinner thus developed the basic concept of operant conditioning—operant response (learned response) and reinforcer (reward). The stimulus was the signal that associated the act with the reward.

In order to fully understand operant conditioning, you’ll need to understand how the Skinner Box worked. The box is fully enclosed, with a lever or lighted button on one end, a hopper containing food and nothing else other than a grated floor to stand upon. The subject is an animal such as a rodent, pigeon or primate. The animal is placed in the box and allowed to do as it wishes while inside. A trainer peers into the box via a window and has a finger upon a trigger that releases a food reward.